WORRY  擔憂憂

DISTRESS CAUSED-BY THINKING about something PRESENT OR FUTURE, which is DANGEROUS OR DIFFICULT.
FRETBE CONCERNEDBE ANXIOUSAGONIZEBROODPANICLOSE SLEEPGET WORKED UPGET STRESSEDGET IN A STATESTEWTORMENT ONESELF.ANXIETYPERTURBATIONDISTRESSCONCERNUNEASINESSUNEASEDISQUIETFRETFULNESSRESTLESSNESSNERVOUSNESSNERVESAGITATIONEDGINESSTENSIONSTRESSAPPREHENSIONFEARDREADTREPIDATIONMISGIVINGANGSTINFORMAL BUTTERFLIES (IN THE STOMACH)THE WILLIESTHE HEEBIE-JEEBIES
Antonym
  • HAPPYCOMPLETELY DELIGHTED with one's SELF:own LIFE.
    Hypernym
    • DISTRESSFEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD.
      • FEELINGNATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND.
        • REACTCHANGE one's THINKING OR ACTING BECAUSE one is PERCEIVING something.
          • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2....
    See also
    • HATEENDURING ANGER AND DESIRE to HARM.
      • REMEMBERCONTINUE to be AWARE of.
        • DEPRESSEDINTENSELY SAD AND LACKING HOPE.
          • SADDISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese...
            Old Chinese Criteria
            1. The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

            2. Lu �慮 (ant. wàng 忘 "refuse to think about, ignore") refers to active reflection upon what one is worried about.

            3. Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

            4. Zào 躁 (ant. dìng 定 "be well-settled and unruffled") refers to the state of being flustered, restless and upset by worries.

            5. Jí 急 (ant. ān 安 "feel comfortable") refers to urgent and particularly acute temporary worries about something present or immediately imminent.

            6. Jí 疾 (ant. níng 寧 "feel at peace") refers to intense and profound worries about something present (and these worries may or may not be lasting).

            7. Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.

            8. Āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "feel perfectly happy with"), when it refers to intense worry rather than grief, connotes despondency and hopelessness and not just worry over possibilities.

            9. Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

            10. Shì 事 (ant. zhì 治 "well-ordered situation") can refer to the kinds of matters or affairs that cause one to be anxious or worried.

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            擔心

            擔憂

            憂慮

            發愁

            焦慮

            焦急

            操心

            揪心

            顧慮

            掛心

            掛懷

            想不開

            放不下心

            放心不下

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            Old Chinese Contrasts
            1. Some words refer to worries about facts (jí 急, jí 疾, āi 哀 ), others refer to worries about possibilities as well as facts (yōu 憂, huàn 患 ).

            2.

            • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.33

            • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

              WORRY

              cura refers to uneasy and apprehensive thoughtfulness regarding a possible evil.

              sollicitudo refers to anxious thoughtfulness with respect to a possible evil.

              angor refers to apprehensive anguish as a passion with respect to a possible evil.

              dolor refers to a strong negative reaction to a present evil.

              aegritudo refers to an internalised sickness of the soul of someone faced with a present evil.

            • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 183

            • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

              CURA

            • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 278

            • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.2003

            • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 74

            • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 197

            • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 103

            • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 242

            Words

            憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 93 AttributionsWD

            The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

              Word relations
            • Ant: 愉 / 愈/HAPPY
            • Ant: 樂/DELIGHT The equally current lè 樂 (ant. āi 哀 "grief") adds to yuè 悅 the dimensions of practical indulgence, psychological and often philosophical depth, and - very often - a dimension of joy that can be shared and appreciated by others, and that is typically lasting if not permanent. See ENJOY
            • Ant: 樂/HAPPY
            • Epithet: 幽/DARK The most current general word for physical shadowiness and obscurity is probably yōu 幽 (ant. míng 明 "bright"), but this word often has lyrical overtones of secluded peace.
            • Contrast: 患/WORRY Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.
            • Assoc: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
            • Assoc: 勞/TIRED Láo 勞 refers to the state of exhaustion after extended lasting effort.
            • Assoc: 煩/WORRY Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

              Syntactic words
            • nab.t:post-Npsychthe trouble constituted by N
            • nab.t:post-Vthe trouble constituted by V-ingLZ
            • nabobjectcause for worry, thing to worry about
            • nabpsych(common) troubles, agonies, worries; cares
            • v[adN]causativea matter for worry
            • v[adN]nonreferentialthose who are worried
            • vadN憂色"worried facial expression": worried, troubled
            • vadNcausativecausing on to worry> worrysome
            • vi0impersonalthere is worry
            • viactworry, spend one's time worrying; show serious concern; be fretful
            • vistativebe worrysome
            • vt(oN)worry about the contextually determinate N
            • vt+prep+Nhave worries regarding
            • vt+V[0]worry that one will V
            • vtoNappropriatebe suitably concerned about, be properly worried in relation to (something in the future)CH
            • vtoNcausativecause to be worried, bother
            • vtoNgradedbe intensely worried about, be very concerned about, be very apprehensive about
            • vtoSworry that S
            患  huàn OC: ɢroons MC: ɦɣan 79 AttributionsWD

            Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.

              Word relations
            • Contrast: 憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

              Syntactic words
            • nab.t:post-Npsychthe serious or upsetting concern constituted by N
            • nabpsychworries; also: =所患 "things to worry about, things one worries about".
            • vibe upset; to worry very much, be very much concerned
            • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}worry about
            • vt+V[0]be upset about V-ing; worry very much about V-ing
            • vtoNbe vexed about; find ominous; be upset by, be greatly worried about, regard as disastrous (mostly a future prospect); be upset about; be distressed by
            • vtoNcausativecause to worry; make worried (the mind etc)
            • vtoNmiddle voicebe upset by; be worried about 不足患
            • vtoNPab{S}be upset that S; worry very much that S
            • vtoSbe upset that S; worry very much about S, be all worried about S
            • vtoSworry that SCH
            煩惱  fán nǎo OC: ban nuuʔ MC: bi̯ɐn nɑu 24 AttributionsWD

            • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 406

            • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 141-142

              Syntactic words
            • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: afflictions; troubles, defilements, contamination (SOOTHILL: 406 "The Chinese interpretation is the delusions, trials, or temptations of the passions and of ignorance which disturb and distress the mind [...].") (The three basic defilements are also referred to as the Three Poisons' of craving/passion (tān 貪 ), anger/aversion (chēn 嗔 ), and ignorance (chi 痴 )) skr. kleśa
            慮  lǜ OC: b-ras MC: li̯ɤ 10 AttributionsWD

            Lǜ 慮 (ant. wàng 忘 "refuse to think about, ignore") refers to active reflection upon what one is worried about.

              Syntactic words
            • nabworryCH
            • nabmentalcareful tactics
            • viactengage in worried reflectionsCH
            • vtoNworry and think actively and concretely about; think carefully about
            • vtoSworry that S
            事  shì OC: dzrɯs MC: ɖʐɨ 9 AttributionsWD

            Shì 事 (ant. zhì 治 "well-ordered situation") can refer to the kinds of matters or affairs that cause one to be anxious or worried.

              Syntactic words
            • nabstativetroublesome affairs, troublesome eventualities 無事
            • vtoNworry aboutCH
            慼  qī OC: skhlɯɯwɡ MC: tshek
            戚  qī OC: skhlɯɯwɡ MC: tshek 8 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nabpsychworries
            • v-V1.adV2full of solicitudeCH
            • vifeel intense concern and solicitude, feel distress
            • vtoNcausativemake N worry; make N feel distressedTW
            傷  shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 7 AttributionsWD

              Syntactic words
            • vt+prep+Nbe upset by, be distressed by NCH
            • vtoNabbe upset about Nab
            • vtoSbe distressed that S
            • vttoN.+V[0]psychbe worried that (one) V-s
            • vttoN.+V[0]reflexive.自worry about (oneself) that one V-s
            疾  jí OC: dzid MC: dzit 7 AttributionsWD

            Jí 疾 (ant. níng 寧 "feel at peace") refers to intense and profound worries about something present (and these worries may or may not be lasting).

              Syntactic words
            • nabpsychmental hustle, mental overexcitement
            • vt(oN)worry intensely about the contextually determinate N
            • vtoNbe intensely worried about, be acutely worried about; find unacceptable
            • vtoSbe upset about; worry intensely aboutCH
            急  jí OC: krɯb MC: kip 6 AttributionsWD

            Jí 急 (ant. ān 安 "feel comfortable") refers to urgent and particularly acute temporary worries about something present or immediately imminent.

              Syntactic words
            • nabfactualsomething to be urgently concerned about, urgent matter; urgent concern, pressing worry
            • vichangeget urgently concerned
            • vt(oN)worry about a contextually determinate thing
            • vt+prep+Nworry because of N; be concerned with NDS
            恤  xù OC: sqʷiɡ MC: sʷit 6 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vt+V[0]worry about V-ing
            • vtoNworry about; be very much preoccupied by
            憂愁  yōu chóu OC: qu dzriw MC: ʔɨu ɖʐɨu 6 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabpsychgrievous worries
            • VPiget seriously worried; be grievously worried
            塵勞  chén láo OC: din raaw MC: ɖin lɑu 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nabpsychworldly worry; worldly care
            哀  āi OC: qɯɯl MC: ʔəi 3 AttributionsWD

            Āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "feel perfectly happy with") , when it refers to intense worry rather than grief, connotes despondency and hopelessness and not just worry over possibilities.

              Syntactic words
            • nccintense worry
            • viworry intensely
            • vtoNPab{S}consider as grievous and sad (a matter of the past or the present)
            愁  chóu OC: dzriw MC: ɖʐɨu 3 AttributionsWD

            Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

              Syntactic words
            • vifeel anxious and worried
            • vt(oN)worry about or be sad about a contextually determinate matter N
            • vtoNfeel deeply anxious and intensely worried (typically about a current present situation)
            煩  fán OC: ban MC: bi̯ɐn 3 AttributionsWD

            Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

              Word relations
            • Assoc: 憂/WORRY The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.
            • Assoc: 擾/DISTURB
            • Assoc: 苦/DISTRESS Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.

              Syntactic words
            • nabpsychtroubles
            • vibe worried and flustered (for external reasons)
            • vtoNmolest; cause trouble for (someone) by asking him to take action
            營  yíng OC: ɢʷleŋ MC: jiɛŋ 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNagitated; restless (see also: CONFUSED)
            • vireduplicatedbe agitated; restless (often reduplicated)
            • vtoNcausativegive worries to, make worried, trouble, give trouble to; tire out
            難  nàn OC: mɢlaans MC: nɑn 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nabtroublesome difficult situationsCH
            • vtoNab{S}be troubled by the prospect of S; be opposed to Nab-ing
            憂惱  yōu nǎo OC: qu nuuʔ MC: ʔɨu nɑu 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPab.cpsychworries and anxieties > anxieties
            • VPibe worrysome
            嬈  rǎo OC: ŋɢjewʔ MC: ȵiɛu 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vibe full of worries
            慁  hùn OC: ɢuuns MC: ɦuo̝n 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNworry about, be troubled by
            • vtoNcausativecause to be worried, create worries for
            病  bìng OC: bɢraŋs MC: bɣaŋ 2 AttributionsWD

              Syntactic words
            • vtoNputativefind (something) troublesome; worry very much about something, be disturbed by the thought of
            • vtoV[0]be worried about V-ingCH
            愀然  qiǎo rán OC: tshewʔ njen MC: tshiɛu ȵiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadVworriedlyLZ
            • VPilook very worried
            憂色  yōu sè OC: qu sqrɯɡ MC: ʔɨu ʂɨk 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPihave a worried look on one's face
            自愛  zì ài MC: dzijH 'ojH  OC: sblids qɯɯds CH 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPtoNreflexive.自be concerned for one's own safety; be worried about oneself, be concerned about oneselfCH
            懼  jù 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vipsychbe worriedLZ
            憂險  yōu xiǎn MC: 'juw xjemX OC: qu qhromʔLZ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe deeply troubledLZ
            煩勞  fán láo MC: bjon law  OC: ban raaw LZ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPilive in worries and toilLZ
            痛  tòng OC: kh-looŋs MC: thuŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoNpassivebe worried
            躁  zào OC: tsaaws MC: tsɑu 1 AttributionWD

            Zào 躁 (ant. dìng 定 "be well-settled and unruffled") refers to the state of being flustered, restless and upset by worries.

              Syntactic words
            • vibe flustered, worried and over-eager; be unstable
            勞煩  láo fán OC: raaw ban MC: lɑu bi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPtoNcausativecause somebody to be worried, trouble somebody
            惑營  huò yíng OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ ɢʷleŋ MC: ɦək jiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe confused and worried
            慼憂  qī yōu OC: skhlɯɯwɡ qu MC: tshek ʔɨu 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPipsychbe grieved and worried
            憂心  yōu xīn OC: qu slɯm MC: ʔɨu sim 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe worried
            憂恥  yōu chǐ OC: qu m-lʰɯʔ MC: ʔɨu ʈhɨ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPtoNfind worrysome and/or shameful
            憂愆  yōu qiān OC: qu khran MC: ʔɨu khiɛn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabpsychtroubles
            憂虞  yōu yú OC: qu ŋʷa MC: ʔɨu ŋi̯o 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabpsychworries of all kinds
            淹恤  yān xù OC: qrom sqʷiɡ MC: ʔiɛm sʷit 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe deeply worried
            結縛  jié fù OC: kiid baɡ MC: ket bi̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabpsych[BUDDH] unresolved knots, worries
            憂恐  yōu kǒng MC: 'juw khjowngX OC: qu khoŋʔCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe full of worry and fearCH
            渠渠然  qú qú rán MC: gjo gjo nyen OC: ɡa ɡa njenLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPifeel worried, be anxiousLZ
            恐  kǒng 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vtoSparentheticI'm afraid that SCH
            飄疾  piāo jí MC: -- dzit OC: phew dzidDS 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabpsychpanic; hystery DS
            昭昭然  zhāo zhāo rán MC: tsyew tsyew nyen OC: kljew kljew njenLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadVanxiouslyLZ
            遑遑  huáng huáng MC: hwang hwang OC: ɡʷaaŋ ɡʷaaŋDS 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe worriedDS
            悐  tì OC: theeɡ MC: thek
            惕  tì OC: lʰeeɡ MC: thek 0 AttributionsWD

            Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

              Syntactic words
            • viconcerned
            悄  qiǎo OC: smʰewʔ MC: tshiɛu 0 AttributionsWD

            Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

              Syntactic words
            悒  yì OC: qrɯb MC: ʔip 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNperturbed
            • viread yì: be worried; be upset
            • vtoNbe perturbed about (CC)
            騷  sāo OC: suu MC: sɑu 0 AttributionsWD

            Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

              Syntactic words
            • nabpsychCC, LISAO, SJ on title: worries, troubles
              Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe full of worry and fearCH

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