DANGER    危險

SITUATION BELIEVED to CONTAIN POSSIBLE SOON:imminent DAMAGE to one.
PERILHAZARDRISKJEOPARDYPERILOUSNESSRISKINESSPRECARIOUSNESSUNCERTAINTYINSTABILITYINSECURITYMENACEHAZARDTHREATRISKINFORMAL DEATH TRAPWIDOW-MAKER
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace"). 2. Dài 殆 is primarily perceived danger. 3. Xiǎn 險 (ant. yí 夷 "plain and accessible without presenting dangers" and píng 平 "level") is primarily objective physical danger because of difficult terrain. 4. È 厄 is a stylistically very elevated word referring to objective danger.
Modern Chinese Criteria
危險 is the standard modern word for danger. 危難 focusses on the difficulty posed by danger. 險事 refers to a difficult mattter. 危險物 refers to dangerous goods and is marginal in the series. 危急 危亡 危殆 懸乎 險惡 凶險 驚險 艱危 險象環生 岌岌可危 千鈞一髮 一髮千鈞 間不容髮 厝火積薪 救火揚沸 危如累卵 累卵之危 燕巢幕上 搖搖欲墜 盲人瞎馬 深入虎穴 朝不保夕 危如朝露 危在旦夕 生死攸關 生死存亡 魚游釜中 委肉虎蹊 如臨深淵 如履薄冰 虎尾春冰 抱虎枕蛟 虎口拔牙 引狼入室 人人自危 飲鴆止渴 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • SAFEPEACEFUL AND NOT EASY to DAMAGE.
Hypernym
  • SITUATION　RELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 11)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.54

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 344

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 162

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 30

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    PERICULUM

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 8.1046

    RISIKO

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 59B

    • Words (21 items)

    危  wēi OC: ŋɡrol MC: ŋiɛ 165 Attributions

    The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").

      Word relations
    • Subject: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Ant: 治/ORDERLY
    • Ant: 安/PEACEFUL The dominant general word for peacefulness is ān 安 (wēi 危 "in imminent danger"), but in addition the word also often has considerable philosophical depth and commonly refers to a deep state of unruffled inner serenity in harmony with the outer world.
    • Object: 備/DEFEND Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.
    • Contrast: 害/DAMAGE By far the commonest general word for damage is hài 害 (ant. lì 利"benefit").
    • Contrast: 殆/DANGER Dài 殆 is primarily perceived danger.
    • Assoc: 亡/DESTROY Wáng 亡 (ant. fù 復 "reestablish") refers to the political/social ruin of a state and does not focus on any form of physical annihilation or damage.
    • Assoc: 殆/DANGER Dài 殆 is primarily perceived danger.
    • Assoc: 累/ENTANGLE

      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]endangered polity, endangered placeCH
    • nabstativeimminent peril, danger; state of danger; precariousness
    • v[adN]dangerous placeCH
    • vadNfraught with grave danger, doomed to disaster (as a state), endangered
    • vadNconcreteunsafe, unsteady; precarious; constituting a dangerLZ
    • vibe imperilled; be in a precarious state; be fraught with danger, be doomed to imminent disaster; be endangered; to risk danger
    • vi0there is danger
    • vichangeget into danger, become endangered
    • vigradedbecome (more and more) dangerous/endangered
    • vt+prep+Ncausativeendanger oneself in N
    • vt+V[0]run the danger of; be in danger of
    • vt+V[0]causativecause one to be in danger of V-ing; take risks in V-ing
    • vtoNexpose oneself dangerously to 危於; be in danger of V-ing (CHANGE TO vt+V)
    • vtoNactrun the danger of, risk the danger of
    • vtoNcausativeexpose (someone or something) to danger; to put in danger, endanger; to jeopardise; to pose a danger for
    • vtoNcausativereflexive cause (oneself) to be endangered
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to be in danger 危己
    • vtoNcausativeendanger (oneself)
    • vtoNPab{S}be exposed to the danger that ??CHECK??
    • vtoNputativeconsider as dangerous; consider to be in danger
    • vtoNputative.reflex.自consider (oneself) to be in danger
    殆  dài OC: lɯɯʔ MC: dəi 27 Attributions

    Dài 殆 is primarily perceived danger.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 安/COMFORTABLE The standard word for material and psychological comfort is ān 安.
    • Object: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
    • Contrast: 危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
    • Contrast: 罔/CHEAT
    • Assoc: 危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
    • Assoc: 淫/UNRESTRAINED Yín 淫 can come to refer to extravagance as a symptom of general indulgence.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfactualHF 8.8.35 impending, possible personal danger
    • vadNdangerous, deleterious
    • vi(of an action, a situation) be dangerousCH
    • vicausativecause danger
    • vichangeget into danger
    • vigradedbe imperilled; be in (serious) personal danger; be in grave danger; be in deep trouble 
    • vipsychfeel insecure; be flustered
    • vtoNHF 4.1.2: expose (one's person) to danger; be hazardous for, pose a danger for
    • vtoNdeclarativedeclare (something) dangerous
    • vtoNpassivefeel endangered by
    險  xiǎn OC: qhromʔ MC: hiɛm 15 Attributions

    Xiǎn 險 (ant. yí 夷 "plain and accessible without presenting dangers" and píng 平 "level") is primarily objective physical danger because of difficult terrain.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 平/PEACEFUL Píng 平 (ant. luàn 亂 "chaos") is prototypically an unruffled smooth surface, and the word refers to a state of harmonious tranquility, particularly in a community of people.

      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]dangerous territoryCH
    • nabfactualdangerous situation
    • vadNdangerous to pass; dangerous
    • vadVdangerously; riskily
    • vibe dangerous
    • vigradedbe more dangerous than
    • vt+prep+Nabgradedbe more dangerous than
    • vtoNcausativeendanger
    危殆  wēi dài OC: ŋɡrol lɯɯʔ MC: ŋiɛ dəi 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativestate of grave danger; a highly dangerous constellation
    • VPadNhighly dangerous, really dangerous
    • VPiintensitivebe in (grave?) danger, be highly dangerous
    危亡  wēi wáng OC: ŋɡrol maŋ MC: ŋiɛ mi̯ɐŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdanger and consequent ruinCH
    • VPibe in serious danger of being ruined; get into danger or get ruined
    死  sǐ OC: pliʔ MC: si 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNdangerous to one's life; likely to lead to one's death; dangerous to one's life; designed for one's death
    危害  wēi hài OC: ŋɡrol ɡaads MC: ŋiɛ ɦɑi 3 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • VPibe conducive to danger and material harm
    • VPibe afflicted by danger and material harmLZ
    • vtoNpassivebe endangered
    窮  qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 3 Attributions

    èqióng

      Syntactic words
    • vichangeto get into extremely difficult dangerous situation; get into serious trouble
    厄  è OC: qreeɡ MC: ʔɣɛk
    厄阨  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 2 Attributions

    È 厄 is a stylistically very elevated word referring to objective danger.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfactualgrave danger
    • nabstativeextremely difficult or unbearable situation
    • virare, CC: in difficulty; CC: danger, difficulty
    幾  jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabdangerous stageCH
    • vibe in a dangerous condition
    兇險  xiōng xiǎn OC: qhoŋ qhromʔ MC: hi̯oŋ hiɛm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVvery dangerously, taking high risks
    險易  xiǎn yì OC: qhromʔ leeɡs MC: hiɛm jiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturerelative danger or accessibility (of terrain)
    危難  wēi nàn OC: ŋɡrol mɢlaans MC: ŋiɛ nɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabeventa danger or difficulty
    亂危  luàn wēi MC: lwanH ngjwe  OC: ɡ-roons ŋɡrol 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNrevolutionary and riskyCH
    險隘  xiǎn ài OC: qhromʔ qreeɡs MC: hiɛm ʔɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe fraught with danger; lead to danger
    圾  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNput in danger
    岌  jí OC: ŋɡrɯb MC: ŋip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe on the brink of disaster
    峭  qiào OC: smʰewɡs MC: tshiɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativemetaphorically: make dangerous and threatening
    阽  yán OC: k-lem MC: jiɛm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe in danger
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNrevolutionary and riskyCH
    矜  jīn MC: king OC: klɯŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNdangerous, threateningCH