Taxonomy of meanings for 亂:　　

  • luàn (OC: ɡ-roons MC: lʷɑn) 郎段切 去 廣韻：【理也又兵㓂也不理也俗作乱郎段切四 】
    • object that needs control:>CHAOS
      • nabfactualsomething chaotic; a chaotic state; a chaotic situation, political chaos
      • vadNill-governed; disorderly, unruly; chaotic; doomed to chaos; bent on chaos
      • vadVchaotically, disorderly; recklessly (> furiously)
      • viactcreate havoc, create political turmoil
      • vichangebecome chaotic; get into disarray
      • vigradedbe in turmoil; be in disorder; be ill-governed
      • vi0there is political chaos; there was a rebellion
      • vtoNcausativewreak havoc with; cause to be chaotic, reduce to chaos; mix something chaotically into (something else); wreak havoc in; disrupt
      • vtoNcausativepassive: be reduced to chaos
      • vtoNcausativereflexive: bring chaos upon (oneself)
      • nab.post-Nthe chaos of N, the chaos resulting from; the chaos constituted byCH
      • nabactmisruleCH
      • v[adN]what is unruly; what is conducive to political chaosLZ
      • nabstandardprinciples of misruleCH
      • v[adN]a polity in chaos, a chaotic society; a chaotic placeCH
      • sexual>ADULTERY
        • viactengage in copulation
        • vtoNcopulate with NDS
      • psychological>CONFUSED
        • nabpsychconfusion
        • vadNconfused
        • vibe confused
        • vt+prep+Nbe confused about
        • vtoNcausativecause to be confused> confuse
        • nabsocialmisrule; political confusionCH
        • vtoNpsychologicalbe confused aboutCH
        • stable quality>STUPID
          • in motivation>ARBITRARY
            • vadVaribtrarily, without good cause or reason
        • causative>DAMAGE
          • nabpassive
          • vtoN
          • object political orderl>REVOLT
            • nabactpolitical revolt; political unrest; acts of political insubordinacy
            • nabstativepolitical chaos; political disarray, political disorder
            • v[adN]those who create chaos> the unruly, adherents of chaos
            • vadNrebellious; bent on political revolt
            • vibe in political turmoil, be in political disarray; be conducive to political turmoil;
            • viactcreate political chaos; stage a political rebellion 君亂甚矣
            • visubject=humanbe bent on rebellion
            • vi0there is unrest; there is misrule; there was political turmoil (in such-and-such a place
        • physical: non-unified>MIXED
          • vtoNmix into (something)
          • vtoNpassiveget chaotically mixed upLZ
        • movement-wise, mix oneself into>CROSS OVER
          • vtoNcross (river etc) against the current
          • vt+prep+Ncross against the current 亂于河
      • =i.e. confused with zhì 乿(variant of 治)GOVERN
        • vtoNarchaic: govern well
        • vtoNreflexive.自archaic: govern (oneself)
        • what one presents in an orderly manner>SONG
          • nlast stanza in a rhyme prose poem 賦
          • synecdoche: of poetry>END
            • ntextlast stanza in a poem

      Additional information about 亂

      說文解字: 【亂】，治也。从乙，乙，治之也。从 𤔔 〔小徐本「从𤔔」在「从乙」之前。〕 【郎段切】

        Criteria
      • CHAOS

        1. The very dominant word in this group is luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "state of good government, state of good order") which refers to all kinds of reprehensible lack of order.

        2. Èr 二 / 貳 "disunited" (ant. yī 一 "be properly united in attitude") refers to political dissension or duplicity.

        3. Fēn 紛 describes a mild form of physical disorder. See CONFUSED.

        4. Fén 棼 describes something as unprincipled and disorganised.

        5. Wèn 紊 is often inchoative and describes the process by which something concrete or abstract enters a disorderly state.

        6. Hún 混 refers to a kind of chaos that is close to objective confusion. See CONFUSED.

      • PEACEFUL

        1. The dominant general word for peacefulness is ān 安 (wēi 危 "in imminent danger"), but in addition the word also often has considerable philosophical depth and commonly refers to a deep state of unruffled inner serenity in harmony with the outer world.

        2. Píng 平 (ant. luàn 亂 "chaos") is prototypically an unruffled smooth surface, and the word refers to a state of harmonious tranquility, particularly in a community of people.

        3. Níng 寧 (ant. yáng 殃 "a totally disastrous state") refers to a state of affairs, primarily in a community of people, where disturbances have ceased.

        4. Yì 佚 / 逸 (ant. láo 勞 "engaged in exhausting effort") refers to restful peace of mind, typically after effort.

        5. Tián 恬 and dàn 淡 (all ant. dòng dàng 動蕩 "be all over the place) refer to serenity in an individual as cultivated, notoriously, by the Taoists.

        6. Jìng 靜 (ant. zào 躁 "flurried), is a state of mind in which one refuses to be rushed into any action and is fully at ease.

        7. Tài 泰 (all ant. jí 急 "be off balance or in urgent need of something, be in a critical state") and yí 夷 (ant. jīng 驚 "be upset") refers to relaxation, the state of being détendu.

      • REVOLT

        1. The current general word for staging a revolt against authorities is pàn 叛 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal").

        2. Luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "regularly political government") refers to a major political upheaval designed to topple the reigning government.

        3. Biàn 變 (ant. cóng 從 "remain politically obedient") refers rather abstractly and neutrally to large scale or comprehensive political unrest of an unspecified character without the negative evaluation of such action which is inherent in luàn 亂.

        4. Fǎn 反 (ant. zhōng 忠 "show proper loyalty") refers to a political revolt on a lesser scale than luàn 亂, and this word always has negative overtones.

        5. Bèi 背 and bèi 倍 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal") refer to a defiant act of disobedience and turning against one's superiors without a necessary intention to topple these authorities.

        6. Nàn 難 (ant. xiào 效 "loyal positive effort") refers rather abstractly to political unrest of an unspecified character and focusses on this as being a threat to the ruler's authority and position.

        7. Nì 逆 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal") refers to political disobedience and revolt in a disapproving way.

        Word relations
      • Ant: (CHAOS)亂/GOVERN
      • Ant: (CHAOS)定/PEACEFUL
      • Ant: (CHAOS)治/ORDERLY
      • Ant: (END)始/BEGIN The general word for something occurring for the crucial and influential first time or initiating anything, in particular any development, is shǐ 始 (ant. zhōng 終"bring to an end; come to an end" and chéng 成 "bring to a successful end, complete").
      • Ant: (CONFUSED)明/INTELLIGENT Míng 明 (ant. àn 闇 "obfuscated in one's mind"), taking its analogy from sharpness of vision, typically refers to clarity of insight at all levels.
      • Ant: (CONFUSED)靜/PEACEFUL Jìng 靜 (ant. zào 躁 "flurried), is a state of mind in which one refuses to be rushed into any action and is fully at ease.
      • Epithet: (CHAOS)世/GENERATION The dominant general word for a generation is shì 世, and this word has strong temporal connotations referring to the period of one generation, and the word has a certain syntactic flexibility. Sān shì 三世 refers to three generations.
      • Contrast: (REVOLT)悖 / 誖 / 悖誖勃/CONFUSED Bèi 悖/誖/勃 refers to confusion in the form of contradictoriness and incoherence of opinions held or of attitudes. xxx
      • Contrast: (CONFUSED)惑/CONFUSED The standard general word for any kind of confusion is huò 惑 (ant. qīng 清 "be unconfused and clear").
      • Contrast: (REVOLT)難/DISASTER Nàn 難 refer to man-made disasters of every kind.
      • Contrast: (CHAOS)僻 / 辟/WICKED Pì 僻 (ant. ) refers to
      • Assoc: (CONFUSED)營 / 榮/CONFUSED
      • Assoc: (CHAOS)弱/WEAK The current general word for weakness of any physical or abstract kind, and of anything including states, persons, and animals is ruò 弱 (ant. qiáng 強 "strong").
      • Assoc: (CHAOS)亡/DESTROY Wáng 亡 (ant. fù 復 "reestablish") refers to the political/social ruin of a state and does not focus on any form of physical annihilation or damage.
      • Assoc: (CONFUSED)悖 / 誖 / 悖誖勃/CONFUSED Bèi 悖/誖/勃 refers to confusion in the form of contradictoriness and incoherence of opinions held or of attitudes. xxx
      • Assoc: (CHAOS)惛/CONFUSED Hūn 昏/惛 is typically confusion within a certain delimited area. See OBSCURE
      • Assoc: (CONFUSED)擾/DISTURB
      • Assoc: (CONFUSED)昏/CONFUSED
      • Assoc: (REVOLT)暴/VIOLENT Bào 暴 (ant. rén 仁 "humane") refers to negatively valued violence of disposition and action.
      • Assoc: (REVOLT)淫/LEWD The current general word for lewdness and lasciviousness in attitude and in action is yín 淫 (ant. jié 節 "decently restrained").
      • Assoc: (CHAOS)煩/CONFUSED
      • Assoc: (CONFUSED)狂/CRAZY
      • Assoc: (REVOLT)誤/MISTAKE
      • Assoc: (CHAOS)錯/CHAOS
      • Assoc: (REVOLT)君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
      • Relat: (CHAOS)勇/COURAGE The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo