METHOD  方法術

SYSTEM of ACTS USING which one is ABLE to SUCCEED IN a TASK. 
PROCEDURETECHNIQUESYSTEMPRACTICEROUTINEMODUS OPERANDIPROCESSSTRATEGYTACTICPLAN
Hypernym
  • SYSTEMTRANSPARENTLY OR EXPLICITLY ORDERED COMPLEX WHOLE.
    • WHOLEPERFECT so as to LACK NONE OF ITS PARTS.
      • PERFECTCOMPLETELY AND INTENSELY EXCELLENT.
        • EXCELLENTFEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS...
See also
  • WAYLONG AND NARROW LEVEL PLACE ON which HUMANS GO TO PLACES OR TRAVEL TO DISTANT PLACES.
    • SKILLFULABLE to ACT:do something BECAUSE one has LEARNT NECESSARY METHODS. 
      • PLANTHINK ABOUT A COMPLEX ENDURING INTEND:intention
        • ARTSSKILLS BELIEVED to be IMPORTANT FOR EDUCATION OR AMUSEMENT.
          Hyponym
          • STANDARD　ENDURINGLY USED METHOD, TYPICALLY GOVERNED by some AUTHORITY, CAUSING one to be ABLE to JUDGE something. 
          • ART　One of the ARTS or a METHOD of PRODUCING BEAUTIFUL THINGS in order to AMUSE OR TEACH.
          • LANGUAGE　METHOD USING SOUND USING which HUMANS MUTUALLY COMMUNICATE AND EXPRESS MEANING.
          • RELIGION　CUSTOMARY METHOD of ACTING BASED a STANDARD of SHOULD:obligatory SACRED BELIEFS OR FAITH.
            • WITCHCRAFT　SUPERNATURAL METHOD OF SHAMANS.
              • MATHEMATICAL METHOD　METHOD USED for MATHEMATICS.
                • ARCHITECTURE　METHOD of BUILDing BUILDINGS.
                  • ROLE　DEFINED METHOD of ACTING one MUST USE in a SOCIETY.
                    • STATUS　ROLE in a GROUP OR in a SOCIETY.
                  • BEHAVIOUR　ENDURING METHOD of ACTING.
                    • GLANCE　METHOD of LOOKING.
                      • CHIROMANCY　METHOD of GUESSING the BASIC NATURE of a HUMAN by OBSERVING his/her HAND.
                        • PHYSIOGNOMY　METHOD of OBSERVING the BODY of someone and GUESSING his REAL NATURE.
                          • CHIROMANCY　METHOD of GUESSING the BASIC NATURE of a HUMAN by OBSERVING his/her HAND.
                        • RATIONALITY　METHOD of BELIEVING ONLY WHAT ONE CAN EXPLAIN HOW ONE KNOWS.
                          • TECHNIQUE　METHOD IN THE PRODUCTION OF ART.
                            • LOT　METHOD OF MAKING A PUBLIC DECISION BY CAUSING IT THE DECISION TO BE BY COINCIDENCE.
                              Old Chinese Criteria
                              1. The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.

                              2. Fāng 方 refers to a professional and often esoteric and/or recondite skill or trick.

                              3. Fǎ 法 is a regular rule-governed procedure governing the proper exercise of a skill.

                              4. Dào 道 is a way of being as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.

                              5. Duān 端 refers to a basic method or the important features of a method.

                              學有次第而後大成 "When study has method, only then will it greatly succeed." ( 宋. 歐陽修 )

                              Modern Chinese Criteria
                              辦法 / 措施

                              方法 is the technical Westernised term for a method.

                              法子 is an informal word for a way of handling things.

                              辦法 is colloquial word referring to means of solving a practical problem.

                              手段 refers to an informal and possibly unallowable way of handling something.

                              巧門兒 refers apporovingly to commendable trick or knack for getting something done.

                              法門 is an institutionalised method of handling a problem area.

                              步驟 refers to the methodical steps taken as part of a method.

                              手法 refers (often pejoratively) to a quick way of going about something, or a trick.

                              方式 can refer to a manner, pattern or style of handling something.

                              章程 refers to a sancitioned prescription on how something must be done.

                              抓撓 refers specifically to a way out of difficulties and is marginal in the group.

                              長法 refers specifically to long-term problem-solving.

                              方

                              法

                              術

                              轍

                              道

                              計

                              不二法門

                              rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                              • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.992

                              • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 467

                                ARS est scientia, res, rerumque naturas rite tractandi. Sive, est ratione et usu acquisita vis agenti, voluntariarum operationum directrix.

                              • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                                WAY

                                doctrina refers to a certain intellectual discipline pursued within a particual specialisation.

                                eruditio refers to the psychological and spiritual crowning result of the specialised study of doctrinae.

                                exercitatio refers to the professional facility and familiarity with a certain subject that is the result of study.

                              • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 42n.170

                                techne in Plato.

                              • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                                DISCIPLINA

                              • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 91

                              • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 97

                              • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.267

                              • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.593

                              • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1268

                                TECHNIQUE

                              • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.1305

                                METHODE

                              • Das griechische Technik-Verständnis ( SCHNEIDER 1989) p.

                              • Historisches Woerterbuch der Rhetorik ( UEDING 1992ff) p. 1.1009

                              • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 11

                              • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 9

                              • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 14

                              • 跟我學同義詞 ( CAI SHAOWEI 2010) p. 30

                              • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. B 37

                              Words

                              道  dào OC: ɡ-luuʔ MC: dɑu 196 AttributionsWD

                              Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.

                                Word relations
                              • Inconsist: 俗/VULGAR The most general current word for ordinariness or vulgarity is sú 俗 (ant. yǎ 雅 "elegant"), and the basic parameter of judging something as sú 俗is relative status in the hierarchy.
                              • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
                              • Object: 順/CONFORM Perhaps the most general and the most current word describing conformity to a norm is shùn 順 (ant. nì 逆 "go against").
                              • Object: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
                              • Object: 知/UNDERSTAND The standard current and word for understanding something and knowing how to do something is zhī 知 (ant. mèi 昧 "not have the foggiest idea")
                              • Object: 得/OBTAIN The current general and highly abstract verb for obtaining any form of possession of anything abstract or concrete is dé 得 (ant. shī 失 "lose inadvertently").
                              • Epithet: 天/GOD Tiān 天 refers to the - often personified or semi-personified - God of Heaven.
                              • Epithet: 一/ONE The general word for one is yī 一.
                              • Contrast: 數/METHOD
                              • Contrast: 理/PRINCIPLE Lǐ 理 refers to inherent structuring patterns of things.
                              • Contrast: 術/METHOD The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.
                              • Contrast: 命/FATE The current word referring to what is fated, determined or decreed by Heaven, and thus invested with unquestionable moral or metaphysical authority is mìng 命, sometimes expanded to tiān mìng 天命.
                              • Contrast: 事/ACT Shì 事 (ant.* xián 閒 "take it easy") primarily focusses on action as part of the fulfilment of a duty imposed by one's station in life or a task one has set oneself. [PRESCRIBED], [PUBLIC!], [RESPONSIBLE]
                              • Assoc: 德/VIRTUE The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings.
                              • Assoc: 術/METHOD The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.
                              • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
                              • Oppos: 祿/SALARY The general word for apanages, emoluments or salaries received by any person of high status is lù 祿.
                              • Oppos: 理/PRINCIPLE Lǐ 理 refers to inherent structuring patterns of things.
                              • Oppos: 命/FATE The current word referring to what is fated, determined or decreed by Heaven, and thus invested with unquestionable moral or metaphysical authority is mìng 命, sometimes expanded to tiān mìng 天命.

                              • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.267

                                Syntactic words
                              • nab.adV小道　in accordance with the wayCH
                              • nab.adV小道　with respect to methodsLZ
                              • nab.c:post-NN=plur小道　countable: (different ways) of the various N (?)CH
                              • nab.post-Nthe proper way of V-ing; the proper role of an N, the proper way of being an N
                              • nab.post-Nthe proper Way for an NCH
                              • nab.post-Nabthe proper way of Nab-ingCH
                              • nab.post-Nprthe methods of Npr; the ideology of NprCH
                              • nab.post-nprorestricted(this) WayCH
                              • nab.post-V(the proper) way to VCH
                              • nab.post-V{NUM}methodway of doing things
                              • nab.post-V{NUM}methodmethods, basic orientations
                              • nab[post-N]ideologicalone's moral/political convictions; one's ideology, the standard way of thinking followed by a person or dominating a group
                              • nab[post-N]moralsomebody's morally correct standards and methodsDS
                              • nabbuddhistBUDDH: the Buddhist truth; the Buddhist way; skr. mārga
                              • nabconceptthe concept of "the correct way"LZ
                              • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: method
                              • nabmetaphysical大道　the (morally correct) Way; the proper non-substance-like abstract metaphysical principle ensuring that all is well in the world
                              • nabsocial小道 negative: way of behaviourCH
                              • nabspecial method小道　mass noun that can be counted and specified as being somebody's: way, or the way of doing something; ways (of the world)
                              • nabWay大道 the ideal way of handling life, the WayCH
                              • nabwaysLY 1.11 父之道“way of doing things”： routines; ways of behaviourCH
                              • nab{PRED}be the proper WayCH
                              • nadNbent on the Way
                              • viactfollow the proper Way; follow a definite method
                              • vtoNtake as one's method/way/Way
                              法  fǎ OC: pab MC: pi̯ɐp 78 AttributionsWD

                              Fǎ 法 is a regular rule-governed procedure governing the proper exercise of a skill.

                                Word relations
                              • Object: 失/NEGLECT
                              • Object: 定/FIX The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定.
                              • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
                              • Epithet: 正/CORRECT The standard word for conformity with an established standard of behavioural or physical allignment zhèng 正(ant. xié 邪).
                              • Epithet: 天/HEAVEN
                              • Epithet: 王/KING The general term for a king of any kind is wáng 王, and in Warring States times this term can refer to all sovereign rulers, even the Son of Heaven.
                              • Epithet: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
                              • Assoc: 術/METHOD The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.
                              • Assoc: 則/RULE Zé 則 refers to a rule or pattern to be followed.
                              • Assoc: 常/ENDURING Cháng 常 and the especially emphatic héng 恆 "highly constant and permanent" (ant.* ǒu 偶 "contingency and consequent changeability") emphasise the constancy or constant recurrence of the attributes of what is lasting, and typically - though not always - the constancy is valued positively.
                              • Assoc: 數/METHOD

                                Syntactic words
                              • nabstandard procedure; standard preferred method, standard techniqueCH
                              • nab.post-Vactmethod
                              • nab.post-Vmethodmethod; model (we can say cǐ fǎ 此法 "this method")
                              • nab.t:post-Nmethodmethod regarding N, method of conducting N
                              • nabadministrationlaw-based administrative procedures; proper legal processCH
                              • nabbuddhistBUDDH: the method> the Buddhist teaching; SANSKRIT: dharma
                              • nabmedicalmedical method, cure
                              • nabsocial先王之法"norms and procedures of the first kings":(non-penal) norms and procedures; laws and administrative rules; set of explicit rules governing a social group; norms
                              術  shù OC: ɢljud MC: ʑʷit 75 AttributionsWD

                              The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.

                                Word relations
                              • Contrast: 方/METHOD Fāng 方 refers to a professional and often esoteric and/or recondite skill or trick.
                              • Contrast: 數/METHOD
                              • Contrast: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
                              • Assoc: 法/METHOD Fǎ 法 is a regular rule-governed procedure governing the proper exercise of a skill.
                              • Assoc: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
                              • Synon: 數/METHOD

                                Syntactic words
                              • nab.post-Ntechnique; appropriate methods; methodology; artTWH
                              • nab.post-Vproper technique, proper method of V-ingCH
                              • nab.post-V{NUM}methodprofessional method; professional technique; professional competence; consciously cultivated method of conducting one's affairs, "philosophy"
                              • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: mathematical procedure, a term which in Song-Yuan mathematical texts came to be replaced by 法 "method". The expression 算術 "mathematical procedure" makes explicit how 術 alone is understood throughout JZ. 術曰 regularly specifies a well-defined mathematical procedure. Some of these procedures have technical terms referring to them. E.g. 今有術 refers to a general procedure involving multiplication first, and then division, and while the order of these operations makes no difference regarding the mathematical results, the 術 definitely prescribes one order rather than the other.There are contexts in which 術 are specified with reference to the elements in the mathematical problems themselves which are in fact not repeated in the technical description of the 術. Thus, in such cases, the discourse describing these procedures 術 is embedded in the wider discourse of the text. They do not, then constitute instructions that may be properly understood outside the context in which they are proposed.On the other hand, certain procedures are in fact introduced and discussed outside the context of any given problem (as is the case for 今有術 ). These latter instances show that Chinese mathematicians had an interest in mathematical procedures as such, and not only in the pragmatic context of specific problem solution.JZ, Liu Hui's Preface, ed. Guo p. 178 因木望山之術 "the procedure relating to the problem of looking up a mountain relying on a tree". 於徽術 refers primarily to a procedure as defined by the commentator Liu Hui. However, there are instances where the reference is not to the procedure as such but to the numerical constants arrived at by Liu Hui. (It is worth noting how Liu Hui proudly personalises his dicourse about these constants.)JZ 5.11 為術之意 "the idea behind making the procedure" is a current phrase which indicates that procedures have two separate aspects: 1. they must predictably yield correct results; 2. they must realise an underlying mathematical 意 "idea, reasoning". Thus traditional Chinese mathematics were NOT satisfied when an opaque procedure appeared to yield the correct mathematical results, but routinely required the procedure itself to be a realisation of an underlying mathematical idea one had when constructing ( 為 ) the procedure.
                              • nabmethodtechnique; appropriate methods; methodology; artCH
                              • nadNprofessional, properly qualified
                              • nadVmethodically，systematically, using a definite techniqueCH
                              • viacttransmit or present one's method/philosophy (????)
                              所以  suǒ yǐ OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ 65 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodmethods and motives
                              • NPadVhow to, using what (the subject) V-sCH
                              • NPadV{PASS}.postN{SUBJ}之the way how鬼神之所以立"the way the ghosts and spirits were established": the way in whichCH
                              • npro-vt.-Vthe means or method by which the explicit or implicit subject of V V-s: that by means of whichCH
                              • npro-vt.-V:postN{SUBJ}之the means by which N V-s; the ways in which N V-s; the method by which N V-s
                              • npro-vt.-V:postN{SUBJ}之the means by which, the way in whichLZ
                              法術  fǎ shù OC: pab ɢljud MC: pi̯ɐp ʑʷit 37 AttributionsWD

                                Word relations
                              • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodlaw-based art of government
                              • NPabpluralmethod and techniques> methods, proceduresCH
                              • NPadNinformed by the law-based art of government
                              法度  fǎ duó MC: pjop dak OC: pab ɡ-laaɡCH 35 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabsystematic administrative proceduresCH
                              • VPibe in accordance with prescribed systematic administrative rulesCH
                              • VPiactread fǎ dù follow systematic administrative proceduresCH
                              佛法  fó fǎ OC: bɯd pab MC: bi̯ut pi̯ɐp 28 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodBUDDH: the method of Buddha > the Buddhist teachings > Buddhism; skr. Buddha-dharma
                              數  shù OC: sqros MC: ʂi̯o 19 AttributionsWD

                                Word relations
                              • Contrast: 術/METHOD The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.
                              • Contrast: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
                              • Assoc: 法/METHOD Fǎ 法 is a regular rule-governed procedure governing the proper exercise of a skill.
                              • Synon: 術/METHOD The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.

                                Syntactic words
                              • nabmethoddefinite technique, precise method; strategem, trick
                              方便  fāng biàn OC: paŋ bens MC: pi̯ɐŋ biɛn 15 AttributionsWD
                              • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 197

                                In the AVATAMSAKA regarded as the 'seventh perfection' after the six perfections.

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPab.adVbuddhistwith skillful means; skillfully; as a matter of methodological convenience
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: expedient means (to lead somebody to awakening or salvation; one of the key concepts in Mahāyāna Buddhism); sometimes also more generally used for any helpful method to achieve a goal (alternative and rarer translations include: 巧方便;權便;權方便;善權;善權方便); skr. upāya
                              • NPabmethodway of achieving one's end
                              由  yóu OC: liw MC: jɨu 14 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nab(.-V)method to do so
                              • nab.-Vpsychologicalmethod to V
                              • nabpsychologicalwhat one follows> method, means, way 無由 "have no way to VERB"
                              公道  gōng dào MC: kuwng dawX OC: klooŋ ɡ-luuʔCH 14 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabthe Way of the public good, the Way of public interest; the Way of impartialityCH
                              方  fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 13 AttributionsWD

                              Fāng 方 refers to a professional and often esoteric and/or recondite skill or trick.

                                Word relations
                              • Contrast: 術/METHOD The most general word for method or technique is shù 術, and the professional technique here referred is typically publicly accessible.
                              • Assoc: 技/CRAFT Jì 技 is a general term for highly developed skills of any kind, including the professional skills. See SKILL
                              • Assoc: 伎 / 技/ABLE

                                Syntactic words
                              • nabprescribed standard or literary recipeCH
                              • nab.post-V{NUM}methodmethods
                              • nabmethodbasic method, basic orientation; specialist method; definite method; by extension: definite point
                              • nadNprofessional, specialised
                              • vihave sound principles; be principledCH
                              術數  shù shù OC: ɢljud sqros MC: ʑʷit ʂi̯o 12 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodadvanced practical methods (of any kind); systematic technique; methodology(!)
                              因緣  yīn yuán OC: qin k-lon MC: ʔin jiɛn 10 AttributionsWD
                              • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 73b,#20

                                "In ZTJ the term yi1nyua2n is often used when referring to such a 'case'. Yi1nyua2n has a wide range of Buddhist meanings and originally refers to direct and indirect causes/conditions. The fact that Cha2n Buddhists began to use this term when referring to cases of former masters is not accidental. Then term yi1nyua2n was also used to translate the Sanskrit word nidaana which refers to historical narratives inserted into Buddhist suutras and commentaries. Cha2n adherents probably used this term because they regarded the accounts of the sayings and deeds of former masters as historical events which - condensed to the essence - could be used to 'condition' an enlightenment experience in the present."

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabBUDDH: causes > causes / opportunity of teaching > 'case' (in Chán Buddhism sometimes referring to a specific method of instruction which consists of taking up a 'case' of old (which can consist of a question which was posed by a master, or can refer to a short dialogue between a master and his student, or the account of a teaching situation) and testing a Chán student with it); the term is closely related to 公案 (kooan) of the Song period)
                              • NPab.cmetaphysicalBUDDH: opportune occasions
                              • VPiactBUDDH: engage in the 因緣 method, basing oneself on available cases/opportunities
                              佛道  fó dào OC: bɯd ɡ-luuʔ MC: bi̯ut dɑu 8 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Way of the Buddha > Buddhist path; the Buddhist teaching; the Buddhist truth; skr. Buddha-mārga
                              意旨  yì zhǐ OC: qɯɡs kjiʔ MC: ʔɨ tɕi 8 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabsemanticmeaning; intention (> doctrine; method of teaching)
                              法門  fǎ mén OC: pab mɯɯn MC: pi̯ɐp muo̝n 8 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: dharma gate > method of the dharma, method of practice (skr. dharmāmukha; dharma-mukha) > Buddhist philosophical lineage or school
                              三塗  sān tú OC: saam laa MC: sɑm duo̝
                              三途  sān tú OC: saam laa MC: sɑm duo̝ 5 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPBUDDH: three ways of life: of hell, of beasts, of hungry ghosts (see also 六道)
                              十二分教  shí èr fēn jiào OC: ɡjub njis pɯn kruus MC: dʑip ȵi pi̯un kɣɛu 5 AttributionsWD
                              • Digital Dictionary of Buddhism ( MULLER) p.

                                "1) suutra (xiu1-duo1-luo2 修多羅; qi4-ji1ng 契經; ji1ng 經)

                                (2) geya (zhi3-ye4 祇夜; yi1ng-so4ng 應頌; cho2ng-so4ng 重頌): this refers to verses which are inserted into the prosa text and which sum up the essential points of the preceding prosa text)

                                (3) gaathaa (qie2-tuo2 伽陀; fe4ng-so4ng 諷頌; gu1-qi3-so4ng 孤起頌): verses

                                (4) nidaana (ni2-tuo2-na4 尼陀那; yi1n-yua2n 因緣): this refers to historical narratives

                                (5) itivRrttaka (yi1-di4-mu4-duo1-qie2 伊帝目多伽; be3n-shi4 本事): this refers to accounts on the past lives of Buddha's disciples.

                                (6) jaataka (she2-duo1-qie2 闍多伽): this refers to accounts on the past lives of Buddha.

                                (7) adbhuta-dharma (a1-fu2-da2-mo2 阿浮達磨; a1-fu2-tuo2-da2-mo2 阿浮陀達磨; we4i-ze1ng-yo3u 未曾有): this refers to accounts in Buddhist scriptures which deal with Buddha掇 performance of supernatural deeds.

                                (8) avadaana (a1-bo1-tuo2-na4 阿波陀那; pi4-yu4 譬喻): parables and allegories

                                (9) upadesSa (yo1u-po2-ti2-she3 優婆提舍; lu4n-yi4 論議): this refers to debates and discussions on soteriological and epistemological issues.

                                (10) udaana (yo1u-tuo2-na4 優陀那; zi4-shuo1 自說): this term refers to doctrinal statements made by the Buddha not made as response to questions from disciples, opponents, etc.

                                (11) vaipulya (pi2-fo2-lye4 毗佛略; fa1ng-gua3ng 方廣): this refers to a wide range of doctrinal discussions.

                                (12) vyaakaraNna (he2-qie2-luo2-na4 和伽羅那; sho4u-ji4 授記): this refers to texts which deal with the prediction of future Buddhahood which Buddha gives to some of his disciples."�

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabBUDDH: the teachings as described in the Buddhist canon divided into twelve divisions (in the Chán context often derogatory for all teachings based on written texts, as opposed to teachings based on experience)
                              路  lù OC: ɡ-raaɡs MC: luo̝ 4 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabfigurativethe right path; the proper path to follow in public life 義人之正路也
                              方法  fāng fǎ OC: paŋ pab MC: pi̯ɐŋ pi̯ɐp 4 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmedical method; method (also plural: methods)
                              道術  dào shù OC: ɡ-luuʔ ɢljud MC: dɑu ʑʷit 4 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethods of the Dao, professional skills
                              • NPabthe correct way; the correct/proper techniqueVK
                              • NPab.adN(the N) constituted by the philosophy of the WayCH
                              中  zhōng OC: krluŋ MC: ʈuŋ 3 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabmethodmiddle Way
                              端  duān OC: toon MC: tʷɑn 3 AttributionsWD

                              Duān 端 refers to a basic method or the important features of a method.

                                Syntactic words
                              • nabapproach, basic method (see BASIS); bearings
                              風  fēng OC: plum MC: puŋ 3 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabactmethod, style, manner
                              權  quán OC: ɡron MC: giɛn 2 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nab.adVas a method; as an expedient means
                              • nabbuddhistBUDDH: method (syn. to 方便 ) SOOTHILL: "The weight (on a steelyard), weight, authority, power; to balance, adjudge; bias, expediency, partial, provisional, temporary, positional; in Buddhist scriptures it is used like 方便 expediency, or temporary; it is the adversative of 實 "See DDB: http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?6b.xml+id('b6b0a')
                              方術  fāng shù OC: paŋ ɢljud MC: pi̯ɐŋ ʑʷit 2 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabmethodprofessional method
                              道品  dào pǐn OC: ɡ-luuʔ phrɯmʔ MC: dɑu phim 2 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodregulated good way of life
                              法數  fǎ shù MC: pjop srjuH OC: pab sqrosLZ 2 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPmethods and rules of administrationLZ
                              方略  fāng lǜe MC: pjang ljak OC: paŋ ɡ-raɡLZ 2 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPmethods of government (including both strategies and tactics)LZ
                              經  jīng MC: keng OC: keeŋCH 2 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabstandard methodCH
                              律  lǜ OC: b-rud MC: lʷin 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • naba systematic rule (for conduct)
                              首  shǒu OC: qhljuʔ MC: ɕɨu 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabmethodcapital Buddhist methods
                              善法  shàn fǎ OC: ɡjenʔ pab MC: dʑiɛn pi̯ɐp 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodgood dharmas (i.e. Buddhist dharmas)
                              宗門  zōng mén OC: tsuuŋ mɯɯn MC: tsuo̝ŋ muo̝n 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: method of instruction, style of teaching, school (often concretely referring to the Chán School), doctrine
                              宗風  zōng fēng OC: tsuuŋ plum MC: tsuo̝ŋ puŋ 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethod, style of teaching
                              手腳  shǒu jiǎo OC: hmljuʔ kaɡ MC: ɕɨu ki̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
                              • Chánzōng yǔyán hé wénxiàn ( YUAN BIN 1995) p. 21

                              • 禪宗語言 Chánzōng yǔyán The Language of the Chán School ( ZHOU YUKAI 1999) p. 324

                                手段

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabhands and feet > method, trick, device, means
                              方策  fāng cè OC: paŋ skhreeɡ MC: pi̯ɐŋ ʈʂhɣɛk 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabdevice, means, strategies
                              方計  fāng jì OC: paŋ kiis MC: pi̯ɐŋ kei 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodway of dealing with things, alternative
                              法水  fǎ shuǐ OC: pab qhjulʔ MC: pi̯ɐp ɕi 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodthe "water" of the Buddhist dharma
                              準直  zhǔn zhí OC: kljunʔ dɯɡ MC: tɕʷin ɖɨk 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPguidelines
                              漚和  ōu hé OC: qoo ɡool MC: ʔu ɦʷɑ 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: phonetic transliteration of upāya 'expedient means' ( 方便 ) (usually appearing in the compounds 漚和拘舍羅 and 漚和俱舍羅 upāya-kauṣalya) See DDB: http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?50.xml+id('b50b4-548c-62d8-820d-7f85')
                              道分  dào fèn OC: ɡ-luuʔ bɯns MC: dɑu bi̯un 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodthe relevant part of the Way > the aspect of the Way that is relevant to one
                              今有術  jīn yǒu shù OC: krɯm ɢʷɯʔ ɢljud MC: kim ɦɨu ʑʷit 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
                              八正道  bā zhèng dào OC: preed tjeŋs ɡ-luuʔ MC: pɣɛt tɕiɛŋ dɑu 1 AttributionWD
                              • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 172-173

                                "The term 'Noble Eightfold Path' (aarya-aSsTtaanNga-maarga, P. ariya-aTtTthanNgika-magga, 八聖道, 八正道) means a path embracing eight items which is to be walked by 'noble' holy ones. 'Noble' (aarya, P. ariya) may be regarded here as an honorific term referring to the members of the community consisting of SSaakyamuni and his disciples [...]. The eight items comprising the path have already been mentioned in the passage from the Vinaya-piTtaka quoted in chapter 3; according to the commentarial literature, their contents are as follows:

                                (1) Right views (samyag-dRrSsTti, P. sammaa-diTtTthi, 正見): contemplation of the Four Noble Truths.

                                (2) Rights intentions (samyak-saMmkalpa, P. sammaa-saMmkappa, 正思惟): desiring renunciation and being free of malice, hatred, and greed.

                                (3) Right speech (samyag-vaac, P. sammaa-vaacaa, 正語): avoidance of mendacity, slander, harsh speech, and frivolous talk.

                                (4) Right conduct (samyak-karmaanta, P. sammaa-kammanta, 正業): avoidance of killing, theft, and unchastity.

                                (5) Right livelihood (samyag-aajiiva, P. sammaa-aajiiva, 正命): avoidance of unwholesome means of livelihood (a life regulated by the commuinity rules).

                                (6) Right efforts (samyag-vyaayaama, P. sammaa-vaayaama, 正精進): striving to abandon evil already arisen and to prevent the inception of such evil as has not yet arisen, and striving to produce to produce future good and to increase such good as has already arisen (= 'four right exertions'; see p. 187).

                                (7) Right mindfulness (samyak-smRrti, P. sammaa-sati, 正念): contemplation of the body as impure, of the perceptions as unsatisfactory, of the mind as transient, and of all phenomena as without self (= 'four fields of mindfulness'; see p. 187), whereby the 'four errors' (catvaaro viparyaasaaHh, P. cattaaro vipariyesaa, 四顛倒) that the body be pure, life pleasurable, the mind unchanging, and the self existent are eliminated.

                                (8) Right concentration (samyak-samaadhi, P. sammaa-samaadhi, 正定): the four initial stages of meditation (see pp. 182-83).

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Noble Eightfold Path; SANSKRIT ārya-aṣṭānNga-mārga, PALI ariya-aṭṭhanNgika-magga
                              • NPsubject=humanadherents of the Noble Eightfold Path
                              甘露門  gān lù mén OC: kaam ɡ-raaɡs mɯɯn MC: kɑm luo̝ muo̝n 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabBUDDH: the gate of sweet dew > the Buddhist teaching
                              聊以  liáo yǐ MC: lew yiX OC: b-ruu k-lɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPab.adVby this methodCH
                              圓  yuán MC: -- OC: ɢonCH 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabderivedprecise circle: prescribed (traditional) literary methodCH
                              用  yòng MC: yowngH  OC: k-loŋs CH 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabconcrete procedure, practical methodCH
                              大方  dà fāng MC: dajH pjang OC: daads paŋCH 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabsingularGreat Procedure, Supreme Method, Ultimate Recipe for the Good LifeCH
                              度數  dù shù MC: duH srjuH OC: ɡ-laaɡs sqrosCH 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabexact effective methodCH
                              法制  fǎ zhì MC: pjop tsyejH OC: pab kjedsCH 1 AttributionWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabsystem of normsCH
                              方謀  fāng móu OC: paŋ mɯ MC: pi̯ɐŋ mɨu 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabBUDDH ?? strategy, means LOTUS(B): 94c4 如來至真等正覺所設方謀甚深
                              異端  yì duān OC: p-lɯɡs toon MC: jɨ tʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD

                              divergent approaches

                                Syntactic words
                              • NPpluraldivergent approaches
                              真道  zhēn dào OC: tjin ɡ-luuʔ MC: tɕin dɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmethodtrue Way
                              都術  dū shù OC: k-laa ɢljud MC: tuo̝ ʑʷit 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: general method
                              人之道  rén zhī dào OC: njin kljɯ ɡ-luuʔ MC: ȵin tɕɨ dɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPab.cmethodWay of humans (as opposed to the cosmic Way of things)
                              八聖道  bā shèng dào OC: preed qhljeŋs ɡ-luuʔ MC: pɣɛt ɕiɛŋ dɑu 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: Noble Eightfold Path (see 八正道)
                              門  mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabmethodconvenient and correct way of proceeding
                                Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPab.adVby this methodCH
                                Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabmethod to be usedCH
                                Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • NPabsystematic administrative proceduresCH
                                Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
                                Syntactic words
                              • nabderivedprecise circle: prescribed (traditional) literary methodCH

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