Taxonomy of meanings for 服:　　

Additional information about 服

說文解字:

Criteria
• GARMENT
  

  1. The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712]

  2. Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]

  3. Cháng 裳 refers to the part of the garment worn from the waist downwards. See SKIRT

  4. Shén yí 深衣 refers to the cloth made in one piece, and not divided into the jacket and the skirt. This kind of cloth became popular in Warring States times, and was particularly common in the Han period. [HUANG 1995: 744 - 745, SUN 1991: 241; ill.: ZGYI 1996: tab. 49; SUN 1991: 60-1 - 60-5]

  5. Paó 袍 is a kind of shén yí 深衣 which is long and consists of three layers of textile. From the Western Zhou till the Han, the term ussually referred to the undercloth, in Han times it began to be worn outside. [HUANG 1995: 745; SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 60-6; ZGYI 1996: tab. 52; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 3, tab.1-3]

  6. Chān tóu 襜褕 refers to the broad kind of shén yí 深衣, which came to use in Western Han times. Originally, it was a kind of unformal dress; since the Eastern Han, it could be used also on formal occassions. [SUN 1991: 243; ill.: SUN 1991: 60-7, 60-8]

  7. Qiú 裘 refers to the fur garments which is mentioned already in SHIJING. It was worn in the winter. Fur garments for the upper class were usually made of fox or tiger skin, for the lower of dog or sheep skin. [HUANG 1995: 743]

  8. Shù 裋 refers to the simple dress worn by humble people; it can be of various length and bredth. [HUANG 1995: 746 - 750; for the ordinary dress see ill.: SHEN 1992: tab. 70??]

  9. Hè 褐 refers to the humble cloth worn by ordinary people, which is usually made of hemp, but also of animal hairs. The term partly overlaps with shù 裋, but refers more to the material then to the shape. [HUANG 1995: 748 - 750]

  10. Rú 襦 refers to the short cloth reaching above the kneels; it can also refer to the child cloth. [ZGYI 1996: 220; ill.: SUN 1991: 59-3, 4; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 5, tab. 1-16; SHEN 1992: tab. 70]

  11. Gǔn 袞, according to Han sources, refers to the ceremonial dress of the ruler embroidered with dragon design. [ZGYI 1996: 131]. In the Western Zhou and Chunqiu period, the term refers to the embroidered ritual dress. [XIANG 1997: 213 - 214; JWCYZD 1992: 804]

• SURRENDER
  

  1. The current general word for any form of submitting to someone or surrendering to the enemy is fú 服.

  2. Xiáng 降 refers specifically to forced, non-voluntary surrender to an enemy.

  3. Xià 下 is a neutral technical term for giving up fighting in a military context.

  4. Chéng 成 and jiǎng 講 refer to a formal process of sueing for peace.

• PRETEND
  

  1. The current general word for pretending to be what one is not is yáng 佯 (ant.* zhēn xiàng 真相 "real shape").

  2. Wěi 偽 (ant. zhēn 真 "genuine") refers to the deliberate production of something artificial, and by extension the word comes to mean "pretend".

  3. Shì 飾 (ant. pǔ 樸 "basic and genuine, unadorned") refers to ostentatious pretence.

  4. Wū 誣 (ant. xìn 信 "trusty") emphaises the fraudulent aspect of pretense.

  5. Wēi fú 微服 and wēi xíng 微行 refer specifically to a notorious person going out and pretending to be an ordinary citizen of some kind or another.

  6. Jiǎ 假 (ant. zhēn 真 "genuine") is rare in pre-Buddhist times and refers to pretending to do something.

• OBEY
  

  1. The most current general word for obedience is probably cóng 從 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to carry out an order"), which refers literally to the following of orders on particular occasions, and more generally to showing obedience to a person.

  2. Shùn 順 (ant. nì 逆 "refuse to conform") can refer to the conforming with a standard set by someone or an intention someone has.

  3. Fú 服 (ant. jiàng 強 "stubbornly refuse") is to submit to higher authority through obedience to its orders, and this submission may be either voluntary or enforced by circumstances.

  4. Tīng 聽 (ant. fú tīng 弗聽 "refuse to listen") refers primarily to following advice from inferiors, but the word is also used for being mindful of an order one has heard so as to carry it out.

  5. Nuò 諾 (ant. fǒu 否 "refuse to comply") is to declare an intention to do as one is told when one normally has no alternative but to obey.

• CONCENTRATE
  

  1. The current word for concentrating one's attention or one's actions in one direction is zhuān 專／摶.

  2. Níng 凝 refers to the concentration of abstract or "metaphysical" substances.

  3. Yī 一 and yī 壹 emphasise the uniqueness of what is being concentrated on.

  4. Xíng 行 and fú 服 "devote oneself completely to" focusses on action rather than thought as the field of concentration.

  5. Jī 積 emphasises the cumulative results of concentration.

• SERVE
  

  1. The current general word for serving another is shì 事 (ant. shǐ 使 "deploy").

  2. Chén 臣 emphasises the subservience of the servant and his lasting employment in a subservient position.

  3. Shì 侍 and the rare and more elevated yù 御 refers specifically to physical attentance to the daily needs of a master, and it involves physical presence near him. See ACCOMPANY

  4. Shǐ 使 refers specifically to serving in a formal mission on behalf of a master.

  5. Fú 服 refers to the devoted service to a master.

  6. Cóng 從 refers to someone having decided to belong to the entourage or following of a master.

  7. Huàn 宦 refers to filling a typically menial position in a household.

• WEAR
  

  1. The current general word for wearing clothes or putting on clothes of any kind is yì 衣 (ant. tuō 脫 "take off").

  2. Fú 服 (ant. xiè 卸 "take off") refers to dressing up for an official occasion.

  3. Bèi 被 refers to putting on or wearing outer clothing of any kind, especially cloak-like garments.

  4. Zhōng 衷 and zhōng 中 refer to wearing as underwear.

  5. Biǎo 表 refers to wearing as outer visible clothes.

  6. Dài 戴 refers to wearing something on one's head.

  7. Lu# 履 refers to wearing something on one's feet.

• COURT DRESS
  

  1. The general ancient term for formal dress, for what one is wearing when properly dressed up is fú 服.

  2. Páo 袍 became the current word for formal court dress, indicating rank, in Han times.

  3. Fú fǔ 黻黼 refers to the richly embroidered court dress reserved for highly formal special occasions.

  4. Shān 衫 informal wide-sleeved jacket of an official, sometimes with indications of his rank.

• TAME
  

  1. The current word for tameness is xún 馴 (ant. jué 倔 "stubbornly insubordinate").

  2. Fú 服 "submit" (ant. jiàng 強 "headstrong") is sometimes used referring to animals becoming or being tame.

• CARRIAGE HORSE
  

  1. The most common word referring to a team of horses pulling one carriage is sì 駟.

  2. Shèng 乘 is an archaic word for a team of four horses.

  3. Fú 服 refers to the two horses immediately next to the carriage pole yuán 轅 at the centre of the team.

  4. Cān 驂 can refer to a team of three horses, but the word can also refer to the outer two horses in a four-horse team.

  5. Pián 胼 refers to a team of two horses.

• CONFESS
  

  1. The current general word for confessing one's guilt is fú 服.

  2. Shǒu 首 is refers to an unforced confession of responsibility and guilt.

  NB: Zhāo 招 is post-Buddhist (Song/Yuan) and refers to confessing in the context of formal legal procedings.

• EAT
  

  1. The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

  2. Gān 甘 is to enjoy a meal or to enjoy food on a given occasion.

  3. Rú 茹 is to eat a routine meal in order to still one's hunger.

  4. Fú 服 ingest or imbibe for a purpose, typical a medical purpose.

  5. Dàn 啖 is to eat quickly oneself and dàn 啗 is to cause someone to swallow.

  6. Fàn 飯 is to dine on some basic foodstuff, and the word is secondarily a noun meaning "foodstuff, staple food".

  7. Cháng 嘗 is to eat something for the purpose of experiencing the taste of it, rather than for the purpose of filling one's stomach.

  8. Bǎo 飽 refers specifically to eating enough or having eaten enough and is most current as an intransitive verb.

  9. Yàn 厭 / 饜 refers to eating more than enough is mostly used transitively.

  10. Cān 餐 is a formal or poetic word referring to the eating of a desirable meal.

Word relations
• Ant: (SURRENDER)叛/REVOLT The current general word for staging a revolt against authorities is pàn 叛 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal"). 1 Attribution
• Ant: (OBEY)制/CONTROL The most current general word in this group is zhì 制 (ant. zòng 縱 "give free rein to"), which refers to all kinds of control, political, physical, as well as psychological.
• Ant: (SERVE)貳 / 二/DISLOYAL The standard word for disloyalty is èr 貳／二. 1 Attribution
• Object: (TAME)馬/HORSE The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬. 1 Attribution
• Object: (WEAR)玉/JADE1 Attribution
• Epithet: (SURRENDER)賓/GUEST1 Attribution
• Contrast: (OBEY)從/OBEY The most current general word for obedience is probably cóng 從 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to carry out an order"), which refers literally to the following of orders on particular occasions, and more generally to showing obedience to a person.
• Contrast: (WEAR)佩/WEAR
• Contrast: (EAT)吞/EAT
• Contrast: (YOKE)御 / 馭/DRIVE Yù 御 refers to the driving and steering of a carriage.
• Contrast: (EAT)食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".
• Contrast: (WEAR)衣/WEAR The current general word for wearing clothes or putting on clothes of any kind is yì 衣 (ant. tuō 脫 "take off").
• Assoc: (COURT DRESS)冕 / 絻/OFFICIAL HAT Miǎn 冕 refers specifically to the ceremonial hat worn by the emperor or the highest officials on the occasion of sacrifices, feasts and other special occasions. The kinds of miǎn 冕 worn were distinguished by rank. 1 Attribution
• Assoc: (GARMENT)容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE] 1 Attribution
• Assoc: (CONQUER)勝/WIN The current general word for winning or gaining the upper hand in any way, including warfare, is shèng 勝 (ant. bài 敗 "be defeated").
• Assoc: (TAME)馴/TAME The current word for tameness is xún 馴 (ant. jué 倔 "stubbornly insubordinate").
• Assoc: (OBEY)從/OBEY The most current general word for obedience is probably cóng 從 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to carry out an order"), which refers literally to the following of orders on particular occasions, and more generally to showing obedience to a person. 2 Attributions
• Assoc: (GARMENT)衣/GARMENT The current general word for garments of any kind is yī 衣, and the word refers specifically to the upper garments like jackets rather than the lower garments like skirts. [HUANG 1995: 711 - 712] 3 Attributions
• Synon: (OBEY)肯/AGREE TO Kěn 肯 (ant. jù (ér bù shòu) 拒（而不受) "refuse to accede to a request") refers to a willingness to do what one might refuse to do. [IMPLICIT], [MENTAL]
• Oppos: (GARMENT)德/VIRTUE The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings. 1 Attribution