TLS - Concept: UNDERSTAND

UNDERSTAND 明白知

KNOW the BASIC PRINCIPLES of something COMPLEX.

COMPREHENDGRASPTAKE INSEEAPPREHENDFOLLOWMAKE SENSE OFFATHOMUNRAVELDECIPHERINTERPRETINFORMAL FIGURE OUTWORK OUTMAKE HEAD(S) OR TAIL(S) OFGET ONE'S HEAD AROUNDGET THE DRIFT OFCATCH ON TOGETBRIT. INFORMAL TWIG

Hypernym

KNOWBELIEVE SOMETHING AND ASSUME:presuppose that it is TRUE.
- BELIEVEATTITUDE IN-RELATION-TO a THINK:thought to the effect that this THOUGHT is TRUE.
  - ATTITUDERELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT.
    - RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER....

Hyponym

RECOGNISE　UNDERSTAND WHO OR WHAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IS.

Old Chinese Criteria

The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea").

Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject.

Yù 喻 / 諭 (ant. àn 闇 "be in the dark about") typically refers to clarity achieved on the basis of an effort of articulation.

Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.

Jīng 精 (mào 眊 / 耄 "be completely stupid with respect to") refers to a subtle and thorough understanding of something.

Shí 識 refers to familiarity with something concrete, but the word also refers to simple awareness, especially when negated.

Biàn 辨 / 辯 (ant. huò 惑 "be al confused about") refers to discriminating and highly articulate specialised, often professional knowledge about something.

Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something.

Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject.

Wén 聞 (ant. wèi zhī wén 未之聞 "have never heard/learnt about any such thing") is sometimes used as a resultative verb meaning "come to understand something because one has been informed of it". But this usage is limited to the idiom wén dào 聞道 "hear about the Way".

Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.

Modern Chinese Criteria

了解

理解

理會

懂得

明白

了了

領略

領會

領悟

覺悟

覺醒

清楚

了然

明了

明亮

解

懂

曉

知

詳

喻

明

亮

知情

知底

辨色 (lit) refers specifically to the ability to read a person's facial expression correctly.

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 722
A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 17.16
De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 485
COGNITIO est rei prius ignotae mente comprehensio. Reqv. 1. Cognoscibile aliqvid, hoc est res latens. 2. Cognoscens aliquid. 3. Manifestans id est Cognoscibile cognoscenti admovens.

1. Uni nullum cognoscibile, ibi nulla cognitio.

2. Ubi nullum cognoscens, ibi nulla cognitio, via non Ens nihil agnoscit.

3. Ubi nullum manifestans, ibi nulla cognitio.

Medium illud manifestans est vel Sensus, vel Ratio, vel Testimonium, Relatio. Ex primo exsurgit experientia, a secundo Intelligentia, a terio fides.
De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 41
SCIENS, SCIOLUS

592. Cod. Vat. Inter QUE et VE hoc interest, quod QUE conjunctio est, VE disjunctio. [AREV.]

]

592. Inter Ve et que. Ve distinguit, que conjungit.
Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.
UNDERSTAND

intelligere refers to a rational discentment by means of reflection and combination.

sentire refers to a natural discernment by emotional and aesthetic sensibilities or perceptions, or indeed of the mind as a whole.

cognoscere tends to refer to an historical discernment by means of the senses and of traditional information.
“荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 79
Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.441
Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 623
Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1780
Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.593
Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.918
Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 111
王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1296
知，識，記，誌

1. WL claims that zhi1 知 is 一般的知道. In fact, whereas zhi1 知 is sometimes used in this colourless meaning, most of the time the word denotes a proper understanding of something.

2. WL claims that shi2 識 refers to a 比較深的認識. In fact, shi2 識 refers to the ability to recognise a person or a thing, and the word never refers to any deeper acquaintance or knowledge. Shi2 識 refers to an awareness, a general recognition, and in a number of cases to familiarity through acquaintance. The contrast with zhi1 知 "proper understanding" is very clear indeed.

3. WL claims that as a noun, shi2 識 means 知識、見解 in which meaning it is clearly distinct from zhi4 智 meaning "wisdom". It is a moot point when exactly which zhi1 知 must be read zhi4, but the nominal usages of the word in which it does mean "understanding, level of understanding" are abundantly documented in SSC.
Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 421
Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 273
Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 262
Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 394
Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.
Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 1.153
ANEIGNUNG
SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.191.150
ENTENDRE.COMPRENDRE.CONCEVOIR

Words

知 zhī OC: te MC: ʈiɛ 316 Attributions

The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

Word relations

Subject: 淺/SHALLOW
Inconsist: 惑/CONFUSED The standard general word for any kind of confusion is huò 惑 (ant. qīng 清 "be unconfused and clear").
Result: 誨/TEACH Huì 誨 (ant. xí 習 "study persistently") refers to systematic and persistent efforts to teach and inculcate intellectual or practical skills (誨之琴 "taught him to play the zither") and moral understanding of students (誨女知之 "I will teach you so you understand"), and the word never implies coercion or any threat of force. Huì 誨 can be mutual, or refer to equals teaching equals, even subordinates teaching superiors 諫誨 "remonstrate with and instruct". The word is not commonly nominalised. The primary aim of huì 誨 is understanding.
Result: 慮/THINK Lǜ 慮 refers to thoughtful long-term strategic (often personal) planning.
Result: 生/LIFE
Object: 本/BASIS The basic word is běn 本 "the trunk, the main part" (ant. mò 末 "marginal part") and this word refers to the crucial constituent of something in any sense. [GENERAL], [STATIC]; [[COMMON]]
Object: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
Object: 道術/PHILOSOPHY
Object: 天道/LAW OF NATURE
Object: 天意/PLAN
Epithet: 深 / 深/PROFOUND
Contrast: 溫/UNDERSTAND Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject.
Contrast: 由/CONFORM Yóu 由 refers to conformity construed as a matter of taking something as one's starting point or point of orientation.
Contrast: 好/DESIRE Hào 好 (ant.* yàn 厭 "be fed up with VPing") refers to a general strong, and strongly motivated, inclination in favour of something. 好戰 "is fond of warfare". xxx
Contrast: 智 / 知/INTELLIGENT The most general word for native ability to understand is zhī 知 (ant. wú zhī 無知 "lack the ability to understand"), but the word ranges in meaning from spiritual wisdom to technical competence.
Contrast: 覺/UNDERSTAND Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something
Contrast: 識/KNOW Shí 識 is to be able to recognise and thus to have some idea of something through familiarity and experience, and what one is thus familiar with does not seem to be facts.
Synon: 見/UNDERSTAND
Synon: 識/KNOW Shí 識 is to be able to recognise and thus to have some idea of something through familiarity and experience, and what one is thus familiar with does not seem to be facts.
Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.
Oppos: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]

Syntactic words

nab(post-N)psychologicalread zhī: the contextually determinate N's understandingCH
nab[post-N]psychologicalone's understandingCH
nabactread zhì: display of knowledge
nabmetaphysicalread zhì: understanding (interpreted as an agent)
nabpositiveread zhì: proper (empathetic etc) understanding;
nabpsychunderstanding, cognition; level of understanding (possibly needs to be read in the fourth tone in this meaning)
viactdisplay knowledge; have the proper understanding of things
vichangeascertain the facts properly; come to understand the facts properly
vipsychunderstand things properly; understand something indeterminate properly
vt(oN)internalise; understand the contextually determinate object properly
vt(oN)inchoativehave come to understand/internalise the contextually determinate thing
vt+prep+Nhave proper understanding of
vt+V[0]modalunderstand that one should VLZ
vt[oN]understand things; understand what is going on; have any idea of what is going on (often negated)
vtoNabunderstand/internalise the abstract object NabCH
vtoNinchoativeget to understand N properly
vtoNPab{S}know how S, understand that S; understand why S
vtoNPab{S}inchoativecome to understand that S
vtoNpassiveget properly known, get found out; become well-known; get properly understood
vtoNperfectivefully internalise; understand properly; understand and respect properly; be sure of the workings (of something); understand the ins and outs of
vtoNreflexive.己understand (oneself) properly, understand one's own affairs properly
vtoNreflexive.自understand (oneself); know where one is;
vtoSunderstand that S
vtoS{NOMINAL}know that a subject is N{PRED}CH

通 tōng OC: kh-looŋ MC: thuŋ 43 Attributions

Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject

Word relations

Ant: 暗 / 闇/STUPID
Contrast: 逮/REACH Dài 逮 refers to catching up or reaching a certain desirable stage or level of achievement. See also CATCH UP.
Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

Syntactic words

nabpertinent understanding> powerful understanding
nab.post-V{NUM}kinds of thorough understanding
vadNknowledgeable, of broad learning; educated
viobject=diffuseto understand things thoroughly; to have penetrated deeply into a matter
vt+prep+Nhave a full understanding of; understand properly; have a precise understanding of
vt+prep+Npsychhave a proper understanding of (oneself/one's own N)
vt[oN]understand thingsCH
vt[oN]inchoativecome to understand things thoroughlyLZ
vtoNhave thorough knowledge of, see to the bottom of, have a full understanding of
vtoNcausativeto make N understand, to enlighten NLZ
vtoNcausativeto illuminate N, to make N well-known, to make N understoodVK
vtoNchangeget generally known
vtoNpassivebe well understood, come to be well understoodLZ

見 jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 36 Attributions

Word relations

Synon: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

Syntactic words

nabunderstanding; intellectual perspective; coming to understand
vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate matter
vt+prep+Nunderstand, realise
vt[oN]have understanding; understand things[CA] mod.CH
vtoNfigurative: realise, be able to understand what is not immediately visible; see through, recognise the true nature of
vtoNPab{S}understand that S
vtoSunderstand that S

明 míng OC: mraŋ MC: mɣaŋ 28 Attributions

Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

Word relations

Result: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
Assoc: 分/DISTINGUISH Fèn 分 refers to the results of the deliberate establishment of distinctions, and to the making of such distinctions.
Synon: 別/DISTINGUISH The deliberate establishment of distinctions is bié 別 or pàn 判.
Synon: 察/UNDERSTAND Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.
Synon: 通/UNDERSTAND Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject
Synon: 解/UNDERSTAND
Synon: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

Syntactic words

nabclear understanding, clear insightLZ
nab.post-V{NUM}kinds of enlightenment
vadNBUDDH: enlightened
vistativehave perceptive understanding
vt(oN)have a perfectly clear understanding of contextually determinate thingsLZ
vt+prep+Nunderstand properly; develop a proper understanding of
vt+prep+Nab{ACT}be so intelligent that ??????????????????
vt+prep+Sunderstand clearly that S
vt[oN]have a perfectly clear understanding of thingsLZ
vtoNunderstand fully, have a clear understanding ofBUDDH: reach enlightenment concerning
vtoNab{S}understand
vtoNcausativeenlighten; make someone understand
vtoNcausativeenlighten
vtoNpassivebe properly understood
vtoSstativebe clear about, understand clearly that S

達 dá OC: daad MC: dɑt 28 Attributions

Word relations

Assoc: 覽/UNDERSTAND

Syntactic words

viactmake oneself understood
vistativehave an accomplished understanding of things
vt(oN)fail to quite get the meaning of the contextually determinate N
vt+prep+Nhave a pertinent (practical) understanding of
vt+Sunderstand that S
vtoNperfectivereach a full understanding of; understand properly

悟 wù OC: ŋaas MC: ŋuo̝ 22 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNinchoativeget a clear vision of, come to understand; understand the significance of; oappreciate properly; become enlightened to
vtoNPab{S}inchoativecome to understand that SDS
vtoSBUDDH: be enlightened to the fact that, realize that

解 jiě OC: kreeʔ MC: kɣɛ 17 Attributions

Word relations

Contrast: 分/DISTINGUISH Fèn 分 refers to the results of the deliberate establishment of distinctions, and to the making of such distinctions.
Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

Syntactic words

nabpsychunderstanding
vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate N
vt[oN]have understanding understand things
vtoNbe able to unravel, gain clarity on, understand
vtoNpassivebe understood 難解
vtoScausativecause to understand > explain that

知見 zhī jiàn OC: te keens MC: ʈiɛ ken 16 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychunderstanding, insight, wisdom
VPt(oN)see clearly the contextually determinate things

體 tǐ OC: rʰiiʔ MC: thei 15 Attributions

Word relations

Synon: 法/MODEL The current standard word for a concrete or an abstract model to model oneself after is fǎ 法.

Syntactic words

vtoNincarnate an understanding of; identify with; understand so as to embody (the Way; what is basic etc)
vtoNcausativecause one to fully understand the structure of NCH
vtoNcopulabe an embodiment of

察 chá OC: skhreed MC: ʈʂhɣɛt 14 Attributions

Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.

Word relations

Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

Syntactic words

vi.redactbe investigative and, on that account, well-informedLZ
viactinvestigate and understand things
vt(oN)inchoativecome to understand N properlyCH
vt+prep+Nstativehave a reasoned understanding of
vtoNpassivebe clearly understood
vtoNstativehave a clear understanding of
vtoSunderstand that, have a clear understanding that

會 huì OC: ɡloobs MC: ɦɑi 13 Attributions

Syntactic words

nabmentalunderstanding; calculations
vt(oN)understand; comprehend (with omitted object)
vt+prep+N(deeply) understand, grasp
vtoNgrasp, understand

識 shí OC: qhljɯɡ MC: ɕɨk 13 Attributions

Shí 識 refers to familiarity with something concrete, but the word also refers to simple awareness, especially when negated.

Syntactic words

vt[oN]gain understanding of things
vtoNhave got to know thoroughly > realize, understand properly
vtoNpassivebe understood
vtoSunderstand that

得 dé MC: tok OC: tɯɯɡ CH 13 Attributions

Syntactic words

vt+prep+Nhave a full grasp of, get the full meaning ofCH
vtoNmiddle voicebe grasped, be properly understood；be sorted outCH
vtoNperfectiveget a full grasp of; get hold of intellectually, get to grasp; manage to understand; have internalised, have graspedCH

審 shěn OC: qhjɯmʔ MC: ɕim 12 Attributions

Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.

Syntactic words

vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate things properly
vtoNhave a detailed and discriminating understanding of
vtoNPab{S}inchoativecome to understand closely that S; get a firm conviction that SDS
vtoNpassivebe properly understood
vtoSunderstand quite whether S is true

覺 jué OC: kruuɡ MC: kɣɔk 12 Attributions

Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something

Word relations

Contrast: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")
Contrast: 知/KNOW The general word for knowing something to be the case in any way or on any basis is zhī 知, but the word is more common in the meaning discussed under UNDERSTAND.
Assoc: 悟 / 寤/ENLIGHTENMENT Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something

Syntactic words

nabpsychawakening; enlightenment
vadNBUDDH: awakened, enlightened
vadNpassiveBUDDH: of being enlightened/awakened
vt(oNab)be awake to the contextually determinate N
vt[oN]become enlightened; awake to the truth
vtoNBUDDH: awaken from (illusion)
vtoNreflexive.自understand oneself; understand what one is doing; be properly aware of what one is doing
vtoSunderstand that; be enlightened to the fact that; realize that wake up to the recognition of the fact that

證 zhèng OC: tjɯŋs MC: tɕɨŋ 11 Attributions

An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 167

Syntactic words

nabbuddhistBUDDH: reasoned understanding> enlightenment, realization (often used as syn. for 菩提 bodhi) skr. sākṣāt-karaṇa/sākṣāt-kriyā, pali sacchi-kiriyā (lit. 'the act of putting before the eyes')
vadNbuddhistBUDDH: enlightened
vt+prep+Ngain a reasoned understanding of
vtoNbuddhistBUDDH: understand the evidence for > understand on a proper intellectual basis; be enlightened about

菩提 pú tí OC: bɯ ɡ-lee MC: buo̝ dei 11 Attributions

Word relations

Ant: 煩惱/WORRY

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: wisdom; enlightenment skr. bodhi

辯 biàn OC: brenʔ MC: biɛn 10 Attributions

Biàn 辨/辯 (ant. huò 惑 "be al confused about") refers to discriminating and highly articulate specialised, often professional knowledge about something

Word relations

Oppos: 明/EXPLAIN Míng 明 is to throw intellectual light on something by any means, including illustration as well as historical explanation or definition.

Syntactic words

viactbe quick-witted; understand and be able to articulate clearly
vt+prep+Nstativeunderstand properly; develop a proper understanding of
vtoNunderstand distinctly; sort things out properly

見解 jiàn jiè OC: keens krees MC: ken kɣɛ 10 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychunderstanding, insight
VPiunderstand, have insight

神通 shén tōng OC: ɢljin kh-looŋ MC: ʑin thuŋ 9 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPab.cpsychBUDDH: this originally refers to the supernatural powers of a Buddha; spritual powers; sometimes referring to the five sagely powers (五神通) or the six supernatural powers of a holy man (六神通 skr. abijñā
VPadNof supernatural powers
VPiactBUDDH: to display supernatural powers

曉 xiǎo OC: qheewʔ MC: heu 8 Attributions

Word relations

Ant: 暗 / 闇/STUPID
Synon: 睹 / 睹/SEE Dǔ 睹 refers to clear perception at a given time.

Syntactic words

nabpsychproper understanding
vadNcognising, actively understanding thingsCH
vi-Pclearly
vi-V{SUFF}.adV曉然: clearlyLZ
vtoNrare, lunheng: be clear about, be unconfused about; ytl, xiangci: have a grasp of (part of a problem)

喻 yù OC: los MC: ji̯o
諭 yù OC: los MC: ji̯o 7 Attributions

Yù 喻/諭 (ant. àn 闇 "be in the dark about") typically refers to clarity achieved on the basis of an effort of articulation

Syntactic words

nabsudden insight; sudden understandingDS
vt(oN)inchoativecome to understand the contextually determinate matter (typically after an explanation has been made)DS
vt+prep+Nderive one's proper understand of things from (something)
vtoNpassivebe understoodLZ

契 qì OC: khees MC: khei 7 Attributions

Syntactic words

nabbuddhistBUDDH: contract to enligthenment > enlightenment; understanding (thereby becoming the member of a lineage)
vt+prep+NbuddhistBUDDH: contract to > enlighten to
vtoNbuddhistBUDDH: contract to > enlighten to (occasionally: get enlightened and become member of the lineage of); wake up to

知明 zhī míng MC: trje mjaeng OC: te mraŋCH 7 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPt[oN]perfectivegain a clear understanding of the plain factsCH
VPtoNhave/obtain clear understanding of the plain facts about NCH

認 rèn OC: njins MC: ȵin 6 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNmanage to distinguish and get clear
vtoN1{PIVOT}.+VtoN2to recognize N1 as N2; to reckon that N1 is N2
vtoSmanage to distinguish and get clear that; reckon that; assume that
{vtt...}reckon N1 as N2; regard N1 as N2

若 rě OC: njaʔ MC: ȵɣɛ 5 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: wisdom; skr. praj%nā

覺悟 jué wù OC: kruuɡ ŋaas MC: kɣɔk ŋuo̝ 5 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPibecome intellectually awakened
VPtoNresultativeget to understand
vt[oN]understand thingsCH

了 liǎo OC: reewʔ MC: leu 4 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNhave become aware of > understand, comprehend
vtoNstativeunderstand SSXY: 心了其故 "understand the reason in one's mind"
vtoSunderstand that

習 xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 4 Attributions

Syntactic words

nnonreferentialexperienced person
vtoNbe thoroughly familiar with

成道 chéng dào OC: djeŋ ɡ-luuʔ MC: dʑiɛŋ dɑu 4 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiactBUDDH: complete the Way > be/become enlightened

智識 zhì shí OC: tes qhljɯɡ MC: ʈiɛ ɕɨk 4 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabdispositionintellectual capacities, cognitive abilities

正覺 zhèng jué OC: tjeŋs kruuɡ MC: tɕiɛŋ kɣɔk 4 Attributions

Syntactic words

NP[adN]the person of correct understanding> the awakened
NPabbuddhistBUDDH: perfect enlightenment (compare bodhi 菩提); skr. (samyak-)saṃbodhi (syn. to the phonetic transliteration 三藐三菩提)

智 zhì OC: tes MC: ʈiɛ 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

nabmental stateunderstnanding things, the understanding of somethingCH
nabpsychwise understanding

深 shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum
深 shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

vt+prep+Nunderstand deeply, have a deep mastery of
vtoNunderstand deeply, have a deep mastery ofLZ

理 lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand (in a principled way)
vtoNpassivebe systematically understood

了知 liǎo zhī OC: reewʔ te MC: leu ʈiɛ 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiunderstand what is happening
VPt(oN)understand the contextually determinate thing properly
VPtoSclearly understand that

分別 fēn bié OC: pɯn pred MC: pi̯un piɛt 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)buddhistBUDDH: understand, comprehend (with contextually determinate object)
VPtoNbuddhistBUDDH: understand, comprehend; skr. jānati no negative connotations such as in Zen texts (see DISTINGUISH); e.g. LOTUS(B): 95c9 分別空慧 wisdom of understanding emptiness (śunyatā-)gatiṃgata... (KARASHIMA 1998: 138)

心開 xīn kāi OC: slɯm khɯɯl MC: sim khəi 3 Attributions

Word relations

Synon: 意解/UNDERSTAND

Syntactic words

VPichangecome to understand things 心開意解

見性 jiàn xìng OC: keens seŋs MC: ken siɛŋ 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPieventunderstand one's essence

知人 zhī rén MC: trje nyin OC: te njinCH 3 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiunderstand the potential and qualifications of men, 辨識人才CH

全 quán OC: sɡon MC: dziɛn 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNhave a complete grasp of
vtoNcausativecause one to fully understand N> give a full account of N, fully explain NCH
vtoNmiddle voicebe completely understood/proven

徹 chè OC: thed MC: ʈhiɛt 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

vadVwith supreme understanding
vt(oN).postadVresultative complement: V a contextuall determinate N to the degree of understanding it
vtoNunderstand fully

覽 lǎn OC: ɡ-raamʔ MC: lɑm 2 Attributions

Word relations

Assoc: 達/UNDERSTAND

Syntactic words

vt(oN)gain a comprehensive intellectual survey and understanding of the determinate thing
vtoNunderstand comprehensively;

開 kāi OC: khɯɯl MC: khəi 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

vt[oN]be open to an understanding of things.CH
vtoNopen oneself to an understanding of

信解 xìn jiě OC: sins kreeʔ MC: sin kɣɛ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)trust in and understand the message N

六通 liù tōng OC: ɡ-ruɡ kh-looŋ MC: luk thuŋ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychBUDDH: six mental powers; six supernatural powers; also: 神通 and 六神通

得道 dé dào OC: tɯɯɡ ɡ-luuʔ MC: tək dɑu 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiactunderstand the true way; obtain the truth

明曉 míng xiǎo OC: mraŋ qheewʔ MC: mɣaŋ heu 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPihave a clear understanding of things

明白 míng bái OC: mraŋ braaɡ MC: mɣaŋ bɣɛk 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabstativestate of intellectual understanding
VPt+prep+Nbe clear in one's mind aboutCH

理會 lǐ huì OC: ɡ-rɯʔ ɡloobs MC: lɨ ɦɑi 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPtoNunderstand

知命 zhī mìng OC: te mɢreŋs MC: ʈiɛ mɣaŋ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiunderstand one's fate

知故 zhī gù OC: te kaas MC: ʈiɛ kuo̝ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychknowledge and understanding of reasons

知解 zhī jiě OC: te kreeʔ MC: ʈiɛ kɣɛ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychunderstanding, knowledge, insight, interpretation
VPtoNunderstand; grasp

開悟 kāi wù OC: khɯɯl ŋaas MC: khəi ŋuo̝ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiget opened to the truth

開解 kāi jiě OC: khɯɯl kreeʔ MC: khəi kɣɛ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiinchoativebecome enlightened
VPtoNcausativecause to become enlightened

頓悟 dùn wù OC: tuuns ŋaas MC: tuo̝n ŋuo̝ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychBUDDH: sudden enlightenment; direct insight into one's own nature (one of the key terms of Chán Buddhism)
VPt[oN]sudden enlightenment

究 jiū 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

vt+prep+Nunderstand fully, get to the bottom ofCH
vtoNperfectiveunderstand fullyCH

志 zhì MC: tsyiH OC: kljɯsLZ 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

nab= shí 識: understandingLZ
vtoN= shí 識, understandLZ

知之 zhī zhī MC: trje tsyi OC: te kljɯCH 2 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabthe (art of) understanding thingsCH
VPiunderstand what is going on; know what is going on; be aware of what is going onCH

悉 xī OC: sid MC: sit 1 Attribution

Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand completely

惺 xīng OC: seeŋ MC: seŋ 1 Attribution

() p. 4346a
漢語重言詞詞典 Hanyu chongwenci cidian ( WANG WEIMAO 1999) p. 299a, #1
清醒貌 early examples from the Tang (poetry, e.g. Dufu)

Syntactic words

vi.redprocessreduplicated: to become awakened; to understand clearly in Buddhist texts starting from the Tang the phrase 常惺惺 became current, referring to a state of permanent awareness and clear discernment

溫 wēn OC: quun MC: ʔuo̝n 1 Attribution

Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject.

Word relations

Contrast: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

Syntactic words

vtoNbe thoroughly familiar with

照 zhào OC: kljews MC: tɕiɛu 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNkeep orientated about, be well-informed about; get to see, spot
vttoN1.+prep+N2understand N1 in the light of N2

盡 jìn OC: dzinʔ MC: dzin 1 Attribution

Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.

Syntactic words

vt[oN]get an exhaustive grasp of thingsLZ
vtoNhave an exhaustive grasp of

窮 qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand completely
vtoNpassivebe understood completely

精 jīng OC: tseŋ MC: tsiɛŋ 1 Attribution

Jīng 精 (mào 眊/耄"be completely stupid with respect to") refers to a subtle and thorough understanding of something.

Syntactic words

vt+prep+Nhave an excellent subtle understanding of N
vtoNreflexive.自understand (oneself)
vtoNstativehave an exquisite and subtle superior understanding of

詗 xiòng OC: qhʷeŋs MC: hiɛŋ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

viconativebe inquisitive

諳 ān OC: qɯɯm MC: ʔəm 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNbe well informed about, be familiar with, know about

豫 yù OC: las MC: ji̯ɤ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNknow beforehand

光明 guāng míng OC: kʷaaŋ mraŋ MC: kɑŋ mɣaŋ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

NPabpsychenlightenment

先陀 xiān tuó OC: sɯɯn laal MC: sen dɑ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPiBUDDH: understand, be enlightened

善知 shàn zhī OC: ɡjenʔ te MC: dʑiɛn ʈiɛ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPtoNunderstand properly

得了 dé liǎo OC: tɯɯɡ reewʔ MC: tək leu 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPpostadVwith proper understanding???

悟解 wù jiě OC: ŋaas kreeʔ MC: ŋuo̝ kɣɛ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPt[oN]understand things spiritually

意解 yì jiě OC: qɯɡs kreeʔ MC: ʔɨ kɣɛ 1 Attribution

Word relations

Synon: 心開/UNDERSTAND

Syntactic words

VPichangeunderstand things

惺悟 xīng wù OC: seeŋ ŋaas MC: seŋ ŋuo̝ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

NPabpsychunderstanding

把握 bǎ wò OC: praaʔ qrooɡ MC: pɣɛ ʔɣɔk 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPtoNfigurativehave a grasp of> show solid practical understanding of

明通 míng tōng OC: mraŋ kh-looŋ MC: mɣaŋ thuŋ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

NPabpsychunderstanding
VPt[oN]to understand things thoroughlyLZ

明達 míng dá OC: mraŋ daad MC: mɣaŋ dɑt 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPtoNunderstand lucidly

曉解 xiǎo jiě OC: qheewʔ kreeʔ MC: heu kɣɛ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)understand a contextually determinate thing

無知 wú zhī OC: ma te MC: mi̯o ʈiɛ 1 Attribution

佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5097a, #2

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: No-knowledge > true understanding, true wisdom (since true understanding does not involve any dualistic and discriminating thinking processes, and distances itself from any subjectes views, this kind of 'not-knowing' is syn. to true understanding; the reasoning is analogous to the assumption that the 'true mark is No-mark' (實相無相 > 真智無智)

直了 zhí liǎo OC: dɯɡ reewʔ MC: ɖɨk leu 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPt[oN]gain an immediate understanding of things

瞿然 jù rán OC: kʷas njen MC: ki̯o ȵiɛn 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPadVwith the amazement of a new insight

知委 zhī wěi OC: te qrolʔ MC: ʈiɛ ʔiɛ 1 Attribution

唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 444

Syntactic words

VPtoNunderstand, know

知道 zhī dào OC: te ɡ-luuʔ MC: ʈiɛ dɑu 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPihave things right, have the right technique, have the relevant technique

聞知 wén zhī OC: mɯn te MC: mi̯un ʈiɛ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)learn so as to understand properly

見地 jiàn dì OC: keens lils MC: ken di 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

NPabpsychspiritual horison

遍知 biàn zhī OC: peens te MC: pen ʈiɛ 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

NPabpsychBUDDH: all-pervading wisdom (short for zhèngbiànzhī 正遍知)

領覽 lǐng lǎn OC: ɡ-reŋʔ ɡ-raamʔ MC: liɛŋ lɑm 1 Attribution

() p. 7237b
early examples cited from 5 Dyn. period

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)realise, understand (a contextually determinate N)

體會 tǐ huì OC: rʰiiʔ ɡloobs MC: thei ɦɑi 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)incorporate and understand (a contextually determinate N) > have a genuine understanding, understand, comprehend

三菩提 sān pú tí OC: saam bɯ ɡ-lee MC: sɑm buo̝ dei 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the complete enlightenment of a Buddha; SANSKRIT sambyaksambodhi

等正覺 děng zhèng jué OC: k-lɯɯŋʔ tjeŋs kruuɡ MC: təŋ tɕiɛŋ kɣɔk 1 Attribution

佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 2006a

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Perfect Enlightenment (of a Buddha; this is an alternative term for 正覺, skr. samyak-saṃbodhi (other variants include 正解, 等覺, 正等正覺, 正等覺, 正盡覺)

無上菩提 wú shàng pú tí OC: ma ɡljaŋs bɯ ɡ-lee MC: mi̯o dʑi̯ɐŋ buo̝ dei 1 Attribution

佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5073

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Supreme Enlightenment, Ultimate Enlightenment (of a Buddha)

獲及 huò jí MC: hweak gip OC: ɢʷreeɡ ɡrɯbCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)resultativemanage to understand the contextually determinate NCH

極 jí MC: gik OC: ɡɯɡCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand completelyCH

達明 dá míng MC: dat mjaeng OC: daad mraŋCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPtoN(try to) reach clear understandingCH

有 yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand and know how to practice 有道CH

普 pǔ MC: phuX OC: phaaʔCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNhave a broad understanding of; have investigated on a broad scale; be broadly familiar withCH

睹 dǔ MC: tuX OC: k-laaʔCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoSrealise that SCH

明乎 míng hū MC: mjaeng hu OC: mraŋ ɢaaCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPtoNknow all about; understand very wellCH

包稟 bāo bǐng MC: paew pimX OC: pruu prɯmʔCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPtoNencompass with deep understandingCH

度 duó MC: dak OC: ɡ-laaɡCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand precisely the ins and outs ofCH

知音 zhī yīn MC: trje 'im OC: te qrɯmCH 1 Attribution

Syntactic words

VPiunderstand musical notation; understand the notes of music; be able to sing in tuneCH

嫻 xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

virare: elegant: accomplished, competent

憭 liǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: leu
瞭 liǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: leu 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate thing 三國吳韋昭《〈國語解〉敘》："侍中賈君敷而衍之，其所發明，大義略舉，為已憭矣。"
vt[oN]be prone to understand things well (Shuowen: 慧也)
vtoNbe clear-sighted, see clearly 宋王安石《游土山示蔡天啟秘校》詩：" 蔡侯雄俊士，心憭形亦諜。"

澈 chè OC: dad MC: ɖiɛt 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNbe clear about

稔 rěn OC: nɡljɯmʔ MC: ȵim 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNstativepost-Han: be familiar with

聞 wén OC: mɯn MC: mi̯un 0 Attributions

Wén 聞 (ant. wèi zhī wén 未之聞 "have never heard/learnt about any such thing") is sometimes used as a resultative verb meaning "come to understand something because one has been informed of it". But this usage is limited to the idiom wén dào 聞道 "hear about the Way".

Syntactic words

觀 guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

nabbuddhistBUDDH: insight (in the process of meditation); skr. vipaśyanā, pali vipassanā
vt(oN)inchoativegain an understanding of a contextually determinate N
vtoNinchoativecome to understand, gain an understanding of

多智 duō zhì OC: k-laal tes MC: tɑ ʈiɛ 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

寤知 wù zhī OC: ŋaas te MC: ŋuo̝ ʈiɛ 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiresultativecome to understand things

燎寤 liǎo wù OC: ɡ-rewʔ ŋaas MC: liɛu ŋuo̝ 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPiresultativecome to understand the situation properly

現觀 xiàn guān OC: ɡeens koon MC: ɦen kʷɑn 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

NPabpsychBUDDH: intuition, enlightenment (sometimes used as syn. to bodhi 菩提); SANSKRIT abhisamaya

知己 zhī jǐ OC: te kɯʔ MC: ʈiɛ kɨ 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPihave self-understanding; understand oneself

覺了 jué liǎo OC: kruuɡ reewʔ MC: kɣɔk leu 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPibuddhistBUDDH: have understood and become awakened > be awakened, have understanding, be enlightened

解知 jiě zhī OC: kreeʔ te MC: kɣɛ ʈiɛ 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPtoNresultativeunderstand

認得 rèn dé OC: njins tɯɯɡ MC: ȵin tək 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPt(oN)understand

現等覺 xiàn děng jué OC: ɡeens k-lɯɯŋʔ kruuɡ MC: ɦen təŋ kɣɔk 0 Attributions

An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 167

Syntactic words

NPabpsychBUDDH: complete enlightenment (syn. to bodhi 菩提); SANSKRIT abhisaṃbodhi

三藐三菩提 sān miǎo sān pú tí tí OC: saam mewʔ saam bɯ ɡ-lee MC: sɑm miɛu sɑm buo̝ dei 0 Attributions

佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 2005
佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 1004a

Syntactic words

NPabbuddhistBUDDH: ulimtate enlightenment (of a Buddha); skr. samyak-saṃbodhi (see also 正覺)

及 jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNreach up to intellectually, understand (a difficult subject); be well-informed on

分 fēn OC: pɯn MC: pi̯un 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

vtoNunderstand distinctly

知通 zhī tōng MC: trje thuwng OC: te kh-looŋLZ 0 Attributions

Syntactic words

VPtoNperfectly understandLZ

Existing SW for

Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

UNDERSTAND 明白知

KNOW the BASIC PRINCIPLES of something COMPLEX.

Alternate labels (19)

Ontology of UNDERSTAND

Hypernym

See also

Hyponym

Criteria and general notes (1841 characters)

Old Chinese Criteria

Modern Chinese Criteria

Source references (20 items)

Citations (820 attested)

Words

知 zhī OC: te MC: ʈiɛ 316 Attributions

通 tōng OC: kh-looŋ MC: thuŋ 43 Attributions

見 jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 36 Attributions

明 míng OC: mraŋ MC: mɣaŋ 28 Attributions

達 dá OC: daad MC: dɑt 28 Attributions

悟 wù OC: ŋaas MC: ŋuo̝ 22 Attributions

解 jiě OC: kreeʔ MC: kɣɛ 17 Attributions

知見 zhī jiàn OC: te keens MC: ʈiɛ ken 16 Attributions

體 tǐ OC: rʰiiʔ MC: thei 15 Attributions

察 chá OC: skhreed MC: ʈʂhɣɛt 14 Attributions

會 huì OC: ɡloobs MC: ɦɑi 13 Attributions

識 shí OC: qhljɯɡ MC: ɕɨk 13 Attributions

得 dé MC: tok OC: tɯɯɡ CH 13 Attributions

審 shěn OC: qhjɯmʔ MC: ɕim 12 Attributions

覺 jué OC: kruuɡ MC: kɣɔk 12 Attributions

證 zhèng OC: tjɯŋs MC: tɕɨŋ 11 Attributions

菩提 pú tí OC: bɯ ɡ-lee MC: buo̝ dei 11 Attributions

辯 biàn OC: brenʔ MC: biɛn 10 Attributions

見解 jiàn jiè OC: keens krees MC: ken kɣɛ 10 Attributions

神通 shén tōng OC: ɢljin kh-looŋ MC: ʑin thuŋ 9 Attributions

曉 xiǎo OC: qheewʔ MC: heu 8 Attributions

喻 yù OC: los MC: ji̯o諭 yù OC: los MC: ji̯o 7 Attributions

契 qì OC: khees MC: khei 7 Attributions

知明 zhī míng MC: trje mjaeng OC: te mraŋCH 7 Attributions

認 rèn OC: njins MC: ȵin 6 Attributions

若 rě OC: njaʔ MC: ȵɣɛ 5 Attributions

覺悟 jué wù OC: kruuɡ ŋaas MC: kɣɔk ŋuo̝ 5 Attributions

了 liǎo OC: reewʔ MC: leu 4 Attributions

習 xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 4 Attributions

成道 chéng dào OC: djeŋ ɡ-luuʔ MC: dʑiɛŋ dɑu 4 Attributions

智識 zhì shí OC: tes qhljɯɡ MC: ʈiɛ ɕɨk 4 Attributions

正覺 zhèng jué OC: tjeŋs kruuɡ MC: tɕiɛŋ kɣɔk 4 Attributions

智 zhì OC: tes MC: ʈiɛ 3 Attributions

深 shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum深 shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum 3 Attributions

理 lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 3 Attributions

了知 liǎo zhī OC: reewʔ te MC: leu ʈiɛ 3 Attributions

分別 fēn bié OC: pɯn pred MC: pi̯un piɛt 3 Attributions

心開 xīn kāi OC: slɯm khɯɯl MC: sim khəi 3 Attributions

見性 jiàn xìng OC: keens seŋs MC: ken siɛŋ 3 Attributions

知人 zhī rén MC: trje nyin OC: te njinCH 3 Attributions

全 quán OC: sɡon MC: dziɛn 2 Attributions

徹 chè OC: thed MC: ʈhiɛt 2 Attributions

覽 lǎn OC: ɡ-raamʔ MC: lɑm 2 Attributions

開 kāi OC: khɯɯl MC: khəi 2 Attributions

信解 xìn jiě OC: sins kreeʔ MC: sin kɣɛ 2 Attributions

六通 liù tōng OC: ɡ-ruɡ kh-looŋ MC: luk thuŋ 2 Attributions

得道 dé dào OC: tɯɯɡ ɡ-luuʔ MC: tək dɑu 2 Attributions

明曉 míng xiǎo OC: mraŋ qheewʔ MC: mɣaŋ heu 2 Attributions

明白 míng bái OC: mraŋ braaɡ MC: mɣaŋ bɣɛk 2 Attributions

理會 lǐ huì OC: ɡ-rɯʔ ɡloobs MC: lɨ ɦɑi 2 Attributions

知命 zhī mìng OC: te mɢreŋs MC: ʈiɛ mɣaŋ 2 Attributions

知故 zhī gù OC: te kaas MC: ʈiɛ kuo̝ 2 Attributions

知解 zhī jiě OC: te kreeʔ MC: ʈiɛ kɣɛ 2 Attributions

開悟 kāi wù OC: khɯɯl ŋaas MC: khəi ŋuo̝ 2 Attributions

開解 kāi jiě OC: khɯɯl kreeʔ MC: khəi kɣɛ 2 Attributions

頓悟 dùn wù OC: tuuns ŋaas MC: tuo̝n ŋuo̝ 2 Attributions

究 jiū 2 Attributions

志 zhì MC: tsyiH OC: kljɯsLZ 2 Attributions

知之 zhī zhī MC: trje tsyi OC: te kljɯCH 2 Attributions

悉 xī OC: sid MC: sit 1 Attribution

惺 xīng OC: seeŋ MC: seŋ 1 Attribution

溫 wēn OC: quun MC: ʔuo̝n 1 Attribution

照 zhào OC: kljews MC: tɕiɛu 1 Attribution

盡 jìn OC: dzinʔ MC: dzin 1 Attribution

窮 qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 1 Attribution

精 jīng OC: tseŋ MC: tsiɛŋ 1 Attribution

詗 xiòng OC: qhʷeŋs MC: hiɛŋ 1 Attribution

喻 yù OC: los MC: ji̯o
諭 yù OC: los MC: ji̯o 7 Attributions

深 shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum
深 shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum 3 Attributions

憭 liǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: leu
瞭 liǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: leu 0 Attributions