GOVERN  統治治

MANAGE AND CONTROL a WHOLE STATE or a BIG TERRITORY.
GOVERNPRESIDE OVERCONTROLLEADDOMINATERUNHEADADMINISTERMANAGEBE IN POWERBE IN CONTROLBE IN COMMANDBE IN CHARGEGOVERNREIGNBE MONARCHBE SOVEREIGN
Hypernym
  • MANAGECONTROL ENDURINGLY OR SUCCESSFULLY
    • CONTROLINTERACT so as to CAUSE TO BE OR ACT RESEMBLE:as one DESIRES.
      • INTERACTACT so as to CAUSE ANOTHER TO REACT.
        • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision....
Hyponym
  • BUREAUCRACY　COMPLEX LEGITIMATE SYSTEM of GOVERNMENT, USING MANY OFFICES FORMING a HIERARCHY.
    • AUTONOMY　GOVERN ONESELF AND DECIDE ONESELF the MORAL LAWS one is to FOLLOW.
      • GOVERN CONCURRENTLY　GOVERN SOMETHING WHILE GOVERNING SOMETHING OTHER.
        • GOVERN INSTEAD　GOVERN>administer an OFFICE REPLACING SOMEONE OTHER.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

          2. Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

          3. Nán miàn 南面, tīng zhèng 聽政, and the late jiàn zuò 踐祚 "ascend the throne and hold control" are polite ways of referring to the occupation of ruler's position by a legitimate incumbent.

          4. Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.

          5. Shù 術 refers to the "philosophical" and political art of statecraft.

          6. Xiǎng 享 refers to government of a state as a privilege enjoyed by the legitimate ruler.

          7. Wàng 王 is the proper government of a state by its legitimate ruler, and term often has "idealising" nuances.

          8. Jūn 君 refers to de-facto government by a ruler without any idealising or approving nuances being implied.

          9. Zhuān 專 refers to the (often illegal or not entirely law-based) monopolising of power, and the word often has negative connotations.

          10. Xiàng 相 refers to senior roles in government bureaucracy other than those of the ruler.

          11. Sī 司 refers to administration on a scale below that of a state.

          12. Shǐ 使 refers to leadership, typically of the people.

          13. Mù 牧 refers to government as a paternalistic responsibility of the ruler.

          黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
          HUANG JINGUI 2006

          GOVERNMENT/LAW 16. 主持、掌管。

          典，用於掌管一個方面的事務，多為宮廷服務性官稱。

          掌，使用範圍較廣，是上古掌管的通稱。

          主，後接表一個方面事務的賓語。

          尚，多用於服務皇帝的具體事務。

          司，主掌某一方面的重大事務，使用最為普遍；後世成為政務分工的普遍用語，并成為主管機構的類詞。

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          統治

          秉國

          秉政

          執政

          當政

          當道

          當路

          當途

          當國

          當權

          在朝

          在位

          拿權

          掌權

          掌印

          用事

          執要

          秉鈞

          坐江山

          坐天下

          坐龍庭

          秉國政

          秉朝政

          掌印把子

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.31

          • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 549

          • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 68

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 140A

          • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 302

          • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 5.361-422

          • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 2

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.140

            DESPOTIE

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.1084

            HERRSCHAFT

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.1096

            HERRSCHAFTSFORMEN

          • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no 101

          • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 101

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 140A

            ADMINISTRATION

          Words

          政  zhèng OC: tjeŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ 173 Attributions

          Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.

            Word relations
          • Object: 為/ACT Wéi 為 (ant. wú wéi 無為 "not engage in purposeful and result-orientated self-assertive action") focusses not on the act itself but primarily on the results achieved or aimed for. [OCCASIONAL], [PURPOSEFUL]
          • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
          • Object: 立/ESTABLISH The current general word for setting up anything abstract or concrete is lì 立 and the almost equally common shè 設.
          • Epithet: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
          • Epithet: 虐/CRUEL Nyè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority.
          • Contrast: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
          • Contrast: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
          • Assoc: 位/RANK Wèi 位 and the rarer liè 列 typically refer to relatively elevated official ranks only.
          • Assoc: 事/WORK Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.
          • Synon: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

            Syntactic words
          • nab(post-N)actone's administrationCH
          • nab(post-N{OBJ})the government (of a contextually determinate state) 某某國之政
          • nab(post-N{OBJ})actadministration of a state, public administration; administrative measure; administrative method; administrative tasks and problems; administrative practice
          • nab(post-N{OBJ})conceptthe general question of political administration
          • nab(post-N{OBJ})methodmethods of government
          • nab.post-Nadministration of the object NCH
          • nab.post-Npolitical administration as practised by NCH
          • nab.post-Nsocialadministrative practice in the place NCH
          • nab.tactadministration of (some state N etc) Note: 夏政 1. administration by the Xia; 2. administration of the Xia kingdom
          • nab[post-N]bureaucratic admitistration of one's stateCH
          • nabactadministration; administrative practice; spirit of administration
          • nadNadministrative
          • viactconduct political administration
          • vtoN= zheng4 正: administerLZ
          治  chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 172 Attributions

          The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

            Word relations
          • Conv: 治於/GOVERN
          • Object: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
          • Object: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
          • Object: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
          • Object: 產/ASSET Yè 業 refers to permanent assets of significant proportions. [ELEVATED?], [LASTING]
          • Object: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
          • Epithet: 法/METHOD Fǎ 法 is a regular rule-governed procedure governing the proper exercise of a skill.
          • Epithet: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
          • Contrast: 化/TEACH Huà 化 refers to successful disciplining and teaching, typically on a large social scale. See INFLUENCE
          • Contrast: 愛/SAFEGUARD
          • Contrast: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
          • Synon: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
          • Synon: 臨/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • nab.adNfor governance, governing (methods etc.)LZ
          • nab.post-Npassive: the government of N
          • nab.post-Nactthe governing of NCH
          • nabactproper governance, good government; proper government; matters of proper government
          • nabautonymthe word chí "governing, reducing to order"LZ
          • nabstandardgovernance; good governmentCH
          • nsubjectthat which is functioning well, that which is well-ordered and well-governed
          • vadNwell-governed; in order thanks to good governmentLZ
          • vi0there is orderLZ
          • vidispositionbe talented for government; be interested in government; be government-minded (治於 be more govt-minded than...)
          • vt(oN)govern the contextually determinate N (properly)CH
          • vt+prep+Nconduct government in relation to
          • vt[oN]govern others; conduct government
          • vt[oN]perfectivegovern one's people successfullyCH
          • vtoNpassivebe governed; be reduced to proper order
          • vtoNperfectiveto reduce to order; to put in order (the administration etc); to be in administrative charge of, to deal with, take care of; to be in charge of, take administrative responsibility for; to regulate, make regular, control (as breath)
          • vtoNpositivegovern N properly
          • vtoNreflexive.自figurative: govern (oneself) properly
          • vttoN.+prep+Nab{S}inchoativestart putting N into order at the stage of S
          王  wàng OC: ɢʷaŋs MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ 63 Attributions

          Wàng 王 is the proper government of a state by its legitimate ruler, and term often has "idealising" nuances.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactruling as a king, kingly rulership
          • nabprocessbecoming a true king
          • viact不王 "be unkingly in one's behaviour" engage in government as a king; act properly as a king; be kingly in one's behaviour
          • vifigurativehold the dominant position
          • viinchoativegain royal supremacy, come to reign supreme; become a king, get to rule as king; become a proper king
          • vt[oN](come to/get to) rule over something as kingCH
          • vtoN王天下　rule over as king
          有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 49 Attributions

          Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Word relations
          • Object: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
          • Object: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
          • Contrast: 與/COOPERATE The current general word for cooperation is yǔ 與 (ant. jué 絕 "cut off relations with").

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe formally or effectively in political control of (a state); control　有國
          • vtoNinchoativecome to control, come to ruler over, come to be in charge of 有國"take over govt"
          • vtoNpassivebe governed and effectively controlled (by one) 不足有
          為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 36 Attributions

          Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Word relations
          • Ant: 敗/DESTROY Bài 敗 and zéi 賊 are currently used for the destruction of abstract things such as dé 德 "virtue".
          • Object: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.

            Syntactic words
          • vt[oN]govern [a polity], run a government, run official affairs
          • vtoNgovern; run the government of (a state)
          • vtoNpassivebe governed
          • vtoNperfectivemanage (to rule), gain (political power)
          • vtoNpsychcontrol (oneself) properly
          用  yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 25 Attributions

          Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • vt(oN)
          • vtoNgovern (a state, as prime minister etc); be de facto in charge of
          主  zhǔ OC: tjoʔ MC: tɕi̯o 19 Attributions

            Syntactic words
          • vt+V[0]preside over the V-ing
          • vtoNbe the leader of; be in charge of (tasks), take responsibility for; preside over
          • vtoNfigurativebe in charge of (things not literally governed); preside over
          君  jūn OC: klun MC: ki̯un 19 Attributions

          Jūn 君 refers to de-facto government by a ruler without any idealising or approving nuances being implied.

            Word relations
          • Object: 人/OTHER Rén 人 refers indefinitely to other persons, in the singular (someone else) or in the plural (other people), but never as "the other person" or as "the other people."

            Syntactic words
          • viactact as ruler
          • vtoNrule over as a ruler; lord it over (subjects or a state)
          聽  tīng OC: theeŋ MC: theŋ 19 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • nabactattending to government
          • viactperform one's administrative duties, attend meetings
          • vtoNpreside over the government of; attend to (matters of government), conduct (government); supervise
          臨  lín OC: b-rɯm MC: lim 19 Attributions

          Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Word relations
          • Synon: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNperfectivedeal with administratively; deal with effectively; come to be in effective control of, dominate; take spiritual charge of
          蒞  lì OC: ɡ-rɯbs MC: li 18 Attributions

          Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe formally in charge of, deal with (administrative matters); sometimes used as a success verb: deal effectively with, govern properly, lead with natural authority
          為政  wéi zhèng OC: ɢʷal tjeŋs MC: ɦiɛ tɕiɛŋ 18 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactgovenment
          • VPiactconduct government; be in charge of the government (of a contextually determinate state)
          • VPifigurativeengage in government
          • VPipositiveconduct government effectivelyLZ
          • VPt+prep+Nrun the administration of
          齊  qí OC: dziil MC: dzei 15 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNcausativesort out properly
          • vtoNmiddle voicebe properly sorted outCH
          撫  fǔ OC: mʰaʔ MC: phi̯o 13 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNto pacify, bring peace to, look well after the concerns of; euphemistic for "subjugate"
          理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 12 Attributions

          Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • nabstativegood political order
          • vibe well governed
          • vtoNgovern
          • vtoNderivedpassive: be properly sorted outCH
          • vtoNfigurativesort out properly, take care of; deal with; work on
          • vtoNpassivebe governed, be sorted out properly
          • vtoNreflexive.自govern (oneself) properly
          使  shǐ OC: srɯʔ MC: ʂɨ 11 Attributions

          Shǐ 使 refers to leadership, typically of the people.

            Word relations
          • Object: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

            Syntactic words
          • vt(oN)deploy and organise the contextually determinate object (typically the people) properly
          • vtoNdeploy and organise (the people, one's inferiors etc) properly
          • vtoNpassivebe administered, be dealt with, be governed
          持  chí OC: ɡrlɯ MC: ɖɨ 11 Attributions

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNmaintain, be in charge of; be in firm control and take good care of
          • vtoNpassivebe sorted out; be dealt with
          飭  chì OC: khrlɯɡ MC: ʈhɨk 9 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vi(of human relationships) be (not) in good order
          • vtoNLIJI 5.10: put (bells) in good order; GY: improve (a person) through instruction�
          • vtoNpassivebe put in good order
          牧  mù OC: mɯɡ MC: muk 8 Attributions

          Mù 牧 refers to government as a paternalistic responsibility of the ruler.

            Word relations
          • Object: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoN(of a shepherd) to shepherd, (of a person in charge) take care of (men or animals), take good care of (a population etc), be responsible for the welfare of (the people etc)
          相  xiàng OC: sqaŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ 8 Attributions

          Xiàng 相 refers to senior roles in government bureaucracy other than those of the ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe in charge of, oversee (e.g. a state, or a clan/family)
          術  shù OC: ɢljud MC: ʑʷit 8 Attributions

          Shù 術 refers to the "philosophical" and political art of statecraft.

            Syntactic words
          • nabmethod of government, art of government, professional skill in governmentDS
          • nab.post-V{NUM}methodmethod of government, art of government, statecraft; political philosophy, philosophy of government; professional skill in government
          知  zhī OC: te MC: ʈiɛ 7 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vt(oN)be formally in charge of the contextually determinate object
          • vtoNKNOW ALL ABOUT> be fully in charge of, be formally and politically in charge of
          • vtoNpassivebe supervised and administered
          立  lì OC: ɡ-rub MC: lip 7 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vicontinuativemiddle voice: be established as rulerCH
          • viinchoativebe established as ruler[See also ESTABLISH][CA]
          經  jīng OC: keeŋ MC: keŋ 7 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • nab.tactgovernment of N, regular administration of N
          • vibe well-ordered
          • vtoNgovern well, govern properly; deal with efficiently as the person responsible
          • vtoNreflexive.自govern (oneself)
          從政  cóng zhèng OC: dzoŋ tjeŋs MC: dzi̯oŋ tɕiɛŋ 7 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactthe conduct of government
          • VPiactconduct administrative business; practise political administration; run the political administration
          守  shǒu OC: qhjuʔ MC: ɕɨu 6 Attributions

            Word relations
          • Object: 職/OFFICE Zhí 職 are the official duties attached to a bureaucratic office. See DUTY

            Syntactic words
          • viactrun the administration; run an administration
          • vt(oN)govern the contextually determinate object; remain in charge of the contextually determinate place N so as to safeguard it
          • vtoNbe in charge of, keep order in
          當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 6 Attributions

            Word relations
          • Contrast: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe in charge of (punishments and like); take charge of, take responsibility for (duties that need to be performed)
          行  xíng OC: ɢraaŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 6 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNdeal with; handle; deal with administratively; run, govern (an army, the world)
          處  chǔ OC: khljaʔ MC: tɕhi̯ɤ 5 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNsort out properly
          • vtoNactmanage; govern, administer
          南面  nán miàn OC: noom mens MC: nəm miɛn 5 Attributions

          Nán miàn 南面, tīng zhèng 聽政, and the late jiàn zuò 踐祚 "ascend the throne and hold control" are polite ways of referring to the occupation of ruler's position by a legitimate incumbent.

            Syntactic words
          • VPibegin to govern as rulerCH
          • VPiactgovern as king feudal lord; occasionally by extension: act in place of a king
          當途  dāng tú OC: taaŋ laa MC: tɑŋ duo̝
          當塗  dāng tú OC: taaŋ laa MC: tɑŋ duo̝ 5 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VP[adN]those who are in effective control
          • VPadNin local control; in charge
          • VPibe locally in charge
          知政  zhī zhèng OC: te tjeŋs MC: ʈiɛ tɕiɛŋ 5 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VPiacttake personal charge of the affairs of government; take charge of (a business)
          享  xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 4 Attributions

          Xiǎng 享 refers to government of a state as a privilege enjoyed by the legitimate ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNenjoy the privileges of being a ruler over
          典  diǎn OC: tɯɯnʔ MC: ten 4 Attributions

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNarchaic or technically official, SHU: be in charge of (music) take charge of; lunheng: be in charge of (a city)
          尸  shī OC: qhlji MC: ɕi 4 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNoccupy (a position) as a sinecure without really doing any work; govern as a nominal head only
          聽政  tīng zhèng OC: theeŋ tjeŋs MC: theŋ tɕiɛŋ 4 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactattending to government of one's stateLZ
          • VPiactattend to government of one's state
          乂  yì OC: ŋads MC: ŋi̯ɐi 3 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vadVin a properly regulated way
          • vt[oN]govern [the people]CH
          • vtoNarchaic: govern
          • vtoNpassivebe well-governed
          尹  yǐn OC: k-lunʔ MC: jʷin 3 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • v[adN]N=humadministrator
          • vtoNgovern; serve as leader of
          司  sī OC: sqlɯ MC: sɨ 3 Attributions

          Sī 司 refers to administration on a scale below that of a state.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe empowered by higher authorities to be in charge of (e.g. the war horses)
          • vtoNfigurativesort out
          • vtoNpsychgovern (oneself)
          統  tǒng OC: thuuŋs MC: thuo̝ŋ 3 Attributions

            Word relations
          • Contrast: 理/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

            Syntactic words
          • nabsocialharmonious government system, comprehensive government system
          • vtoNgovern harmoniously; sort out coherently
          • vtoNpassivebe governed/controlled and harmonised
          國政  guó zhèng OC: kʷɯɯɡ tjeŋs MC: kək tɕiɛŋ 3 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPadministrator of the state> chief administrator
          • NPabactadministration of the state
          政事  zhèng shì MC: tsyengH dzriH OC: tjeŋs dzrɯsLZ 3 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactadministration, administrative proceduresLZ
          刑名  xíng míng MC: heng mjieng OC: ɡeeŋ meŋCH 3 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactpunishments and appointments; application of punishments and honorary titles; checking of performance as compared with job descriptionCH
          亂  luàn OC: ɡ-roons MC: lʷɑn 2 Attributions

            Word relations

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNarchaic: govern well
          • vtoNreflexive.自archaic: govern (oneself)
          官  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • viactoccasionally: take official responsibility for the political administration
          • vtoNgovern, take responsibility for; hold office in
          專  zhuān OC: tjon MC: tɕiɛn 2 Attributions

          Zhuān 專 refers to the (often illegal or not entirely law-based) monopolising of power, and the word often has negative connotations.

            Syntactic words
          • viactmonopolise power
          • vt+prep+Nhave sole political control in N
          • vtoNhave the sole administrative control (in a state)
          尚  shàng OC: djaŋs MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe administratively and bureaucratically in charge of (by imperial authority) 尚書"official in charge of documents"
          殿  diàn OC: dɯɯns MC: den 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstrengthen the government of SHI
          職  zhí OC: kljɯɡ MC: tɕɨk 2 Attributions

          Zhí 職 refers specifically to official public duties that are part of one's public office.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNto be in charge (of something)
          當國  dāng guó OC: taaŋ kʷɯɯɡ MC: tɑŋ kək 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VPiacttake charge of the state
          經營  jīng yíng OC: keeŋ ɢʷleŋ MC: keŋ jiɛŋ 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNorganise
          至理  zhì lǐ OC: kljiɡs ɡ-rɯʔ MC: tɕi lɨ 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabstativegood government; perfect government
          • VPi0there was principled government
          道  dǎo MC: -- OC: -- 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vimiddlewalk along a certain way > govern oneselfLZ
          • vtoNgovern in a principled way
          平  píng OC: breŋ MC: bɣaŋ 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNsort out with proper administrative care
          為國  wéi guó MC: hjweH kwok  OC: ɢʷal kʷɯɯɡ CH 2 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactgoverning a state; the government of a stateCH
          幹  gàn OC: kaans MC: kɑn 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNuse a stem for> manage
          徵  zhēng OC: tɯŋ MC: ʈɨŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNadminister
          啟  qǐ OC: kheeʔ MC: khei 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNgain political control of
          綱  gāng OC: kaaŋ MC: kɑŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNarchaic/poetic: govern, regulate, control
          釐  lí OC: ɡ-rɯ MC: lɨ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNto govern; regulate
          饗  xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNactenjoy (the benefits of ruling a state), enjoy the position of a ruler of
          刑政  xíng zhèng OC: ɡeeŋ tjeŋs MC: ɦeŋ tɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • NPabsociallegal system and government> public administration
          司牧  sī mù OC: sqlɯ mɯɡ MC: sɨ muk 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNgovern as a shepherd does his sheep
          執柄  zhí bìng OC: tjib pqraŋs MC: tɕip pɣaŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPiacthold the handles of government> be in political control
          始  shǐ OC: lʰɯʔ MC: ɕɨ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNfirst gain political control of
          政治  zhèng zhì OC: tjeŋs rlils MC: tɕiɛŋ ɖi 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactgovernment
          有事  yǒu shì OC: ɢʷɯʔ dzrɯs MC: ɦɨu ɖʐɨ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPiofficiate, be in ceremonial charge
          治政  zhì zhèng OC: rlɯs tjeŋs MC: ɖɨ tɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactconduct of government
          • VPiactconduct government
          經理  jīng lǐ OC: keeŋ ɡ-rɯʔ MC: keŋ lɨ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNmanage, be in charge of
          蒞政  lì zhèng OC: ɡ-rɯbs tjeŋs MC: li tɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPiacttake charge of government
          軍政  jūn zhèng OC: kun tjeŋs MC: ki̯un tɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactproper military administration
          集有  jí yǒu OC: sɡub ɢʷɯʔ MC: dzip ɦɨu 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNresultativeassemble under one's political control
          指使  zhǐ shǐ MC: tsyijX sriX OC: kjiʔ srɯʔCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPIorder about; be in charge ofCH
          聞  wén MC: mjun OC: mɯnCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vt(oN)take charge of a bureaucratic administration of the contextually determinate NCH
          主張  zhǔ zhāng MC: tsyuX trjang OC: tjoʔ krlaŋCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNdirect and be in charge ofCH
          為治  wéi zhì MC: hjweH driH OC: ɢʷal rlɯsLZ 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPi"make politics >" engage in the administration of a state, participate in politicsLZ
          正治  zhèng chí MC: tsyengH dri OC: tjeŋs rlɯCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPt[oN]keep in order, govern properlyCH
          有國  yǒu guó MC: hjuwX kwok OC: ɢʷɯʔ kʷɯɯɡCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPibe in charge of the state, run the state; rule the stateCH
          威服  wēi fú MC: 'jw+j bjuwk OC: qul bɯɡCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNdominate with natural authority; hold sway overCH
          治國  chí guó MC: dri kwok OC: rlɯ kʷɯɯɡCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactthe governing of a stateCH
          治於  chí yú MC: dri 'jo OC: rlɯ qaCH 1 Attribution

            Word relations
          • Conv: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

            Syntactic words
          • VP Npassivebe governed byCH
          聽朝  tīng zhāo MC: theng trjew OC: theeŋ tawCH 1 Attribution
            Syntactic words
          • VPilead formal morning audienceCH
          攻  gōng OC: kuuŋ MC: kuo̝ŋ 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNHF 8.6.25: pursue one's political purposes, conduct government of
          敦  duī OC: tuul MC: tuo̝i 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNoversee; direct
          觀  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNbe in charge of
          當道  dāng dào OC: taaŋ ɡ-luuʔ MC: tɑŋ dɑu 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactbe in political control
          踐阼  jiàn zuò OC: dzenʔ dzaaɡs MC: dziɛn dzuo̝ 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactacend the throne
          邦柄  bāng bìng OC: prooŋ pqraŋs MC: pɣɔŋ pɣaŋ 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • NPabfigurativehandles of government of a state
          直  zhí OC: dɯɡ MC: ɖɨk 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNtake charge of, be in charge of; administer; accept responsibility for
            Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • VPIorder about; be in charge ofCH
          挈  qiè MC: khet OC: kheedLZ 0 Attributions
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNfigurativeDELETELZ

          Existing SW for

          Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database: