DAMAGE    害

CHANGE so as to CAUSE TO BECOME MORE BAD.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. By far the commonest general word for damage is hài 害 (ant. lì 利 "benefit"). 2. Shāng 傷 "impair" and sǔn 損 "reduce and impair" (all ant. yì 益 "strengthen") are weaker than hài 害 and definitely suggest the survival of what is impaired. 3. Zéi 賊 is stronger than hài 害 and definitely suggests that the damage done is serious indeed - possibly fatal.
Modern Chinese Criteria
有害 is the abstract and most general modern word for inflicting damage. 損害 is the most common modern word for inflicting damage. 傷害 focusses protoypically on injury. 危害 focusses prototypically on exposing things to danger. 禍害 focusses on the disaster inflicted. 苦害 focusses on the "bitter" suffering inflicted. 妨害 focusses on the damage constituting hindrance. 殘害 focusses on the damage as crippling. 戕害 refers to serious bodily harm, possibly lethal harm. 戕賊 refers to potentially lethal serious harm. 貽誤 refers to bungling or spoiling things. 損傷 refers figuratively to serious harm 摧殘 refers to serious harmful devastation. 侵蝕 refers to damage in the form of corrosion or erosion and is marginal in this group. 侵害 refers to the aggressive act of inflicting damage or harm. 害 禍 誤 危 損 傷 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • ATTACK　TRY to DESTROY OR DAMAGE USING WARFARE OR FIGHT. (anc: 11/0, child: 4)
  • DESTROY　DAMAGE something so as to CAUSE it to CEASE to EXIST. (anc: 11/0, child: 3)
  • INJURE　DAMAGE a HUMAN OR ANIMAL so as to CAUSE TO HAVE INJURY. (anc: 11/0, child: 3)
  • REVENGE　DAMAGE someone who one BELIEVES has ACTED:committed WICKED ACTS AGAINST one OR AGAINST one's FRIENDS. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
  • TATTERED　DAMAGED BECAUSE OF USE, of GARMENTS. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
  • INJURY　TYPICALLY VISIBLE DAMAGE to the BODY, CAUSED by being INJURED. (anc: 11/0, child: 1)
  • BEWITCH　DAMAGE USING SUPERNATURAL METHODS. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
  • TEAR APART　DAMAGE by PULLING VIOLENTLY so as to DIVIDE something. (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • PROFITSomething GOOD that IS USEFUL TO THE ONE WHO HAS IT.
Hypernym
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • EVENT　REALITY that ARISES in TIME. (anc: 8/0, child: 4)
  • REALITY　EXIST and NOT ONLY BE IMAGINED. (anc: 7/0, child: 5)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.28

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.29

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    IMPAIR

    depravare refers to the act of impairing something in such a way that it is not quite beyond restitution.

    corrumpere refers to the act of impairing something in such a way that it is beyond repair or restitution.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    DAMNUM

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 55

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 71 and 140

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 250

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 409

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.275

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.115

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 60B

    • Words (47 items)

    害  hài OC: ɡaads MC: ɦɑi 99 Attributions

    By far the commonest general word for damage is hài 害 (ant. lì 利"benefit").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
    • Ant: 功/MERIT The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
    • Ant: 益/HELP Yì 益 (ant. sǔn 損 "act to hinder someone's progress") refers to support for someone who is already fairly well equipped for the task he or she gets support for.
    • Ant: 益/PROFIT The current general word for any kind of material or other profit or advantage is yì 益 (ant. sǔn 損 "loss").
    • Ant: 補/HELP
    • Ant: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Ant: 慈/LOVE Cí 慈 (ant. rěn 忍 "callous, unfeeling") is primarily the intimate emotional concern of mothers/parents for their children, and by extension such concern of a fatherly ruler for his people. [EMOTIONAL], [PRACTICAL]
    • Ant: 補/HELP
    • Epithet: 毒/POISON The current general word for poison is dú 毒.
    • Contrast: 危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
    • Contrast: /
    • Assoc: 累/ENTANGLE
    • Assoc: 賊/DAMAGE Zéi 賊 is stronger than hài 害 and definitely suggests that the damage done is serious indeed - possibly fatal. See also VILLAIN
    • Assoc: 災 / 菑/DISASTER Zāi 災 refers to a natural disaster, typically sent down by Heaven.

      Syntactic words
    • nharmful thing
    • nabdisadvantageousness, damaging impact, damageCH
    • nab.post-Ndamage from Ndamage from N
    • nab.post-Ndamage to Ndamage to N
    • nab.tdamage to N
    • nabeventspecifically, ancestral harm; CC generally, harmful impact; kinds of damage done
    • v[adN]something that does damage (human or animal); menace
    • vicause harm; be harmfulCH
    • vt(oN)(try to) harm a contextually determinate person
    • vt(oN)figurativeto inflict a mental harm (on a contextually determinate object)
    • vt+prep+Nbe deleterious to; do damage to; impair
    • vt[oN]be harmful; do damage to others; be harmful in any way; be a harmful thing to do
    • vtoNfigurativedo abstract damage to, impair
    • vtoNgradedto damage, to inflict harm; impair (clear-sightedness) 甚害田
    • vtoNmiddle voicefigurative: be aesthetically impairedCH
    • vtoNpassiveget injured or damaged; suffer harm
    • vtoNputativeconsider N to be harmfulCH
    • vtoNputative; passivebe regarded as harmful to one's interestsLZ
    • vtoNreflexive.己harm (oneself) 害己
    • vtoNreflexive.自damage (oneself)
    • vtoNreflexive.身do harm to (oneself)
    傷  shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 42 Attributions

    Shāng 傷 "impair" and sǔn 損 "reduce and impair" (all ant. yì 益 "strengthen") are weaker than hài 害 and definitely suggest the survival of what is impaired.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 毀/DESTROY The current general word for destruction of any kind is huǐ 毀, and what is destroyed may anything from a toy or a house to a state.

      Syntactic words
    • nabeventharm, damage
    • vt+prep+Ndo damage to
    • vtoNinflict harm on (physical objects)
    • vtoNfigurativedo damage to (abstract things); do abstract damage to or hurt (persons)
    • vtoNfigurativeabstract: impairCH
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe damaged, suffer damage 傷於下
    • vtoNreflexive.自damage (oneself)
    賊  zéi OC: sɡɯɯɡ MC: dzək 14 Attributions

    Zéi 賊 is stronger than hài 害 and definitely suggests that the damage done is serious indeed - possibly fatal. See also VILLAIN

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 害/DAMAGE By far the commonest general word for damage is hài 害 (ant. lì 利"benefit").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactthat which damages something irrecoverably; villainy
    • vt+prep+Ndo serious damage toCH
    • vtoNdamage and ruin, harm; try to harm viciously; do villainous harm to
    損  sǔn OC: squunʔ MC: suo̝n 14 Attributions

    Shāng 傷 "impair" and sǔn 損 "reduce and impair" (all ant. yì 益 "strengthen") are weaker than hài 害 and definitely suggest the survival of what is impaired.

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nimpair; do damage to
    • vt[oN]be deleterious
    • vtoNinflict damage on
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe damaged; be impaired
    不利  bù lì OC: pɯʔ rids MC: pi̯ut li 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adNab]litotesdisadvantage, harm done to one 子亦有不利焉
    • VPtoNlitotesbe less than profited> suffer great loss
    • vt+prep+Nlitotesdo harm to
    • vtoNlitotesnot benefit> damage
    虧  kuī MC: khjwe OC: khʷral 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdo harm toCH
    • vtoNpassivebe impairedCH
    病  bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcause to be injured, inflict damage on; cause trouble for
    缺  quē OC: khʷeed MC: khet 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdamage
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe damaged
    殘  cán MC: dzan OC: dzaan 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabdamageCH
    • vtoNinflict harm onCH
    • vtoNpassivebe damaged, get harmedCH
    累害  lèi hài OC: rols ɡaads MC: liɛ ɦɑi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1=N2}eventany kind of harm, any kind of damage
    • VPtoNinhibit and harm
    • VPtoNpassiveget damaged
    毀傷  huǐ shāng OC: qhʷralʔ lʰaŋ MC: hiɛ ɕi̯ɐŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiflawed, full of mistakes; impaired
    • VPt(oN)omcause or allow the contextually determinate N to be damaged
    • VPtoNcause to be flawed, cause to be full of mistakes; impair, have a negative impact on
    • VPtoNpassiveget harmed by
    殘害  cán hài OC: dzaan ɡaads MC: dzɑn ɦɑi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactdo harm; harm things
    • VPt(oN)do harm to a contextually determinate person
    • VPt+prep+Ndo disastrous harm to
    毗  pí MC: bjij OC: -- 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nimpair, to damage toCH
    • vtoNdamageCH
    • vtoNpassivebe impaired; be damagedCH
    戕賊  qiāng zéi OC: sɡaŋ sɡɯɯɡ MC: dzi̯ɐŋ dzək 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNinflict violent damage on; 
    祟  suì OC: sqluds MC: si 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmalevolent influence; supernatural curseCH
    • vtoNcausativedo supernatural damage to
    可害  kě hài MC: khaX hajH OC: khlaalʔ ɡaads 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeatureharmfulnessLZ
    遷  qiān MC: tshjen OC: tshen 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNchange for the worse, make worseCH
    闕  què, quē OC: khod MC: khi̯ɐt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNimpair; damage; be harmful to
    妨害  fāng hài MC: phjang hajH OC: phaŋ ɡaads 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNinflict damage of any kind onLZ
    戕  qiāng OC: sɡaŋ MC: dzi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinflict damage on
    損害  sǔn hài OC: squunʔ ɡaads MC: suo̝n ɦɑi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactharmful actions; actions harmful to the cause of justice
    • VPtoNdamage
    蟊  máo OC: mu MC: mɨu 1 Attribution

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • vadNfigurativenoxious,pestilential
    侵惱  qīn nǎo OC: skhim nuuʔ MC: tshim nɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNinvade and worry> molest
    馮  píng OC: brɯŋ MC: bɨŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmaltreat and encroach upon the rights/privileges of N
    毒賊  dú zéi MC: dowk dzok OC: duuɡ sɡɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]to do malicious harm to othersLZ
    侵略  qīn lǜe OC: skhim ɡ-raɡ MC: tshim li̯ɐk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativeinterfere with, damage
    殘闕  cán què, quē MC: dzan khjwot OC: dzaan khod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP(adN)passivewhat is damagedVK
    棄疾  qì jí OC: khils dzid MC: khi dzit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Ndo harm to (??)
    傷損  shāng sǔn OC: lʰaŋ squunʔ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ suo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNreflexive.自do damage to (oneself)
    苦切  kǔ qiē, qiè OC: khaaʔ snʰiid MC: khuo̝ tshet 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNinflict severe harm on
    創  chuāng OC: skhraŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdamage, cut short (one's life)
    賊亂  zéi luàn MC: dzok lwanH OC: sɡɯɯɡ ɡ-roons 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibring about destruction and chaosLZ
    攘  ráng MC: nyang OC: njaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinterfere with; create havoc inCH
    菑然  zāi rán MC: -- nyen OC: -- njen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVas if one was damagedLZ
    毀害  huǐ hài OC: qhʷralʔ ɡaads MC: hiɛ ɦɑi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNdamage
    賊害  zéi hài OC: sɡɯɯɡ ɡaads MC: dzək ɦɑi 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNdo great harm to
    殺  shā OC: sreed MC: ʂɣɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativework against the interests of, clip the wings of, reduce the number of; cause harm to
    損壞  sǔn huài OC: squunʔ ɡruuls MC: suo̝n ɦɣɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabprocessdestruction, decay
    竊  qiè 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN(criminally) pervertCH
    中  zhòng OC: krluŋs MC: ʈuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNharm, target with damaging action, take harmful measures against
    亂  luàn OC: ɡ-roons MC: lʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpassive
    • vtoN
    儡  léi OC: ruul MC: luo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdamage
    墾  kěn OC: khɯɯnʔ MC: khən 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdamage ???? (ZHOULI???)
    壞  huài OC: ɡruuls MC: ɦɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdo rude harm to
    惎  jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdamage
    沴  lì OC: ɡ-rɯɯls MC: lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfigurativebe harmful to; be in disharmony with 五行不相沴
    痛  tòng OC: kh-looŋs MC: thuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativecause pain to> harm