UNDERSTAND    明白知

KNOW the BASIC PRINCIPLES of something COMPLEX.
COMPREHENDGRASPTAKE INSEEAPPREHENDFOLLOWMAKE SENSE OFFATHOMUNRAVELDECIPHERINTERPRETINFORMAL FIGURE OUTWORK OUTMAKE HEAD(S) OR TAIL(S) OFGET ONE'S HEAD AROUNDGET THE DRIFT OFCATCH ON TOGETBRIT. INFORMAL TWIG
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea"). 2. Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight. 3. Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject. 4. Yù 喻 / 諭 (ant. àn 闇 "be in the dark about") typically refers to clarity achieved on the basis of an effort of articulation. 5. Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter. 6. Jīng 精 (mào 眊 / 耄 "be completely stupid with respect to") refers to a subtle and thorough understanding of something. 7. Shí 識 refers to familiarity with something concrete, but the word also refers to simple awareness, especially when negated. 8. Biàn 辨 / 辯 (ant. huò 惑 "be al confused about") refers to discriminating and highly articulate specialised, often professional knowledge about something. 9. Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something. 10. Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject. 11. Wén 聞 (ant. wèi zhī wén 未之聞 "have never heard/learnt about any such thing") is sometimes used as a resultative verb meaning "come to understand something because one has been informed of it". But this usage is limited to the idiom wén dào 聞道 "hear about the Way". 12. Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.
Modern Chinese Criteria
了解 理解 理會 懂得 明白 了了 領略 領會 領悟 覺悟 覺醒 清楚 了然 明了 明亮 解 懂 曉 知 詳 喻 明 亮 知情 知底 辨色 (lit) refers specifically to the ability to read a person's facial expression correctly. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • RECOGNISE　UNDERSTAND WHO OR WHAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IS. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
See also
  • WISEINTELLIGENT IN-RELATION-TO what is MOST IMPORTANT for HUMAN LIFE.
Hypernym
  • KNOW　BELIEVE SOMETHING AND ASSUME:presuppose that it is TRUE. (anc: 7/0, child: 4)
  • BELIEVE　ATTITUDE IN-RELATION-TO a THINK:thought to the effect that this THOUGHT is TRUE. (anc: 6/0, child: 15)
  • ATTITUDE　RELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 3)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 722

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 17.16

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 485

    COGNITIO est rei prius ignotae mente comprehensio. Reqv. 1. Cognoscibile aliqvid, hoc est res latens. 2. Cognoscens aliquid. 3. Manifestans id est Cognoscibile cognoscenti admovens.

    1. Uni nullum cognoscibile, ibi nulla cognitio.

    2. Ubi nullum cognoscens, ibi nulla cognitio, via non Ens nihil agnoscit.

    3. Ubi nullum manifestans, ibi nulla cognitio.

    Medium illud manifestans est vel Sensus, vel Ratio, vel Testimonium, Relatio. Ex primo exsurgit experientia, a secundo Intelligentia, a terio fides.

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 41

    SCIENS, SCIOLUS

    592. Cod. Vat. Inter QUE et VE hoc interest, quod QUE conjunctio est, VE disjunctio. [AREV.]

    ]

    592. Inter Ve et que. Ve distinguit, que conjungit.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    UNDERSTAND

    intelligere refers to a rational discentment by means of reflection and combination.

    sentire refers to a natural discernment by emotional and aesthetic sensibilities or perceptions, or indeed of the mind as a whole.

    cognoscere tends to refer to an historical discernment by means of the senses and of traditional information.

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 79

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.441

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 623

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1780

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.593

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.918

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 111

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1296

    知，識，記，誌

    1. WL claims that zhi1 知 is 一般的知道. In fact, whereas zhi1 知 is sometimes used in this colourless meaning, most of the time the word denotes a proper understanding of something.

    2. WL claims that shi2 識 refers to a 比較深的認識. In fact, shi2 識 refers to the ability to recognise a person or a thing, and the word never refers to any deeper acquaintance or knowledge. Shi2 識 refers to an awareness, a general recognition, and in a number of cases to familiarity through acquaintance. The contrast with zhi1 知 "proper understanding" is very clear indeed.

    3. WL claims that as a noun, shi2 識 means 知識、見解 in which meaning it is clearly distinct from zhi4 智 meaning "wisdom". It is a moot point when exactly which zhi1 知 must be read zhi4, but the nominal usages of the word in which it does mean "understanding, level of understanding" are abundantly documented in SSC.

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 421

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 273

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 262

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 394

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 1.153

    ANEIGNUNG

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.191.150

    ENTENDRE.COMPRENDRE.CONCEVOIR

    • Words (122 items)

    知  zhī OC: te MC: ʈiɛ 319 Attributions

    The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

      Word relations
    • Subject: 淺/SHALLOW
    • Inconsist: 惑/CONFUSED The standard general word for any kind of confusion is huò 惑 (ant. qīng 清 "be unconfused and clear").
    • Result: 誨/TEACH Huì 誨 (ant. xí 習 "study persistently") refers to systematic and persistent efforts to teach and inculcate intellectual or practical skills (誨之琴 "taught him to play the zither") and moral understanding of students (誨女知之 "I will teach you so you understand"), and the word never implies coercion or any threat of force. Huì 誨 can be mutual, or refer to equals teaching equals, even subordinates teaching superiors 諫誨 "remonstrate with and instruct". The word is not commonly nominalised. The primary aim of huì 誨 is understanding.
    • Result: 慮/THINK Lǜ 慮 refers to thoughtful long-term strategic (often personal) planning.
    • Result: 生/LIFE
    • Object: 本/BASIS The basic word is běn 本 "the trunk, the main part" (ant. mò 末 "marginal part") and this word refers to the crucial constituent of something in any sense. [GENERAL], [STATIC]; [[COMMON]]
    • Object: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
    • Object: 道術/PHILOSOPHY
    • Object: 天道/LAW OF NATURE
    • Object: 天意/PLAN
    • Epithet: 深 / 深/PROFOUND
    • Contrast: 溫/UNDERSTAND Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject.
    • Contrast: 由/CONFORM Yóu 由 refers to conformity construed as a matter of taking something as one's starting point or point of orientation.
    • Contrast: 好/DESIRE Hào 好 (ant.* yàn 厭 "be fed up with VPing") refers to a general strong, and strongly motivated, inclination in favour of something. 好戰 "is fond of warfare". xxx
    • Contrast: 智 / 知/INTELLIGENT The most general word for native ability to understand is zhī 知 (ant. wú zhī 無知 "lack the ability to understand"), but the word ranges in meaning from spiritual wisdom to technical competence.
    • Contrast: 覺/UNDERSTAND Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something
    • Contrast: 識/KNOW Shí 識 is to be able to recognise and thus to have some idea of something through familiarity and experience, and what one is thus familiar with does not seem to be facts.
    • Synon: 見/UNDERSTAND
    • Synon: 識/KNOW Shí 識 is to be able to recognise and thus to have some idea of something through familiarity and experience, and what one is thus familiar with does not seem to be facts.
    • Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.
    • Oppos: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]

      Syntactic words
    • nab(post-N)psychologicalread zhī: the contextually determinate N's understandingCH
    • nab[post-N]psychologicalone's understandingCH
    • nabactread zhì: display of knowledge
    • nabmetaphysicalread zhì: understanding (interpreted as an agent)
    • nabpositiveread zhì: proper (empathetic etc) understanding; 
    • nabpsychunderstanding, cognition; level of understanding (possibly needs to be read in the fourth tone in this meaning)
    • viactdisplay knowledge; have the proper understanding of things
    • vichangeascertain the facts properly; come to understand the facts properly
    • vipsychunderstand things properly; understand something indeterminate properly
    • vt(oN)internalise; understand the contextually determinate object properly
    • vt(oN)inchoativehave come to understand/internalise the contextually determinate thing 
    • vt+prep+Nhave proper understanding of
    • vt+V[0]modalunderstand that one should VLZ
    • vt[oN]understand things; understand what is going on; have any idea of what is going on (often negated)
    • vtoNabunderstand/internalise the abstract object NabCH
    • vtoNabhave empathetic understanding for, often in 不知 “have no understanding for"CH
    • vtoNinchoativeget to understand N properly
    • vtoNPab{S}know how S, understand that S; understand why S
    • vtoNPab{S}inchoativecome to understand that S
    • vtoNpassiveget properly known, get found out; become well-known; get properly understood
    • vtoNperfectivefully internalise; understand properly; understand and respect properly; be sure of the workings (of something); understand the ins and outs of
    • vtoNreflexive.己understand (oneself) properly, understand one's own affairs properly
    • vtoNreflexive.自understand (oneself); know where one is;
    • vtoSunderstand that S
    • vtoS{NOMINAL}know that a subject is N{PRED}CH
    通  tōng OC: kh-looŋ MC: thuŋ 43 Attributions

    Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject

      Word relations
    • Ant: 暗 / 闇/STUPID
    • Contrast: 逮/REACH Dài 逮 refers to catching up or reaching a certain desirable stage or level of achievement. See also CATCH UP.
    • Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpertinent understanding> powerful understanding
    • nab.post-V{NUM}kinds of thorough understanding
    • vadNknowledgeable, of broad learning; educated
    • viobject=diffuseto understand things thoroughly; to have penetrated deeply into a matter
    • vt+prep+Nhave a full understanding of; understand properly; have a precise understanding of
    • vt+prep+Npsychhave a proper understanding of (oneself/one's own N)
    • vt[oN]understand thingsCH
    • vt[oN]inchoativecome to understand things thoroughlyLZ
    • vtoNhave thorough knowledge of, see to the bottom of, have a full understanding of
    • vtoNcausativeto make N understand, to enlighten NLZ
    • vtoNcausativeto illuminate N, to make N well-known, to make N understoodVK
    • vtoNchangeget generally known
    • vtoNpassivebe well understood, come to be well understoodLZ
    見  jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 36 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

      Syntactic words
    • nabunderstanding; intellectual perspective; coming to understand
    • vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate matter
    • vt+prep+Nunderstand, realise
    • vt[oN]have understanding; understand things[CA] mod.CH
    • vtoNfigurative: realise, be able to understand what is not immediately visible; see through, recognise the true nature of
    • vtoNPab{S}understand that S
    • vtoSunderstand that S
    達  dá OC: daad MC: dɑt 28 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • viactmake oneself understood
    • vistativehave an accomplished understanding of things
    • vt(oN)fail to quite get the meaning of the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Nhave a pertinent (practical) understanding of
    • vt+Sunderstand that S
    • vtoNperfectivereach a full understanding of; understand properly
    明  míng OC: mraŋ MC: mɣaŋ 28 Attributions

    Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

      Word relations
    • Result: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
    • Assoc: 分/DISTINGUISH Fèn 分 refers to the results of the deliberate establishment of distinctions, and to the making of such distinctions.
    • Synon: 別/DISTINGUISH The deliberate establishment of distinctions is bié 別 or pàn 判.
    • Synon: 察/UNDERSTAND Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.
    • Synon: 通/UNDERSTAND Tōng 通 (ant. hūn 昏 "be confused about") refers to comprehensive and thorough familiarity with a subject
    • Synon: 解/UNDERSTAND
    • Synon: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

      Syntactic words
    • nabclear understanding, clear insightLZ
    • nab.post-V{NUM}kinds of enlightenment
    • vadNBUDDH: enlightened
    • vistativehave perceptive understanding
    • vt(oN)have a perfectly clear understanding of contextually determinate thingsLZ
    • vt+prep+Nunderstand properly; develop a proper understanding of
    • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}be so intelligent that ??????????????????
    • vt+prep+Sunderstand clearly that S
    • vt[oN]have a perfectly clear understanding of thingsLZ
    • vtoNunderstand fully, have a clear understanding ofBUDDH: reach enlightenment concerning
    • vtoNab{S}understand
    • vtoNcausativeenlighten; make someone understand
    • vtoNcausativeenlighten
    • vtoNpassivebe properly understood
    • vtoSstativebe clear about, understand clearly that S
    悟  wù OC: ŋaas MC: ŋuo̝ 22 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNinchoativeget a clear vision of, come to understand; understand the significance of; oappreciate properly; become enlightened to
    • vtoNPab{S}inchoativecome to understand that SDS
    • vtoSBUDDH: be enlightened to the fact that, realize that
    解  jiě OC: kreeʔ MC: kɣɛ 17 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 分/DISTINGUISH Fèn 分 refers to the results of the deliberate establishment of distinctions, and to the making of such distinctions.
    • Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychunderstanding
    • vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate N
    • vt[oN]have understanding understand things
    • vtoNbe able to unravel, gain clarity on, understand
    • vtoNpassivebe understood 難解
    • vtoScausativecause to understand > explain that
    知見  zhī jiàn OC: te keens MC: ʈiɛ ken 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychunderstanding, insight, wisdom
    • VPt(oN)see clearly the contextually determinate things
    體  tǐ OC: rʰiiʔ MC: thei 15 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 法/MODEL The current standard word for a concrete or an abstract model to model oneself after is fǎ 法.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNincarnate an understanding of; identify with;  understand so as to embody (the Way; what is basic etc)
    • vtoNcausativecause one to fully understand the structure of NCH
    • vtoNcopulabe an embodiment of
    察  chá OC: skhreed MC: ʈʂhɣɛt 15 Attributions

    Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.

      Syntactic words
    • vi.redactbe investigative and, on that account, well-informedLZ
    • viactinvestigate and understand things
    • vt(oN)inchoativecome to understand N properlyCH
    • vt+prep+Nstativehave a reasoned understanding of
    • vtoNpassivebe clearly understood
    • vtoNstativehave a clear understanding of
    • vtoSunderstand that, have a clear understanding that
    識  shí OC: qhljɯɡ MC: ɕɨk 14 Attributions

    Shí 識 refers to familiarity with something concrete, but the word also refers to simple awareness, especially when negated.

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]gain understanding of things
    • vtoNhave got to know thoroughly > realize, understand properly
    • vtoNinchoativecome to understand; come to be aware ofCH
    • vtoNpassivebe understood
    • vtoSunderstand that
    覺  jué OC: kruuɡ MC: kɣɔk 13 Attributions

    Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")
    • Contrast: 知/KNOW The general word for knowing something to be the case in any way or on any basis is zhī 知, but the word is more common in the meaning discussed under UNDERSTAND.
    • Assoc: 悟 / 寤/ENLIGHTENMENT Jué 覺 and the rarer wù 悟 are inchoative and refer to the coming to understand something

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychawakening; enlightenment
    • vadNBUDDH: awakened, enlightened
    • vadNpassiveBUDDH: of being enlightened/awakened
    • vt(oNab)be awake to the contextually determinate N
    • vt[oN]become enlightened; awake to the truth
    • vtoNBUDDH: awaken from (illusion)
    • vtoNreflexive.自understand oneself; understand what one is doing; be properly aware of what one is doing
    • vtoSunderstand that; be enlightened to the fact that; realize that wake up to the recognition of the fact that
    得  dé MC: tok  OC: tɯɯɡ 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nhave a full grasp of, get the full meaning ofCH
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe grasped, be properly understood；be sorted outCH
    • vtoNperfectiveget a full grasp of; get hold of intellectually, get to grasp; manage to understand; have internalised, have graspedCH
    會  huì OC: ɡloobs MC: ɦɑi 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmentalunderstanding; calculations
    • vt(oN)understand; comprehend (with omitted object)
    • vt+prep+N(deeply) understand, grasp
    • vtoNgrasp, understand
    審  shěn OC: qhjɯmʔ MC: ɕim 12 Attributions

    Chá 察 and shěn 審 (ant. mí 迷 "be all lost when it comes to") refer to incisive clarity of understanding coupled with great awareness of the details of a matter.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate things properly
    • vtoNhave a detailed and discriminating understanding of
    • vtoNPab{S}inchoativecome to understand closely that S; get a firm conviction that SDS
    • vtoNpassivebe properly understood
    • vtoSunderstand quite whether S is true
    證  zhèng OC: tjɯŋs MC: tɕɨŋ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabbuddhistBUDDH: reasoned understanding> enlightenment, realization (often used as syn. for 菩提 bodhi) skr. sākṣāt-karaṇa/sākṣāt-kriyā, pali sacchi-kiriyā (lit. 'the act of putting before the eyes')
    • vadNbuddhistBUDDH: enlightened
    • vt+prep+Ngain a reasoned understanding of
    • vtoNbuddhistBUDDH: understand the evidence for > understand on a proper intellectual basis; be enlightened about
    菩提  pú tí OC: bɯ ɡ-lee MC: buo̝ dei 11 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: wisdom; enlightenment skr. bodhi
    辯  biàn OC: brenʔ MC: biɛn 10 Attributions

    Biàn 辨/辯 (ant. huò 惑 "be al confused about") refers to discriminating and highly articulate specialised, often professional knowledge about something

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 明/EXPLAIN Míng 明 is to throw intellectual light on something by any means, including illustration as well as historical explanation or definition.

      Syntactic words
    • viactbe quick-witted; understand and be able to articulate clearly
    • vt+prep+Nstativeunderstand properly; develop a proper understanding of
    • vtoNunderstand distinctly; sort things out properly
    見解  jiàn jiè OC: keens krees MC: ken kɣɛ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychunderstanding, insight
    • VPiunderstand, have insight
    神通  shén tōng OC: ɢljin kh-looŋ MC: ʑin thuŋ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.cpsychBUDDH: this originally refers to the supernatural powers of a Buddha; spritual powers; sometimes referring to the five sagely powers (五神通) or the six supernatural powers of a holy man (六神通 skr. abijñā
    • VPadNof supernatural powers
    • VPiactBUDDH: to display supernatural powers
    曉  xiǎo OC: qheewʔ MC: heu 8 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychproper understanding
    • vadNcognising, actively understanding thingsCH
    • vi-Pclearly
    • vi-V{SUFF}.adV曉然: clearlyLZ
    • vtoNrare, lunheng: be clear about, be unconfused about; ytl, xiangci: have a grasp of (part of a problem)
    喻  yù OC: los MC: ji̯o
    諭  yù OC: los MC: ji̯o 7 Attributions

    Yù 喻/諭 (ant. àn 闇 "be in the dark about") typically refers to clarity achieved on the basis of an effort of articulation

      Syntactic words
    • nabsudden insight; sudden understandingDS
    • vt(oN)inchoativecome to understand the contextually determinate matter (typically after an explanation has been made)DS
    • vt+prep+Nderive one's proper understand of things from (something)
    • vtoNpassivebe understoodLZ
    契  qì OC: khees MC: khei 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabbuddhistBUDDH: contract to enligthenment > enlightenment; understanding (thereby becoming the member of a lineage)
    • vt+prep+NbuddhistBUDDH: contract to > enlighten to
    • vtoNbuddhistBUDDH: contract to > enlighten to (occasionally: get enlightened and become member of the lineage of); wake up to
    知明  zhī míng MC: trje mjaeng OC: te mraŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]perfectivegain a clear understanding of the plain factsCH
    • VPtoNhave/obtain clear understanding of the plain facts about NCH
    認  rèn OC: njins MC: ȵin 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmanage to distinguish and get clear
    • vtoN1{PIVOT}.+VtoN2to recognize N1 as N2; to reckon that N1 is N2
    • vtoSmanage to distinguish and get clear that; reckon that; assume that
    • {vtt...}reckon N1 as N2; regard N1 as N2
    若  rě OC: njaʔ MC: ȵɣɛ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: wisdom; skr. praj%nā
    正覺  zhèng jué OC: tjeŋs kruuɡ MC: tɕiɛŋ kɣɔk 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]the person of correct understanding> the awakened
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: perfect enlightenment (compare bodhi 菩提); skr. (samyak-)saṃbodhi (syn. to the phonetic transliteration 三藐三菩提)
    覺悟  jué wù OC: kruuɡ ŋaas MC: kɣɔk ŋuo̝ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibecome intellectually awakened
    • VPtoNresultativeget to understand
    • vt[oN]understand thingsCH
    了  liǎo OC: reewʔ MC: leu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhave become aware of > understand, comprehend
    • vtoNstativeunderstand SSXY: 心了其故 "understand the reason in one's mind"
    • vtoSunderstand that
    成道  chéng dào OC: djeŋ ɡ-luuʔ MC: dʑiɛŋ dɑu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactBUDDH: complete the Way > be/become enlightened
    智識  zhì shí OC: tes qhljɯɡ MC: ʈiɛ ɕɨk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdispositionintellectual capacities, cognitive abilities
    習  xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nnonreferentialexperienced person
    • vtoNbe thoroughly familiar with
    見性  jiàn xìng OC: keens seŋs MC: ken siɛŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPieventunderstand one's essence
    心開  xīn kāi OC: slɯm khɯɯl MC: sim khəi 3 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • VPichangecome to understand things 心開意解
    分別  fēn bié OC: pɯn pred MC: pi̯un piɛt 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)buddhistBUDDH: understand, comprehend (with contextually determinate object)
    • VPtoNbuddhistBUDDH: understand, comprehend; skr. jānati no negative connotations such as in Zen texts (see DISTINGUISH); e.g. LOTUS(B): 95c9 分別空慧 wisdom of understanding emptiness (śunyatā-)gatiṃgata... (KARASHIMA 1998: 138)
    知人  zhī rén MC: trje nyin OC: te njin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiunderstand the potential and qualifications of men, 辨識人才CH
    智  zhì OC: tes MC: ʈiɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmental stateunderstnanding things, the understanding of somethingCH
    • nabpsychwise understanding
    深  shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum
    深  shēn MC: syim OC: qhljum 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nunderstand deeply, have a deep mastery of
    • vtoNunderstand deeply, have a deep mastery ofLZ
    理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand (in a principled way)
    • vtoNpassivebe systematically understood
    了知  liǎo zhī OC: reewʔ te MC: leu ʈiɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiunderstand what is happening
    • VPt(oN)understand the contextually determinate thing properly
    • VPtoSclearly understand that
    覽  lǎn OC: ɡ-raamʔ MC: lɑm 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)gain a comprehensive intellectual survey and understanding of the determinate thing
    • vtoNunderstand comprehensively;
    知解  zhī jiě OC: te kreeʔ MC: ʈiɛ kɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychunderstanding, knowledge, insight, interpretation
    • VPtoNunderstand; grasp
    開  kāi OC: khɯɯl MC: khəi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]be open to an understanding of things.CH
    • vtoNopen oneself to an understanding of
    得道  dé dào OC: tɯɯɡ ɡ-luuʔ MC: tək dɑu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactunderstand the true way; obtain the truth
    開解  kāi jiě OC: khɯɯl kreeʔ MC: khəi kɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiinchoativebecome enlightened
    • VPtoNcausativecause to become enlightened
    信解  xìn jiě OC: sins kreeʔ MC: sin kɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)trust in and understand the message N
    明曉  míng xiǎo OC: mraŋ qheewʔ MC: mɣaŋ heu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPihave a clear understanding of things
    頓悟  dùn wù OC: tuuns ŋaas MC: tuo̝n ŋuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychBUDDH: sudden enlightenment; direct insight into one's own nature (one of the key terms of Chán Buddhism)
    • VPt[oN]sudden enlightenment
    全  quán OC: sɡon MC: dziɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhave a complete grasp of
    • vtoNcausativecause one to fully understand N> give a full account of N, fully explain NCH
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe completely understood/proven
    明白  míng bái OC: mraŋ braaɡ MC: mɣaŋ bɣɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabstativestate of intellectual understanding
    • VPt+prep+Nbe clear in one's mind aboutCH
    知之  zhī zhī MC: trje tsyi OC: te kljɯ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabthe (art of) understanding thingsCH
    • VPiunderstand what is going on; know what is going on; be aware of what is going onCH
    知命  zhī mìng OC: te mɢreŋs MC: ʈiɛ mɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiunderstand one's fate
    徹  chè OC: thed MC: ʈhiɛt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVwith supreme understanding
    • vt(oN).postadVresultative complement: V a contextuall determinate N to the degree of understanding it
    • vtoNunderstand fully
    志  zhì MC: tsyiH OC: kljɯs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab= shí 識: understandingLZ
    • vtoN= shí 識, understandLZ
    知故  zhī gù OC: te kaas MC: ʈiɛ kuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychknowledge and understanding of reasons
    六通  liù tōng OC: ɡ-ruɡ kh-looŋ MC: luk thuŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychBUDDH: six mental powers; six supernatural powers; also: 神通 and 六神通
    理會  lǐ huì OC: ɡ-rɯʔ ɡloobs MC: lɨ ɦɑi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNunderstand
    究  jiū 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nunderstand fully, get to the bottom ofCH
    • vtoNperfectiveunderstand fullyCH
    開悟  kāi wù OC: khɯɯl ŋaas MC: khəi ŋuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiget opened to the truth
    聞知  wén zhī OC: mɯn te MC: mi̯un ʈiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)learn so as to understand properly
    包稟  bāo bǐng MC: paew pimX OC: pruu prɯmʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNencompass with deep understandingCH
    詗  xiòng OC: qhʷeŋs MC: hiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viconativebe inquisitive
    諳  ān OC: qɯɯm MC: ʔəm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe well informed about, be familiar with, know about
    無上菩提  wú shàng pú tí OC: ma ɡljaŋs bɯ ɡ-lee MC: mi̯o dʑi̯ɐŋ buo̝ dei 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5073

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Supreme Enlightenment, Ultimate Enlightenment (of a Buddha)
    豫  yù OC: las MC: ji̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNknow beforehand
    知道  zhī dào OC: te ɡ-luuʔ MC: ʈiɛ dɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPihave things right, have the right technique, have the relevant technique
    知音  zhī yīn MC: trje 'im OC: te qrɯm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiunderstand musical notation; understand the notes of music; be able to sing in tuneCH
    惺悟  xīng wù OC: seeŋ ŋaas MC: seŋ ŋuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychunderstanding
    體會  tǐ huì OC: rʰiiʔ ɡloobs MC: thei ɦɑi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)incorporate and understand (a contextually determinate N) > have a genuine understanding, understand, comprehend
    明乎  míng hū MC: mjaeng hu OC: mraŋ ɢaa 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNknow all about; understand very wellCH
    無知  wú zhī OC: ma te MC: mi̯o ʈiɛ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5097a, #2

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: No-knowledge > true understanding, true wisdom (since true understanding does not involve any dualistic and discriminating thinking processes, and distances itself from any subjectes views, this kind of 'not-knowing' is syn. to true understanding; the reasoning is analogous to the assumption that the 'true mark is No-mark' (實相無相 > 真智無智)
    直了  zhí liǎo OC: dɯɡ reewʔ MC: ɖɨk leu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]gain an immediate understanding of things
    悟解  wù jiě OC: ŋaas kreeʔ MC: ŋuo̝ kɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]understand things spiritually
    光明  guāng míng OC: kʷaaŋ mraŋ MC: kɑŋ mɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychenlightenment
    意解  yì jiě OC: qɯɡs kreeʔ MC: ʔɨ kɣɛ 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • VPichangeunderstand things
    三菩提  sān pú tí OC: saam bɯ ɡ-lee MC: sɑm buo̝ dei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the complete enlightenment of a Buddha; SANSKRIT sambyaksambodhi
    獲及  huò jí MC: hweak gip OC: ɢʷreeɡ ɡrɯb 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)resultativemanage to understand the contextually determinate NCH
    把握  bǎ wò OC: praaʔ qrooɡ MC: pɣɛ ʔɣɔk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativehave a grasp of> show solid practical understanding of
    善知  shàn zhī OC: ɡjenʔ te MC: dʑiɛn ʈiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNunderstand properly
    及  jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNreach up to intellectually, understand (a difficult subject); be well-informed on
    等正覺  děng zhèng jué OC: k-lɯɯŋʔ tjeŋs kruuɡ MC: təŋ tɕiɛŋ kɣɔk 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 2006a

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Perfect Enlightenment (of a Buddha; this is an alternative term for 正覺, skr. samyak-saṃbodhi (other variants include 正解, 等覺, 正等正覺, 正等覺, 正盡覺)
    知委  zhī wěi OC: te qrolʔ MC: ʈiɛ ʔiɛ 1 Attribution
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 444

      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNunderstand, know
    度  duó MC: dak OC: ɡ-laaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand precisely the ins and outs ofCH
    達明  dá míng MC: dat mjaeng OC: daad mraŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoN(try to) reach clear understandingCH
    悉  xī OC: sid MC: sit 1 Attribution

    Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand completely
    惺  xīng OC: seeŋ MC: seŋ 1 Attribution
    • () p. 4346a

    • 漢語重言詞詞典 Hanyu chongwenci cidian ( WANG WEIMAO 1999) p. 299a, #1

      清醒貌 early examples from the Tang (poetry, e.g. Dufu)

      Syntactic words
    • vi.redprocessreduplicated: to become awakened; to understand clearly in Buddhist texts starting from the Tang the phrase 常惺惺 became current, referring to a state of permanent awareness and clear discernment
    得了  dé liǎo OC: tɯɯɡ reewʔ MC: tək leu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPpostadVwith proper understanding???
    普  pǔ MC: phuX OC: phaaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhave a broad understanding of; have investigated on a broad scale; be broadly familiar withCH
    有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand and know how to practice 有道CH
    極  jí MC: gik OC: ɡɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand completelyCH
    明通  míng tōng OC: mraŋ kh-looŋ MC: mɣaŋ thuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychunderstanding
    • VPt[oN]to understand things thoroughlyLZ
    明達  míng dá OC: mraŋ daad MC: mɣaŋ dɑt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNunderstand lucidly
    先陀  xiān tuó OC: sɯɯn laal MC: sen dɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiBUDDH: understand, be enlightened
    溫  wēn OC: quun MC: ʔuo̝n 1 Attribution

    Wēn 溫 refers to the resulting close familiarity after long acquaintance with a subject.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe thoroughly familiar with
    遍知  biàn zhī OC: peens te MC: pen ʈiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychBUDDH: all-pervading wisdom (short for zhèngbiànzhī 正遍知)
    瞿然  jù rán OC: kʷas njen MC: ki̯o ȵiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVwith the amazement of a new insight
    照  zhào OC: kljews MC: tɕiɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNkeep orientated about, be well-informed about; get to see, spot
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2understand N1 in the light of N2
    領覽  lǐng lǎn OC: ɡ-reŋʔ ɡ-raamʔ MC: liɛŋ lɑm 1 Attribution
    • () p. 7237b

      early examples cited from 5 Dyn. period

      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)realise, understand (a contextually determinate N)
    盡  jìn OC: dzinʔ MC: dzin 1 Attribution

    Xī 悉 and jìn 盡 refer to presumed completeness in knowledge.

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]get an exhaustive grasp of thingsLZ
    • vtoNhave an exhaustive grasp of
    睹  dǔ MC: tuX OC: k-laaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoSrealise that SCH
    窮  qióng OC: ɡʷɯŋ MC: guŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand completely
    • vtoNpassivebe understood completely
    曉解  xiǎo jiě OC: qheewʔ kreeʔ MC: heu kɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)understand a contextually determinate thing
    精  jīng OC: tseŋ MC: tsiɛŋ 1 Attribution

    Jīng 精 (mào 眊/耄"be completely stupid with respect to") refers to a subtle and thorough understanding of something.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nhave an excellent subtle understanding of N
    • vtoNreflexive.自understand (oneself)
    • vtoNstativehave an exquisite and subtle superior understanding of
    見地  jiàn dì OC: keens lils MC: ken di 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychspiritual horison
    聞  wén OC: mɯn MC: mi̯un 0 Attributions

    Wén 聞 (ant. wèi zhī wén 未之聞 "have never heard/learnt about any such thing") is sometimes used as a resultative verb meaning "come to understand something because one has been informed of it". But this usage is limited to the idiom wén dào 聞道 "hear about the Way".

      Syntactic words
    觀  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabbuddhistBUDDH: insight (in the process of meditation); skr. vipaśyanā, pali vipassanā
    • vt(oN)inchoativegain an understanding of a contextually determinate N
    • vtoNinchoativecome to understand, gain an understanding of
    知通  zhī tōng MC: trje thuwng OC: te kh-looŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNperfectly understandLZ
    現觀  xiàn guān OC: ɡeens koon MC: ɦen kʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychBUDDH: intuition, enlightenment (sometimes used as syn. to bodhi 菩提); SANSKRIT abhisamaya
    寤知  wù zhī OC: ŋaas te MC: ŋuo̝ ʈiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiresultativecome to understand things
    燎寤  liǎo wù OC: ɡ-rewʔ ŋaas MC: liɛu ŋuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiresultativecome to understand the situation properly
    認得  rèn dé OC: njins tɯɯɡ MC: ȵin tək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)understand
    解知  jiě zhī OC: kreeʔ te MC: kɣɛ ʈiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativeunderstand
    多智  duō zhì OC: k-laal tes MC: tɑ ʈiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    分  fēn OC: pɯn MC: pi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNunderstand distinctly
    嫻  xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virare: elegant: accomplished, competent
    三藐三菩提  sān miǎo sān pú tí tí OC: saam mewʔ saam bɯ ɡ-lee MC: sɑm miɛu sɑm buo̝ dei 0 Attributions
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 2005

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 1004a

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: ulimtate enlightenment (of a Buddha); skr. samyak-saṃbodhi (see also 正覺)
    憭  liǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: leu
    瞭  liǎo OC: ɡ-reewʔ MC: leu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)understand the contextually determinate thing 三國 吳 韋昭 《〈國語解〉敘》："侍中 賈君 敷而衍之，其所發明，大義略舉，為已憭矣。"
    • vt[oN]be prone to understand things well (Shuowen: 慧也)
    • vtoNbe clear-sighted, see clearly 宋 王安石 《游土山示蔡天啟秘校》詩：" 蔡侯 雄俊士，心憭形亦諜。"
    知己  zhī jǐ OC: te kɯʔ MC: ʈiɛ kɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPihave self-understanding; understand oneself
    現等覺  xiàn děng jué OC: ɡeens k-lɯɯŋʔ kruuɡ MC: ɦen təŋ kɣɔk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychBUDDH: complete enlightenment (syn. to bodhi 菩提); SANSKRIT abhisaṃbodhi
    澈  chè OC: dad MC: ɖiɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe clear about
    稔  rěn OC: nɡljɯmʔ MC: ȵim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstativepost-Han: be familiar with
    覺了  jué liǎo OC: kruuɡ reewʔ MC: kɣɔk leu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibuddhistBUDDH: have understood and become awakened > be awakened, have understanding, be enlightened