DEFEND    保衛

SAFEGUARD so as to CAUSE NOT TO be DEFEATED WHEN ATTACKED OR ACCUSED.
PROTECTGUARDSAFEGUARDSECURESHIELDFORTIFYGARRISONBARRICADEUPHOLDSUPPORTWATCH OVER
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard general word for defending a community is wèi 衛 (ant. gōng 攻 "attack"). 2. The standard word for defending a place is shǒu 守 (ant. gōng 攻 "attack"). 3. Yù 禦 is to hinder attack effectively and successfully. See HINDER 4. Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully. 5. Hàn 扞 / 捍 is to try to resist an outside attack successfully. 6. Bǎo 保 is to try to ensure the safety of one's place against a threat from outside. 7. Shù 戍 put up a (not necessarily successful) military defense. 8. Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements. 9. Yù 豫 is to make defensive arrangements well ahead in time or in good time. [See also PREPARE][CA] 10. Kàng 亢 typically refers to the mounting of a vigorous and energetic offensive defence against a violent attack.
Modern Chinese Criteria
保衛 捍衛 護衛 衛護 侍衛 捍 保 衛 防守 守候 守御 防御 捍御 防衛 守 把守 看守 扼守 鎮守 守衛 守留 守護 布防 設防 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH /
Hyponym
  • RESCUE To DEFEND someone so as to CAUSE him/her to ESCAPE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • ATTACKTRY to DESTROY OR DAMAGE USING WARFARE OR FIGHT.
Hypernym
  • SAFEGUARD HAVE AND CAUSE NOT TO BECOME DAMAGED. (anc: 6/0, child: 5)
  • HAVE RELATION to something such that it BE-IN:is in one OR is CONTROLLED by one. (anc: 5/0, child: 5)
  • RELATION FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 20.44

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    DEFEND [MIXED BAG!]

    prohibere is to keep at a distance and to prevent the approach of something.

    arcere is to bar the entry of something and to defend oneself against something.

    defendere is to guard systematically against possible recurrent attack or approach.

    DEFEND

    tueri refers to a defense against a danger which is only possible, as "protect".

    defendere refers to a defense against an actual attack, as the English "defend".

    EXPEL Schulz 112

    depellere is to defend oneself successfully against something by expelling it from where it already has made inroads.

    propulsare is to defend oneself by expelling something by violent means.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 47

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 124

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 75 cf also 13

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 94

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 151B

  • Words (31 items)

      shǒu OC: qhjuʔ MC: ɕɨu 31 Attributions

    The standard word for defending a place is shǒu 守 (ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

      Word relations
    • Result: 固/SAFE Gù 固 (ant.* sōng 鬆 "not right and impregnable") refers specifically to the provision of natural or military defenses against possible enemies.
    • Ant: 攻/ATTACK The generalword for any attack is gōng 攻 (ant. shǒu 守 "defend") which can be used in a general sense referring to all kinds of attack, although that word does also have the specific meaning of a pointed campaign against a certain locality. [GENERAL]
    • Epithet: 備/PROVIDE The current general word for preparing something or supplying something in good time is bèi 備, and what is thus supplied is typically part of some larger scheme.
    • Oppos: 爭/FIGHT The current general word for any form of conflict or competition is zhēng 爭 (ant. ràng 讓 "give polite precedence to"). However, the word specifically focusses on competition rather than physical violence.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactdefensive warfare, defense
    • vadNdefensive; guard- 守狗
    • viactundertake defensive tasks; be in charge of the defence of the state
    • vt(oN)defend the contextually determinate object
    • vtoNdefend; guard; protect
    • vtoNfigurativeact in defense and support of NCH
    • vtoNpassivebe effectively defended
    • vtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      bèi OC: brɯɡs MC: bi 29 Attributions

    Bèi 備 is to make defensive arrangements.

      Word relations
    • Conv: 患/DISASTER Huàn 患 refers to any major or minor disaster, even down to minor irritations.
    • Object: 不虞/DISASTER Bù yú 不虞 is normally a minor disaster that was utterly unexpected.
    • Object: 危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
    • Contrast: 防/DEFEND Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.
    • Assoc: 防/DEFEND Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.

      Syntactic words
    • ndefensive/protective contraptions of any kind
    • nab.post-V{NUM}actdefensive preparations; necessary precautions, cautionary measures
    • vtoNguard against; guard properly against; prepare against, put up defences against
    • vtoNpassivebe guarded against
    • vtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
      hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn
      hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 8 Attributions

    Hàn 扞/捍 is to try to resist an outside attack successfully.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNdefensive
    • vtoNprotect against, fend off, ward off; defend somebody; guard
    殿  diàn OC: dɯɯns MC: den 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nagentrear guard
    • vt[oN]to defend the rear; guard the rear
    • vtoNserve as rear guard for
    • vtoNcausativeuse as rearguard
      fáng OC: baŋ MC: bi̯ɐŋ 5 Attributions

    Fáng 防 refers to defending a concrete or abstract thing successfully.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNguard against; put a stop to
      bǐng OC: peŋʔ MC: piɛŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nscreen; protection
    • vtoNto screen; to protect; to safeguard; be a fence for
      fáng OC: baŋ MC: bi̯ɐŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdike > protect; defend
      wèi OC: ɢods MC: ɦiɛi 3 Attributions

    The standard general word for defending a community is wèi 衛(ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfend for and defend, take good professional care of (superiors); guard militarily
    • vtoNreflexive.自defend oneselfCH
      kàng OC: khaaŋs MC: khɑŋ 3 Attributions

    Kàng亢 typically refers to the mounting of a vigorous and energetic offensive defence against a violent attack.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto protect; to defend vigorously
    • vtoNreflexive.身defend (oneself)
      bǎo OC: puuʔ MC: pɑu 3 Attributions

    Bǎo 保 is to try to ensure the safety of one's place against a threat from outside.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 輔/HELP Zuǒ 佐, yòu 佑 (deriving their meaning from the position of aides near the ruler), and also fǔ 輔 refer to official assistance in a formal context.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNdefended> fortified
    • viactdefend oneself, make defensive arrangements
    • vt[oN]defend against enemiesLZ
    • vtoNdefend against enemies and keep secure
      zhūn OC: tun MC: ʈʷin
      tún OC: duun MC: duo̝n 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viestablish a defensive military camp
    • vtoNN=placeencamp at to defend the place; establish a garrison at
    守備  shǒu bèi OC: qhjuʔ brɯɡs MC: ɕɨu bi 3 Attributions

    Refers generally to various defensive arrangements of all sorts.

      Syntactic words
    • nabdefensive arrangements; protective preparations
    障塞  zhàng sāi OC: kjaŋs sɯɯɡ MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ sək 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialdefenses; blockages; impediments; defensive arrangements
      biǎo OC: prawʔ MC: piɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nouter defense
    捍蔽  hàn bì OC: ɡaans peds MC: ɦɑn piɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactdefense
      yù OC: las MC: ji̯ɤ
      yù OC: las MC: ji̯ɤ 1 Attribution

    Yù 豫 is to make defensive arrangements well ahead in time or in good time. See also PREPARE

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtake precautions against
      zhàng OC: kjaŋs MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
    守衛  shǒu wèi OC: qhjuʔ ɢods MC: ɕɨu ɦiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
    防禦  fáng yù OC: baŋ ŋaʔ MC: bi̯ɐŋ ŋi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNdefend (something) in every way
    • VPtoNreflexive.自defend (oneself)
    戰備  zhàn bèi MC: tsyenH bijH OC: tjans brɯɡs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefensive/protective contraptions of any kindLZ
    警守  jǐng shǒu OC: kreŋʔ qhjuʔ MC: kɣaŋ ɕɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake cautious defensive preparations
    營衛  yíng wèi MC: yweng -- OC: ɢʷleŋ ɢods 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefensive guard, garrisonCH
      shù OC: qhjos MC: ɕi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdefend as a garrison
    守固  shǒu gù OC: qhjuʔ kaas MC: ɕɨu kuo̝ 1 Attribution

    Refers to effective defense.

      Syntactic words
    • VPiresultativeestablish defenses so as to make things secure
    守圉  shǒu yǔ OC: qhjuʔ ŋaʔ MC: ɕɨu ŋi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactdefense
      yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 衛/DEFEND The standard general word for defending a community is wèi 衛(ant. gōng 攻 "attack").

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdefend, protect (prototypically by surrounding and forming a defensive ring)
      jiān OC: kraam MC: kɣam 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNguard (a gate)
      mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactdefend the gate
      xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nsubject=humanprotector (GULIANG) ????
    • vtoNto protect (MENG)
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefensive guard, garrisonCH
      yù OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 0 Attributions

    Yù 禦 is to hinder attack effectively and successfully. See HINDER

      Syntactic words