FEAR    害怕懼

BAD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO what one BELIEVES to be a DANGER which one is TRYING to AVOID.
BE AFRAID OFBE FEARFUL OFBE SCARED OFBE APPREHENSIVE OFDREADLIVE IN FEAR OFBE TERRIFIED OFBE ANXIOUS ABOUTWORRY ABOUTFEEL APPREHENSIVE ABOUTHAVE A PHOBIA ABOUTHAVE A HORROR OFTAKE FRIGHT AT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself ( 文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life. 2. Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced. 3. Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die". 4. Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger. 5. Lì 栗 / 慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering. 6. Qiè 怯 "chicken-livered and unlikely to undertake risky tasks" and nuò 懦 (ant. yǒng 勇 "courage, boldness") as well as dàn 憚 "unduly prone to feelings of fear" refer to being pusilanimousness or the lack or courage where courage is required. 7. Bù 怖 "be in a current acute state of fear" has no weakened generalised uses. 8. Sǒng 悚 / 聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear. 9. Jì 悸 refers to symptoms of violent heart-beat caused by intense fear. NB: Pà 怕 is post-Buddhist (TANG).
Modern Chinese Criteria
害怕 懼怕 生怕 怕 生恐 畏怯 畏懼 恐懼 疑懼 恐怖 膽寒 破膽 心寒 心悸 忌憚 畏葸 狼顧 懍懍 惶惑 失色 失容 惕息 戒懼 怵惕 悚然 震悚 喪膽 破膽 refers to being thoroughly frightened out of one's wits. 懾 恐 憚 懼 畏 怖 亡魂喪膽 聞風喪膽 喪魂落魄 魂不附體 魂飛魄散 魄散魂飛 戰戰兢兢 驚心掉膽 毛骨悚然 提心吊膽 膽顫心驚 心驚膽顫 心驚肉跳 心膽俱裂 不寒而栗 噤若寒蟬 驚恐萬狀 大驚失色 面如土色 面無人色 脅肩累足 視為畏途 望而生畏 望而卻步 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • COWARDLY　FEARFUL WHEN COURAGE is NEEDED. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • SHY　ENDURING FEAR of POSSIBLE NEAR FUTURE SHAME. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • ANGST　FEAR LACKING an OBJECT. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • REACT　CHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something. (anc: 10/0, child: 5)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 1109

  • Das Wortfeld Angst. Eine lexikographische Untersuchung ( BERGENHOLTZ 1980) p.

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.53

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 449

    ABHORRERE

    aliquid, est contactum illius metuere. 2. ideoque aversari aut si id nequit, fugere.

  • La peur en Occident ( DELUMEAU 1978) p.

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 63

    TIMIDUS, TIMENS

    554. Ex Serv. ad ill. Eclog. 7, Timidisque supervenit [col. 66D] Aegle.

    ]

    554. Inter Timentem et timidum. Timidus est qui semper timet, timens vero qui ad tempus formidat ex [col. 65C] causa. Tali intellectu distinguuntur pavidus et pavens, providus et providens, superbus et superbiens, languidus et languens, furibundus et furens, et caetera similia.

    99

    FORMIDO, PAVOR, METUS, TIMOR

    214. Inter Formidinem, pavorem. et metum, sive [col. 32A] timorem. Formido objicitur, vel oculis, vel animo, sine adhibita ratione, et maxime parvulis, pavor autem cum timiditate animi subita est conturbans occasio, quae tamen solvitur ratione, vel tempore, nec stat, item metus est motus interior animi subitus, sive cordis, factus ex aliqua tristi recordatione. Timor vero est accedens dolor mentis extrinsecus, ex aliqua accidenti occasione. Porro timiditas animi vitium sempiternum est. Nam timor, pro tempore est. Itaque in viro forti est aliquando timor, timiditas nunquam. Est autem et bonus timor et malus. Malus est, cum temporalia bona quisque sibi subtrahi perhorrescit [ Al., abstrahi pertimescit]; bonus, cum quanto quis Deum ardentius diligit, tanto eum diligentius offendere pertimescit. Nam timere interdum [col. 32B] prodest, et decet, pro qualitate temporum atque causarum.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    FEAR

    vereri is fear that has its foundation in what is strikingly venerable or perceived as such.

    metuere is fear that has its source in a threatening danger inherent in an object or a situation, and it is based on anticipation of an impending evil, as well as reflection upon it, and it is based on prudence and foresight.

    timere refers to fear of an impending danger that proceeds from cowardice and weakness rather than weakness.

    ignavia is inaptitude for noble action and particularly for deeds of valour, for reasons of exaggerated fearfulness.

    horror is an immediate feeling of fear which overpowers the understanding by some dreadful image, as a bodily expression of such a feeling.

    formido is the immediate feeling of overpowering fear as a purely mental state.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 40

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 203

  • Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue francaise. Avec une introduction sur la theorie des synonymes. ( LAFAYE 1884) p. 479

    A. CRAINTE, APPREHENSION;

    B. INQUIETUDE, ALARME, PEUR;

    C. EPOUVANTE, EFFROI, FRAYEUR, TERREUR

    A.

    Lafaye distinguishes "crainte" of a probable danger and "apprehension" of a possible danger: a brilliant definition. "Crainte" is a involves an envisioning of what is dangerous, "apprehension" involves a suspicion concerning what may be dangerous. These two words have the common feature that they focus on the intellectual rather than the emotive part of fear. Malebranche: "La crainte, qui produit la tristesse,, n'est point une emotion de l'ame, mais un simple jugement." The same may be said about "apprehension". Both these words are quite different from "inquietude, alarme, peur", even more from "epouvante, effroi, frayeur, terreur".

    B.

    "Inquietude, alarme, peur" are weak forms of fear, "inqietude" being the weakest.

    "Alarme" is an intense form of "inqietude".

    "Peur" is subjective and less based on externals than on inner temperament, and the word is pejorative in the sense that it often denotes a lack of courage.

    C.

    "Epouvante" is stronger than "peur", but like "peur" it connotes a tendency to flee from what is dangerous, a lack of proper courage.

    "Effroi" connotes horror as well as strong, stifling fear.

    "Frayeur" is transitory "effroi".

    "Terreur" focusses on the state of the mind as caused by the envisaging of its cause.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    FORMIDO

    METUS

    PUSILLANIMITAS

    TIMOR

    VERECUNDIA

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 163ff

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 806

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 11

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 239

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1622

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.1147

    FURCHT UND MITLEID

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 116

  • Emotions across Languages and Cultures ( WIERZBICKA 1999) p. 123-167

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 742

    畏，恐，懼

    1. WL claims that these words are basically synonymous. In fact, they differ clearly in basic semantic content. We4i 畏 is basically a state of fear of what inspires awe and respect, perhaps shuddering awe, and indeed there are many cases where the meanings of the words hovers between fear and respect, encompassing elements of both; ko3ng 恐 is momentary and powerful basically terrified fear of what is simply overpowering, although these words have occasional "blunted" or neutralised usages where they refer to generalised fear; and ju4 懼 is momentary fearful concern about an impending danger, thus a much weaker form of ko3ng 恐. The cases where these words are interchangeable semantically are few.

    2. WL claims that it is characteristic of ko3ng 恐 and ju4 懼 that these have causative uses, but we4i 畏 is also used in such causative senses "inspire fearfuyl awe in people". Moreover, all these words are current as transitive non-causative words, contrary to what WL suggests.

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 296

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 167

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.25:22

    ALLARME.TERREUR.EFFROI.FRAYHEUR.EPOUVANTE.CRAINTE.PEUR.APPREHENSION

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.218.179

    CRAINDRE.APPREHENDER.REDOUTER.AVOIR PEUR

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.390

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 362

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 48A

    • Words (90 items)

    恐  kǒng OC: khoŋʔ MC: khi̯oŋ 147 Attributions

    Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.

      Word relations
    • Object: 殆/DANGER Dài 殆 is primarily perceived danger.
    • Contrast: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
    • Assoc: 惶/FEAR
    • Assoc: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".
    • Assoc: 駭/FEAR

    • Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 395

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychfear, fright; an atmosphere of fear
    • viactto panicCH
    • vt(postN1[EGO].)postN2:+V{PRED}parenthetic- I'm afraid - 國恐傷 "the state - I'm afraid - will suffer injury/harm"
    • vt+V[0]be afraid to V
    • vt+V[0]V=passivefear to be V-ed, be afraid of being V-ed
    • vt[0]oSI am afraid that S
    • vt[oN]changeget very scared; get terrified
    • vt[oN]stativeto be very scared (of things); be terrified (of things)
    • vtoNbe terrified by the thought of, be very worried by and fearful of
    • vtoNPab{S}be afraid that S
    • vtoSbe very much afraid that S, live in fear that S
    懼  jù OC: ɡʷas MC: gi̯o 141 Attributions

    The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Word relations
    • Inconsist: 勇/COURAGE The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo
    • Ant: 喜/DELIGHT Xǐ 喜 (ant. yōu 憂 "worry") is openly manifested delight, manifested in an individual, visible to all, but not normally of any profound significance.
    • Contrast: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
    • Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
    • Assoc: 悚/FEAR Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.
    • Assoc: 聳 / 悚/FEAR Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.
    • Assoc: 惶/FEAR
    • Assoc: 憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.
    • Assoc: 威/FEAR
    • Assoc: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".
    • Assoc: 戒/FEAR
    • Synon: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}generalkinds of fearCH
    • nabpsychfear; fear as psychological agent or factor
    • vadNfearful, frightened
    • vadVwith fear, being frightenedLZ
    • vibe fearful; be scared;
    • vt(oN)be afraid of the contextually determinate N
    • vt(oN)changeget scared
    • vt+prep+N(get to) be afraid of
    • vt+V(0)be afraid to V
    • vt+V[0]be afraid that one might V; be afraid to; be afraid that one V-s
    • vt+V[0]V=passivefear to be V-ed
    • vt[0][oS.]adV:postN{SUBJ}parenthetic - I'm afraid -
    • vt[0][oS.]adVfigurativeI'm afraid???
    • vt[oN]spend one's time being afraid of things
    • vt[oN]changebecome frightened; become scared
    • vt[oN]psychbe frightened; be afraid; [of a voice or of a person: be fearful. But this has to be moved CH]
    • vtoNgradedbe afraid (of) and be on one's guard against, be fearful and apprehensive about
    • vtoNPab{S}be afraid that; be scared and worried by the fact that
    • vtoNpassivebe feared
    • vtoNpsychfear for (oneself)
    • vtoSbe afraid that S 懼有伏焉 "he was afraid there was an ambush"
    • vtoSfear that SCH
    畏  wèi OC: quls MC: ʔɨi 105 Attributions

    Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

      Word relations
    • Ant: 利/LIKE
    • Assoc: 忌/FEAR
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
    • Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
    • Synon: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychfearfulness
    • nobjectobjects of fear, things one fears; fears
    • vadVwith fear; out of fearLZ
    • vibe in a state of fear; be under threat which would normally inspire fear; be in fearful trouble
    • vichangeget into fearful trouble
    • vt(oN)stand in fear and awe of the determinate person/thing; grow fearful of
    • vt+prep+Nbe frightened of; stand in fearful awe of
    • vt+V[0]be terrified to V; be afraid that one might V
    • vt+V[0]passivefear to be V-ed
    • vt[oN]be fearful of othersCH
    • vtoNfear (something non-human without standing in awe of it, like death)CH
    • vtoNcontinuousstand in fear of; fear, be very much afraid of and at the same time in awe of
    • vtoNPab{S}to be terrified by the fact, that
    • vtoNpassivebe held in fear and awe
    • vtoNwithout respectbe afraid of
    • vtoSstativefear that S
    憚  dàn OC: daans MC: dɑn 20 Attributions

    Qiè 怯 "chicken-livered and unlikely to undertake risky tasks" and nuò 懦 (ant. yǒng 勇 "courage, boldness") as well as dàn 憚 "unduly prone to feelings of fear" refer to being pusilanimousness or the lack or courage where courage is required.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nfret when faced with, be fearful of
    • vt+V[0]be afraid to V, fear to, shrink from V-ing; shy away from V-ing
    • vtoNstativebe afraid of; fear (a person)
    • vtoSfear that S
    驚  jīng OC: kreŋ MC: kɣaŋ 19 Attributions

    Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.

    • Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 394

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturestate of shock, state of bafflement; state of common fearCH
    • vadNpassivefrightened
    • vadVas a result of being terrified
    • vt[oN]middle voicebe startled and frightened, terrified; get frightened away (of birds); to panic
    • vtoNfigurativebe, as it were, frightened by the N
    唯恐  wéi kǒng OC: k-lul khoŋʔ MC: ji khi̯oŋ 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]only fear that one will V
    • VPt[0]+V[0][I] only fear that [I] shall V
    • VPt[0]oS[I] only fear that S; [one] only fears that S
    • VPtoNab{S}be all afraid of Nab/that SCH
    • VPtoSonly fear that S
    恐懼  kǒng jù OC: khoŋʔ ɡʷas MC: khi̯oŋ gi̯o 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfrightening experiencesCH
    • NPabpsychfearLZ
    • VPichangeget very frightened; show every sign of being frightened
    怖  bù OC: phaas MC: phuo̝ 10 Attributions

    Bù 怖 "be in a current acute state of fear" has no weakened generalised uses.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychbeing frightened; fearfulness; fright
    • vt[oN]be intensely frightened, terrified
    • vtoNbe much afraid about
    駭  hài OC: ɡrɯɯʔ MC: ɦɣɛi 7 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
    • Assoc: 驚/FEAR Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.
    • Assoc: 驚/FEAR Jīng 驚 refers to the sudden onset of fear when someone is faced with an unexpected danger.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNalarmedCH
    • vibe alarmed; be afraid
    • vt(oN)get all upset about the contextually determinate NCH
    • vtoNstativefear
    懾  shè OC: kljeb MC: tɕiɛp 7 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vadNfearful; chickenhearted
    • viliji, ed. yishu 1.38a: be confused because of fear; be beside oneself with fear, be scared out of one's wits, lose one's courage
    • vipsychbe chickenheartedLZ
    • vt+prep+Nbe afraid ofCH
    • vtoNreduce to fearful submission; inspire fear in
    怖畏  bù wèi OC: phaas quls MC: phuo̝ ʔɨi 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychfears of any kind
    • VPadNprone to fear; fearful
    • VPibe afraid
    • VPtoNpassivebe feared
    • VPtoNpsychhave some/any kind of fear of
    畏恐  wèi kǒng OC: quls khoŋʔ MC: ʔɨi khi̯oŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiintensitivefeel fear; be fearful
    • VPtoNintensitivebe intensely fearful of
    兇  xiōng OC: qhoŋ MC: hi̯oŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychstate of fear
    • vipsychbe filled with fear (not to be confused with xiōng 凶"inauspicious")
    兢  jīng OC: kɯŋ MC: kɨŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redbe all fretful, careful; be full of fear
    怵  chù OC: khrlud MC: ʈhʷit 4 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 勞/TIRED Láo 勞 refers to the state of exhaustion after extended lasting effort.

      Syntactic words
    • v-p.adVfearfully; frightenedCH
    • vibe alarmed, be anxious
    • vi-Pbe fearful, be wary
    • vtoSbe concerned that S; feel alarmed that S; be anxious that SCH
    懦  nuò OC: nools MC: nʷɑ 4 Attributions

    Qiè 怯 "chicken-livered and unlikely to undertake risky tasks" and nuò 懦 (ant. yǒng 勇 "courage, boldness") as well as dàn 憚 "unduly prone to feelings of fear" refer to being pusilanimousness or the lack or courage where courage is required.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 弱/WEAK The current general word for weakness of any physical or abstract kind, and of anything including states, persons, and animals is ruò 弱 (ant. qiáng 強 "strong").
    • Assoc: 柔/WEAK

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychfretfulness, pusillanimityCH
    • vadNfretful and weak, pusillanimous; meak and weak; irresolute
    • vibe fretful and weak, pusillanimous; meak and weak
    怵惕  chù tì OC: khrlud lʰeeɡ MC: ʈhʷit thek 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabintense worry and fear ??
    • VPadNfull of intense anxiety
    • VPitransitiveintensely worried and frightened
    恐怖  kǒng bù OC: khoŋʔ phaas MC: khi̯oŋ phuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfear
    • VPiinchoativebecome very much afraid
    蹴  cù OC: tshuɡ MC: tshuk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • visquirm
    • vi-pperplexed, mystifiedCH
    • vi.red:-p::adVsquirming, shuddering, shiveringCH
    驚怖  jīng bù OC: kreŋ phaas MC: kɣaŋ phuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychastonished fear
    • VPibe terrified
    悚懼  sǒng jù OC: soŋʔ ɡʷas MC: si̯oŋ gi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiintensitivebe full of fear
    威  wēi OC: qul MC: ʔɨi 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)fear GY: 民威矣
    • vtoNcausativeoveraweCH
    • vtoNpassiveto be fearedLZ
    慄  lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 3 Attributions

    Lì 栗/慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

      Syntactic words
    • viZZ 6.205: shuddering, (anxious and fearful) (as someone who has climbed a high mountain and is looking down); ZZ 19.670: shuddering and fearful (as someone soaring high and looking down); ZZ 10.379: (worried and) shivering (as a ruler in his reception hall)
    • vi.redbe fearful
    • vtoNbe fearful and worried about
    戒  jiè OC: krɯɯɡs MC: kɣɛi 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbeware (something)
    戰  zhàn OC: tjans MC: tɕiɛn 3 Attributions

    Lì 栗/慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

      Syntactic words
    • vishiver with fear
    • vtoNfear intensely
    但恐  dàn kǒng OC: daanʔ khoŋʔ MC: dɑn khi̯oŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[0]oSmy big fear is that S
    • VPtoShave as one's main fair that S
    聳  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ
    悚  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 Attributions

    Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe stunned (with hair standing on end, rigid with fear and/or awe)
    觳  hú OC: ɡooɡ MC: ɦuk 2 Attributions

    húsù

      Syntactic words
    • viactshow terrified reactions
    汲汲  jí jí OC: krɯb krɯb MC: kip kip 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe all anxious
    • VPt+prep+Nabbe anxious about NPab-ingCH
    恐畏  kǒng wèi OC: khoŋʔ quls MC: khi̯oŋ ʔɨi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNstativebe very much afraid of
    • VPtoSbe afraid that
    㤥  hài MC: hojH OC: -- 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe frightenedCH
    兇懼  xiōng jù OC: qhoŋ ɡʷas MC: hi̯oŋ gi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiintensitivebe panic-stricken
    戒懼  jiè jù OC: krɯɯɡs ɡʷas MC: kɣɛi gi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPitransitivebe full of wariness and fear
    • VPtoNintensitivebe full of wariness and fear of
    振動  zhèn dòng OC: kljɯns dooŋʔ MC: tɕin duŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiintensitivebe shivering with fear, be struck with fear
    • VPtoNfigurativestrike fear into
    恂  xún OC: sqʷlin MC: sʷin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNscared, terrifiedCH
    • vi.redrare and poetic: be all fearful; be reticent
    悚  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 2 Attributions

    Sǒng 悚/聳 "be fretful, given to fear; get slightly frightened" refers to mild forms of (possibly superfluous or reprehensible) fear.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]stativefret, be frightened
    • vtoNbe afraid of, be afraid that
    惴  zhuì OC: tjols MC: tɕiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe fearful
    • vt+prep+Nbe scared (of somebody); fear (somebody)
    懍  lǐn OC: b-rɯmʔ MC: lim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vipoetic: show extreme fear
    • vi.redbe poetically overawed and fearfulCH
    • vi.red:-V{SUF}fearfullyCH
    大駭  dà dài hài MC: dajH heajX OC: daads ɡrɯɯʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)intensitivebe terrified by the fact of NCH
    怖急  bù jí OC: phaas krɯb MC: phuo̝ kip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiresultativebe terrified
    怖怯  bù qiè OC: phaas khab MC: phuo̝ khi̯ɐp 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe full of fear
    荏  rěn OC: njɯmʔ MC: ȵim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viLY: weak and fearful, cowardly
    葸  xǐ OC: snɯʔ MC: sɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vishow chicken-livered weakness; be unduly timid
    虞  yú OC: ŋʷa MC: ŋi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNapprehensive
    • vtoNbe afraid of; be fearful about
    怯懾  qiè shè OC: khab kljeb MC: khi̯ɐp tɕiɛp 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNchicen-livered
    • VPibe fretful
    恐怕  kǒng pà OC: khoŋʔ phraaɡs MC: khi̯oŋ phɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoSfear that S, be afraid that S
    諱  huì MC: xjw+jH OC: qhuls 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfear; fear as inauspiciousCH
    驚恐  jīng kǒng MC: kjaeng khjowngX OC: kreŋ khoŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe terrifiedCH
    驚懼  jīng jù OC: kreŋ ɡʷas MC: kɣaŋ gi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangebecome terrified
    畏懼  wèi jù OC: quls ɡʷas MC: ʔɨi gi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe in a state of fear
    • VPt(oN)be very much afraid of a contextually determinate person
    • VPtoNbe afraid of
    惕慄  tì lì OC: lʰeeɡ b-riɡ MC: thek lit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangebecome afraird, become frightened
    惶怖  huáng bù OC: ɡʷaaŋ phaas MC: ɦɑŋ phuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpanic
    熱惱  rè nǎo OC: ŋjed nuuʔ MC: ȵiɛt nɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPimiddle voicesuffer extreme anxieties
    憂懼  yōu jù OC: qu ɡʷas MC: ʔɨu gi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychworries and fears
    恐駭  kǒng hài MC: khjowngX heajX OC: khoŋʔ ɡrɯɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)intensitiveget very frightenedCH
    戰栗  zhàn lì OC: tjans b-riɡ MC: tɕiɛn lit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPitransitivetremble and fear
    懾畏  shè wèi MC: tsyep 'jw+jH OC: kljeb quls 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe fretful; be fearfulCH
    妯  chōu OC: rlʰiw MC: ʈhɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe agitated and anxious
    遑怖  huáng bù OC: ɡʷaaŋ phaas MC: ɦɑŋ phuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPipsychpanic
    戰竦  zhàn sǒng OC: tjans soŋʔ MC: tɕiɛn si̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPicontinuousbe shivering with fear; shivering with fear
    怕  pà OC: phraaɡs MC: phɣɛ 1 Attribution

    NB: Pà 怕 is post-Buddhist (TANG).

      Syntactic words
    • vadNcharacterized by fear; expressive of fear
    • vichangebecome frightened
    • vtoNstativepost-Han, from Tang times (Han Yu) onwards: be afraid that
    怛  dá MC: tat OC: taad 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe upset about; get scared by; be fearful ofCH
    怯  qiè OC: khab MC: khi̯ɐp 1 Attribution

    Qiè 怯 "chicken-livered and unlikely to undertake risky tasks" and nuò 懦 (ant. yǒng 勇 "courage, boldness") as well as dàn 憚 "unduly prone to feelings of fear" refer to being pusilanimousness or the lack or courage where courage is required.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe fretful, be skittish; be nervousCH
    • vtoNbe fretful in relation to/on the occasion of
    悼  dào OC: deewɡs MC: dɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe fearful
    惎  jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe afraid of
    慴  zhé MC: tsyep OC: kljeb 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmiddle voiceget frightened; be alarmedCH
    憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nbe fearful of, fret about
    懅  qú OC: gla MC: gi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]be full of fear of things (out of shame?)
    栗  lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 1 Attribution

    Lì 栗/慄 and zhàn 戰 is to shiver with intense fear, and the physical expression of fear can be more prominent the inner feeling expressed through shivering.

      Syntactic words
    • vifear; tremble with fear
    • vtoNstativefear
    殙  hūn MC: xwon OC: hmuun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viintensitivebe scared stiffCH
    聳懼  sǒng jù OC: soŋʔ ɡʷas MC: si̯oŋ gi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangebe full of fear
    皇  huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibecome agitated and anxious (MENG); have uneasy fears
    竦  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ
    悚  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • vito fret; German: entsetzt, erschrocken
    危懼  wēi jù OC: ŋɡrol ɡʷas MC: ŋiɛ gi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe fearful
    諰  xǐ OC: snɯʔ MC: sɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe fearful, be fretful
    讋  zhé OC: tjob MC: tɕiɛp 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe terrified[That word is late (HANSHU) and refers to missing one's courage][CA]
    惶懼  huáng jù OC: ɡʷaaŋ ɡʷas MC: ɦɑŋ gi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)be scared still (by a situation N which is contextually determinate)
    懷怖  huái bù OC: ɡruul phaas MC: ɦɣɛi phuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)be afraid of the contextually determinate thing
    懰慄  liú lì OC: b-ru b-riɡ MC: lɨu lit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPitransitivebe trembling with fear
    懾畏  shè wèi MC: tsyep 'jw+jH OC: kljeb quls 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe fearfulCH
    孱  chán OC: dzreen MC: ɖʐɣɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe timid (DDLIJI)
    寒  hán OC: ɡaan MC: ɦɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viget scared; tremble with fear
    忌  jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 畏/FEAR Wèi 畏 is typically a stable state of reasoned fear, typically relating those who are in authority (the etymologically related wēi 威 on which relation there is much word-play in texts like ZUO), or ghosts etc, but the word also has extended generalised uses, as in wèi sǐ 畏死 "be afraid to die".

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfear (as something tabooo or to be avoided)
    悄  qiǎo OC: smʰewʔ MC: tshiɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virare and poetic [see SAD][CA]
    悸  jì OC: ɡʷids MC: gi 0 Attributions

    Jì 悸 refers to symptoms of violent heart-beat caused by intense fear.

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]throb with fear
    惕  tì OC: lʰeeɡ MC: thek 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe wary of out of respect for someone
    惶  huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 恐/FEAR Kǒng 恐 refers primarily to intense or overwhelming possibly passing state of fear, and the word differs from jù 懼 mainly in degree of intensity and in the managability of the danger faced.
    • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.

      Syntactic words
    • vito panic, to be beside oneself with fear
    戁  nǎn OC: mɢraanʔ MC: ɳɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virare and poetic: be fearful
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)intensitiveget very frightenedCH
    瞿  jù OC: kʷas MC: ki̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe frightened; startled