DISASTER    災禍

EVENT that CAUSES HUMANS to BECOME INTENSELY SAD OR to GRIEF:grieve.
CATASTROPHECALAMITYCATACLYSMTRAGEDYACT OF GODHOLOCAUSTACCIDENT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.) 2. Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven. 3. Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations. 4. Yāng 殃 always refers to major natural disasters, often construed as causes by human misdemeanour, or by a failure to take preventive action. 5. Niè 孽 often has heavy metaphysical connotations and refers to disasters as caused by higher powers acting with an intention to harm, but there are some clear cases where the word refers to man-made trouble in MENG. 6. Nàn 難 refer to man-made disasters of every kind. 7. Jí 急 is a disastrous or highly precarious situation that has occurred suddenly and requires urgent attention. 8. Bù yú 不虞 is normally a minor disaster that was utterly unexpected. 9. Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes. 10. Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.
黄金貴:古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 SACRIFICE 30. 災難、禍患。 禍,通稱。 殃,含有上天降災之意。 祟,指鬼神為禍。 害,側重在危害嚴重。 災,自然災難。難,專指使人遭受不幸的處境,特指兵難或由兵難造成的困苦。 厄,專指個人所遭受的困苦。 患,側重在人為的災禍。
Modern Chinese Criteria
災禍 災難 災殃 難 劫 劫數 refers to inescapable doom in the future. 不幸 三災八難 天災人禍 禍事 禍亂 亂子 婁子 禍害 禍患 禍殃 禍祟 屯難 禍 害 殃 患 厄 (obs) refers neutrally to disaster. 池魚之殃 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH /
Hyponym
  • INAUSPICIOUS CAUSING one to EXPECT DISASTER. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
  • UNFORTUNATELY CONTINGENT DISASTER. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
  • SHIPWRECK DISASTER OF A SHIP SINKING (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • LUCKGOOD BECAUSE IT CAUSES CONTINGENT PROFIT.
  • HAPPYCOMPLETELY DELIGHTED with one's SELF:own LIFE.
See also
Hypernym
  • EVENT REALITY that ARISES in TIME. (anc: 8/0, child: 4)
  • REALITY EXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED. (anc: 7/0, child: 5)
  • EXIST BE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME. (anc: 6/0, child: 5)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.19

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    DISASTER

    damnum refers to a disaster one has brought upon oneself.

    detrimentum is a disaster one suffers without having caused it.

    iactura is a voluntary loss of someting which one chooses to suffer in order to avoid greater evils.

    MISFORTUNE

    infortunium refers to a single misfortune as a vexatious, typically minor accident.

    calamitas refers to a single tragic major incident.

    infelicitas refers to a lasting state of misery, typically as the result of a lack of success.

    miseria refers to a lasting state of very serious affliction of any kind.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 84

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 116

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 139

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    KATASTROPHEN

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 220ff

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 464

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    calamitas 'disaster, ruin' [f. /] (P1.+)

    Derivatives: calamitosus 'liable to damage or disaster' (Cato+); incolumis [adj.]

    'unharmed, safe' (P1.+).

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.289.247

    FATAL.FUNESTE

  • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 609

  • Words (57 items)

      huò OC: ɡloolʔ MC: ɦʷɑ 83 Attributions

    The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Word relations
    • Ant: 吉/AUSPICIOUS The general term is jí 吉 (ant. xiōng 凶 "inauspicious") and refers to any natural phenomenon or supposed supernatural response that is of good omen, in an everyday almost secular way.
    • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Ant: 福/HAPPY
    • Ant: 福/LUCK The dominant general word for good fortune is fú 福 (ant. huò 禍 "misfortune"), and the dominant general word for good luck is xìng 幸 (ant. yāng 殃 "misfortune").
    • Epithet: 凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.
    • Contrast: 咎/DISASTER
    • Contrast: 罪/GUILT
    • Contrast: 變/DISASTER
    • Assoc: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
    • Assoc: 災 / 菑/DISASTER Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.
    • Assoc: 凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.
    • Assoc: 凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.
    • Assoc: 害/DISASTER Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.
    • Assoc: 敗/DEFEAT The current general word for defeating someoneor some state in any form of battle is bài 敗.
    • Assoc: 祟/DISASTER
    • Assoc: 難/DISASTER Nàn 難 refer to man-made disasters of every kind.
    • Assoc: 殃 / 央/DISASTER Yāng 殃 always refers to major natural disasters, often construed as causes by human misdemeanour, or by a failure to take preventive action.
    • Synon: 殃 / 央/DISASTER Yāng 殃 always refers to major natural disasters, often construed as causes by human misdemeanour, or by a failure to take preventive action.
    • Synon: 難/DISASTER Nàn 難 refer to man-made disasters of every kind.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventdisaster; disastrous fate, unhappy outcome; bad luck; sad fate
    • nabeventOBI 5: ominous sign, ominous event or phenomenon imbued with some disastrous supernatural significance
    • nabstativedisastrous situation
    • vadNdisastrous 禍事上門"disaster hits the family"
    • vispell disaster
    • vi0eventthere is disaster, there will be disaster
    • vtoNOBI: bring disaster upon
    • vtoNputativeregard as a disaster; recognise as disastrous
      xiōng OC: qhoŋ MC: hi̯oŋ 65 Attributions

    Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
    • Epithet: 年/HARVEST The general old and current word for a harvest, particularly a good harvest is nián 年.
    • Epithet: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)
    • Assoc: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
    • Assoc: 咎/DISASTER
    • Assoc: 害/DISASTER Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}eventterrible supernaturally ordained disaster; great bad luck; major misfortune; dire consequences 百凶
    • nabconceptdisastrousness, poverty (ofharvest); disastrous outcomes
    • vadNcalamitious, disastrous (also of harvests in certain years) 凶年
    • vi0there is/will be (supernaturally ordained) disaster
    • visubject=humanbe unlucky; meet disaster
    • visubject=nonhumanturn out disastrously disadvantageous
    • vt+prep+Nbring disaster to
      huàn OC: ɢroons MC: ɦɣan 63 Attributions

    Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.

      Word relations
    • Conv: 備/DEFEND Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.
    • Ant: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
    • Object: 困/DISTRESS The most representative current general word for distress is probably kùn 困 (ant. ān 安 "be in a good state"), although the group of words discussed here is selected on singularly problematic grounds.
    • Contrast: 變/DISASTER
    • Assoc: 凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.
    • Assoc: 害/DISASTER Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.
    • Assoc: 災 / 菑/DISASTER Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}troubles
    • nabeventdisaster, misfortune; adversities; resulting trouble (from one's actions) 三患"three kinds of disaster"
    • npost-Nthe disaster constituted by N
    • npost-Nthe disaster caused by NLZ
    • v[adN]the afflicted, the distressed
    • vieventbe faced with disaster
    • vtoNcausativebring on a disaster
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2present (someone N1) as a disaster to (someone N2) 患x於y
      yāng OC: qaŋ MC: ʔi̯ɐŋ
      yāng OC: qaŋ MC: ʔi̯ɐŋ 35 Attributions

    Yāng 殃 always refers to major natural disasters, often construed as causes by human misdemeanour, or by a failure to take preventive action.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 天/GOD Tiān 天 refers to the - often personified or semi-personified - God of Heaven.
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-NN=subjectdisaster sent by NDS
    • nabeventmajor disaster; hardship; misfortune; calamity
    • nabpost-Ndisaster for NLZ
    • nab{PRED}(that) spells disasterCH
    • vibe in the danger of meeting a major disaster; suffer a major disaster
      zāi OC: tsɯɯ MC: tsəi
      zī OC: tsrɯ MC: ʈʂɨ 34 Attributions

    Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 善/GOOD The general term for positive appraisal of any kind in Chinese is shàn 善 (ant. è 惡 "bad").
    • Epithet: 凶/INAUSPICIOUS The current general word for what is of no good omen is xiōng 凶 (ant. jí 吉).
    • Assoc: 害/DAMAGE By far the commonest general word for damage is hài 害 (ant. lì 利"benefit").

      Syntactic words
    • nabautonym"calamity"
    • nabeventOBI 5: calamity; disaster (from Heaven/Nature; occasionally self-inflicted as in CC 9.1); the reference is sometimes to a fire
    • nabfigurativea menace (to others)
    • nadNconstituting a plague for
    • v[adN]N=humperson suffering calamity
    • vispell disaster (XUN)LZ
    • vi0there was a disaster (at a place); there was a disaster in the form of a fire
    • vtoNbe a plague for
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe struck by disaster
      nàn OC: mɢlaans MC: nɑn 30 Attributions

    Nàn 難 refer to man-made disasters of every kind.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 亂/REVOLT Luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "regularly political government") refers to a major political upheaval designed to topple the reigning government.
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)
    • Synon: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Neventtrouble from the part of N
    • nab.post-V{NUM}disasters
    • nabeventtrouble, problem, difficulties (from the part of the other feudal lords); the difficult point; disastrous consequences [often difficult to distinguish from DIFFICULT]
    • vipose difficulties, prove problematic; prove disadvantageous; be in trouble, be in dusastrous difficulty
    • vi0there is disaster, there is political trouble; there will be political difficulties; things will be difficult
    • vtoNputativeregard as particularly troublesome, regard as very worrying
      jiù OC: ɡlɯwʔ MC: gɨu 26 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 福/LUCK The dominant general word for good fortune is fú 福 (ant. huò 禍 "misfortune"), and the dominant general word for good luck is xìng 幸 (ant. yāng 殃 "misfortune").
    • Contrast: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)
    • Assoc: 凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.

    • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 23

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-NN=subjectdisaster caused by NDS
    • nabevent(deserved) bad fortune; (deserved) disaster; (deserved) calamity
    • vimiddle voicesuffer disaster, suffer bad fortune
      bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]nonreferentialthose who are in distress
    • nabstativestate of distress; trouble; mental trauma 
    • vigradedget into trouble; suffer disaster
    • vt+prep+Nbring disaster to
      niè OC: ŋred MC: ŋiɛt 14 Attributions

    Niè 孽 often has heavy metaphysical connotations and refers to disasters as caused by higher powers acting with an intention to harm, but there are some clear cases where the word refers to man-made trouble in MENG.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 妖 / 祅/INAUSPICIOUS Yāo 妖/祅 refers to concrete inauspicious events like animal misfosters.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventcurse, supernatural disaster MENG 4A8: generally disaster
      jí OC: krɯb MC: kip 8 Attributions

    Jí 急 is a disastrous or highly precarious situation that has occurred suddenly and requires urgent attention.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventurgent trouble, crisis
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are in urgent trouble
    • vadNin urgent trouble; desperate (age)
    • vithere is acute, urgent trouble
      biàn OC: prons MC: piɛn 7 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 瑞/AUSPICIOUS The archaising and elevated, mostly nominal, ruì 瑞 has specific religious connotations with rituals and the Will of Heaven.
    • Contrast: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
    • Contrast: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)
    • Assoc: 災 / 菑/DISASTER Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventemergency; unfortunate unruly turn of events; highly unusual event 心傷國變; HANSHU: 有日蝕地震之變 There were extraordinary events likesolar eclipses and earthquakes.
      gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabeventincident; disastrous altercations; irregular occurrences
    • viinvolve serious ritual irregularities
    不虞  bù yú OC: pɯʔ ŋʷa MC: pi̯ut ŋi̯o 6 Attributions

    Bù yú 不虞 is normally a minor disaster that was utterly unexpected.

      Word relations
    • Object: 備/DEFEND Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.

      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventunexpected misfortunes; emergency
    為祟  wéi suì MC: hjweH swijH OC: ɢʷal sqluds 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiin divination: bode ill; mean disaster; bring bad fortune; have a supernaturally disastrous influenceCH
    患難  huàn nàn OC: ɢroons mɢlaans MC: ɦɣan nɑn 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventa disaster of any kind
      suì OC: sqluds MC: si 4 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventdisaster; calamities
    • vt(oN)putativeconsider N as calamitous, spooky, of ill omen, ominousCH
    苦厄  kǔ è OC: khaaʔ qreeɡ MC: khuo̝ ʔɣɛk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativedesperate hardship; disastrous situation
    災害  zāi hài OC: tsɯɯ ɡaads MC: tsəi ɦɑi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventserious disaster of any kind
    禍亂  huò luàn MC: -- lwanH  OC: ɡloolʔ ɡ-roons 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdisastrous upheaval of all kindsLZ
    水火  shuǐ huǒ OC: qhjulʔ qphaalʔ MC: ɕi hʷɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}nonreferentialflood and fire; natural disaster in general; also figurative:social disaster
    禍災  huò zāi OC: ɡloolʔ tsɯɯ MC: ɦʷɑ tsəi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialdisasters of all kinds
    無祿  wú lù OC: ma b-rooɡ MC: mi̯o luk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe in dire straights; be in deep trouble
    患禍  huàn huò OC: ɢroons ɡloolʔ MC: ɦɣan ɦʷɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisaster
    禍難  huò nàn OC: ɡloolʔ mɢlaans MC: ɦʷɑ nɑn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisasters or misfortunes of any kind; a practical (possibly disastrous) problem
    凶敗  xiōng bài MC: xjowng baejH OC: qhoŋ braads 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe stricken by crop failureLZ
      è OC: qreeɡ MC: ʔɣɛk 2 Attributions

    È 厄 refers to personal disaster concerning one individual only.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventdisaster (typically ordained by fate), tragic fate
    • nadNdisastrous
    災患  zāi huàn OC: tsɯɯ ɢroons MC: tsəi ɦɣan
    菑患  zī huàn OC: tsrɯ ɢroons MC: ʈʂɨ ɦɣan 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisaster, calamity
    • NPabeventdisasters of all kinds, disaster of any kind
      chuǎn MC: tsyhwenX OC: thjonʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vieventsuffer misfortune (see HYDZD!)CH
      chǔ MC: tsyhoX OC: khljaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativetrouble, difficultyCS
    禍凶  huò xiōng MC: -- xjowng OC: ɡloolʔ qhoŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdisaster; catastrophe DS
      wù OC: ŋʷaas MC: ŋuo̝ 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 謬 / 繆/MISTAKE Miù 謬 (ant. zhèng 正 "correct") typically refers to an intellectual misapprehension because of complete baselessness of what is being said.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativecause things to go wrong
    禍喪  huò sāng OC: ɡloolʔ smaaŋ MC: ɦʷɑ sɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsubject=nonrefthose struck by any kind of disaster or bereavement
    禍患  huò huàn OC: ɡloolʔ ɢroons MC: ɦʷɑ ɦɣan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}pluraldisastrous misfortunes of any kind
    咎映  jiù yìng OC: ɡlɯwʔ qraŋs MC: gɨu ʔɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabevent(deserved) disasters (of all kinds???)
    三惡道  sān è dào OC: saam qaaɡ ɡ-luuʔ MC: sɑm ʔɑk dɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalBUDDH: three disasters in future life: being reborn as an animal, as a hungry, and going to hell. Compare 三途
    不意  bù yì OC: pɯʔ qɯɡs MC: pi̯ut ʔɨ 1 Attribution

    unpredictable, something that one has not thought about

      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturesomeonething unpredicted, a disaster that one has not thought about
      zhuì OC: ɡrluds MC: ɖi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n[FALLING DOWN>] disaster
    殃咎  yāng jiù OC: qaŋ ɡlɯwʔ MC: ʔi̯ɐŋ gɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisasters of any kind; disasters of all kinds
      hài OC: ɡaads MC: ɦɑi 1 Attribution

    Hài 害 refers generally to harm, but in OBI the word standardly refers to harm done by supernatural powers or ancestors.

      Word relations
    • Object: 遇/ENCOUNTER Yù 遇 refers to having been exposed to something (often something positive) by coincidence.
    • Assoc: 凶/DISASTER Xiōng 凶, shěng 眚 and jiù 咎 are archaic metaphysical terms for misfortunes.
    • Assoc: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
    • Assoc: 災 / 菑/DISASTER Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.
    • Assoc: 禍/DISASTER The most common general word for disasters is huò 禍 (ant. fú 福 "good fortune") which has no connotations of any metaphysical kind. (In OBI the character currently transcribed as huò 禍 - and closely related to 占 - refers not only to disasters as such, but particularly to disastrous omens.)

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventharmful event
    • vt(oN)putativeregard the contextually determinate N as (potential) disaster, regard as threat
    凶災  xiōng zāi OC: qhoŋ tsɯɯ MC: hi̯oŋ tsəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{nab1=nab2}nonreferentialdisasters of all kinds; disasters
      è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 凶/INAUSPICIOUS The current general word for what is of no good omen is xiōng 凶 (ant. jí 吉).

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventevents that are bad for one; disasters
    衰患  shuāi huàn OC: srul ɢroons MC: ʂi ɦɣan 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdecline and disaster
    氣厲  qì lì MC: khj+jH ljejH OC: khɯds b-rads 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmalicious influenceDS
    災咎  zāi jiù OC: tsɯɯ ɡlɯwʔ MC: tsəi gɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabevent(deserved) calamities (of all kinds??)
    厄地  è dì OC: qreeɡ lils MC: ʔɣɛk di 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabeventdisaster
    枯旱  kū hàn MC: khu hanX OC: khaa ɡaanʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi0there was drought DS
      diān OC: tiin MC: ten 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinflict suffering upon
      shěng OC: sraaŋʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • ndisaster
      lí OC: rel MC: liɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}eventmishaps
      gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npestiferous thing; evil influence; disaster
      zéi OC: sɡɯɯɡ MC: dzək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nman-made calamity ?????
    沒沒  mò mò OC: mɯɯd mɯɯd MC: muot muot 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactdisastrous course of action
    禍敗  huò bài OC: ɡloolʔ praads MC: ɦʷɑ pɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisaster or defeat of any kind
    天災  tiān zāi OC: lʰiin tsɯɯ MC: then tsəi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventHeaven-sent disasters
    蹭蹬  cèng dèng OC: tshɯɯŋs dɯɯŋs MC: tshəŋ dəŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNdown on one's lucks, unfortunate, unlucky, exposed to misfortune, meeting with setbacks
    殃禍  yāng huò OC: qaŋ ɡloolʔ MC: ʔi̯ɐŋ ɦʷɑ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventdisasters of any kind
      wǎng OC: maŋʔ MC: mi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabeventdisaster