WORLD    世界天下

PLACE UNDER the SKY.[[WELT]]
EARTHGLOBEPLANETSPHERE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current term for the inhabited sublunar world on earth (often particularly that part of it which is populated or at least dominated by the Han/華夏 people) is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven". Compare the Greek oikoumenē.2. Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.3. Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)4. Liù hé 六合 refers to everything in all dimensiones east, west, south, north, below, above.5. Shì 世 sometimes refers to the world as it is now, the world one lives in.6. Jiǔ zhōu 九州 refers to the nine regions of the world.
Modern Chinese Criteria
世界 世 世上 大地 天下 天底下 下土 全世界 環球 全球 舉世 中外 瀛寰 寰宇 宇內 五洲 海內 海內外 四海之內 五湖四海 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Part of
  • CHINAMOST LARGE STATE in East Asia. [GEOGRPAHY]
  • CONTINENTINTENSELY LARGE REGION OR PART of the WORLD.
  • NATURE
See also
  • UNIVERSEPLACE AND TIME which CONTAINS ALL ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE THINGS.
Hypernym
  • PLACE　PART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 4/0, child: 39)
  • PART　OBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 8)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 1.1

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1390

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 206

  • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 42n170

    Kerschensteiner, Kosmos

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 7.433-510

    Personification in mediaeval German in Notker von Zwiefalten, Memento mori 18.136Ia du vil ubeler mundus, wie betgriugist tu uns sus! See in particular THIEL 1956

    p. 448 Augustine, Sermo 31 has the vocative personification: o munde immunde, in te habitare, et non dolere, impossibile est; in te sperare, et non timere, vanum est; in te tua amare, et non periclitari, impossibile est.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    WORLD

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 43

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.704

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.407

    WELT

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    KIU-CHOU

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 46FF

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

    WORLD SYSTEM

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.344.307

    MONDE.UNIVERS

    • Words (45 items)

    天下  tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then ɦɣɛ 448 Attributions

    The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.

      Word relations
    • Object: 有/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.
    • Object: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
    • Epithet: 理/PRINCIPLE Lǐ 理 refers to inherent structuring patterns of things.
    • Synon: 宇內/WORLD
    • Synon: 海內/WORLD Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.
    • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Oppos: 邦/STATE Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]cosmological天下之物 the sublunar world; all there is under Heaven; the sublunar world
    • NP[adN]global-social普天之下 all under the sun; the whole sublunar world; the sublunar social world (including the regions beyond Chinese domination) cf. oikoumenē, 
    • NP[adN]sinocentric天下之華夏 all the (civilised, i.e. Han-dominated or Han-accessible) world; the whole (civilised political) world； the Chinese political sceneCH
    • NPad.VadNsuperlativethe most V(s) of the Ns in the worldCH
    • NPad.VadNsuperlative comparative(one of) the most Vs of the Ns in the worldCH
    • NPadNin/of the world, under the sun
    • NPadStopicalisedIn this world; in the worldCH
    • NPadVon earth, in the sublunar world, under the sunCH
    • NPcworlds 四天下
    世  shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 53 Attributions

    Shì 世 sometimes refers to the world as it is now, the world one lives in.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 濁/DIRTY Zhuó 濁 (ant. qīng 清 "clear and pure") typically refers to physical states of dirtiness, but there are occasional usages like zhuó lì 濁吏 "morally impure official".

      Syntactic words
    • n*this mundane world; the world one lives in, this world; Rousseau: le monde; this world versus the other worlds entered by the immortals
    • nabmetaphysical(future) world 來世
    • nadNBUDDH: worldly (as opposed to the higher realm of religious reality), mundane
    • nadNof this mundane worldCH
    • nadVin this world; in the world
    世間  shì jiān OC: lʰebs kreen MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛn 31 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: the nether world, this mundane world; the secular world
    • NPadNof this nether world, of this mundane world
    • NPadSin this world
    • NPadVplacein this nether world world
    • NPpluralworlds 諸世間
    天地之間  tiān dì zhī jiān MC: then dijH tsyi kean OC: lʰiin lils kljɯ kreen 25 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]contentwhat is contained in the space between heaven and earthCH
    • NPab.post-V{NUM}plural, countedworlds in the universeCH
    • NPplace/space生於天下之間“live in the world" the world as a space (for all things including humans); by implication: everyone in this spaceCH
    三界  sān jiè OC: saam kreeds MC: sɑm kɣɛi 19 Attributions

    The Triple-world comprises the three worlds of existence (欲界 'world of desire'; 色界 'world of form'; 無色界 'world of formlessness'); skr. trayo dhātavaHh, tri-dhātu; pali tisso dhātuyo [CA]

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: the Triple-world > comprising the three worlds of existence (欲界 'world of desire'; 色界 'world of form'; 無色界 'world of formlessness'); skr. trayo dhātavaḥ, tri-dhātu; pali tisso dhātuyo
    • NPadVBUDDH: in the Triple-world
    四海  sì hǎi OC: plids hmlɯɯʔ MC: si həi 15 Attributions

    Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)

      Syntactic words
    • NPadNfrom the Four Seas and what is encircled by them > from all over the world
    • NP{vadN}the Four Seas and what is encircled by them
    九州  jiǔ zhōu OC: kuʔ kju MC: kɨu tɕɨu 14 Attributions

    Jiǔ zhōu 九州 refers to the nine regions of the world.

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the nine regions of the world 揚州，梁州，青州，冀州，雍州，豫州，徐州，兗州，荊州
    海內  hǎi nèi OC: hmlɯɯʔ nuubs MC: həi nuo̝i 13 Attributions

    Hǎi nèi 海內 refers to what is surrounded by the four seas, i.e. the whole of the land mass of the world.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE
    • Contrast: 天地/UNIVERSE The most current word for the whole universe is tiān dì 天地
    • Synon: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
    • Synon: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE

      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]N=placeeverything within the four seas
    世界  shì jiè OC: lʰebs kreeds MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛi 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: world, (this) world 此世界; world-system
    • NPcworld
    四極  sì jí OC: plids ɡɯɡ MC: si gɨk 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]pluralthe whole world, right down to the most distant places
    四海之內  sì hǎi zhī nèi OC: plids hmlɯɯʔ kljɯ nuubs MC: si həi tɕɨ nuo̝i 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPall within the Four Seas
    • NP[adN]contentthe people inside between the Four SeasCH
    宇內  yǔ nèi OC: ɢʷraʔ nuubs MC: ɦi̯o nuo̝i 5 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.

      Syntactic words
    • NP{NadN{PLACE}}the whole world
    塵  chén MC: drin OC: din 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmthe dust of this worldCH
    舉世  jǔ shì OC: klaʔ lʰebs MC: ki̯ɤ ɕiɛi 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • NPthe whole world; everyone in the whole world
    塵垢  chén gòu MC: drin kuwX OC: din kooʔ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthis world of dustCH
    天地  tiān dì MC: then dijH OC: lʰiin lils 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe whole worldCH
    八極  bā jí OC: preed ɡɯɡ MC: pɣɛt gɨk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprthe eight utmost poles (of the universe)> the whole world
    六合  liù hé OC: ɡ-ruɡ ɡloob MC: luk ɦəp 2 Attributions

    Liù hé 六合 refers to everything in all dimensiones east, west, south , north, below, above.

      Syntactic words
    • NPinhabited world
    八荒  bā huāng OC: preed hmaaŋ MC: pɣɛt hɑŋ 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 四海/WORLD Sì hǎi 四海 "the Four Seas" includes the landmass between these Four Seas. (The names of these Four Seas are not entirely clear. Perhaps the Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western Seas.)

      Syntactic words
    • NPeverything in all directions, especially including the uncivilised world; far-flung regions
    彼  bǐ OC: pralʔ MC: piɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nphilosophical: the outside world
    • nabmetaphysicalother world
    四維  sì wéi OC: plids k-lul MC: si ji 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe four extremes of the compass-circle: northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest, according to HNZ 3.
    塵中  chén zhōng OC: din krluŋ MC: ɖin ʈuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: inmidst dust > the secular world
    天地之閒  tiān dì zhī jiān MC: then dijH tsyi kean OC: lʰiin -- kljɯ kreen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPplace/space(= 天地之間) the world as a space (for all things including humans); by implication: everyone in this spaceLZ
    巨室  jù shì MC: gjoX syit OC: ɡaʔ qhljiɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativeworld (including the realm of the dead and what is beyond Heaven and Earth)CH
    出世  chū shì OC: khljud lʰebs MC: tɕhʷit ɕiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: world other than this world; other world; world beyond our's
    一世  yī shì MC: 'jit -- OC: qliɡ lʰebs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe world of his one lifetimeCH
    下土  xià tǔ MC: haeX thuX OC: ɢraaʔ kh-laaʔ 1 Attribution

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • NPthe world on earth belowCH
    冥淵  míng yuān OC: meeŋ qʷiin MC: meŋ ʔen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthis dark world; the darkness of this mundane world
    九土  jiǔ tǔ MC: kjuwX thuX OC: kuʔ kh-laaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPall the lands of the worldCH
    人境  rén jìng MC: nyin kjaengX OC: njin kraŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhuman world; the realm of mankindDS
    五方  wǔ fāng MC: nguX pjang OC: ŋaaʔ paŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPall regions of the worldCH
    是邊  shì biān OC: ɡljeʔ peen MC: dʑiɛ pen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVfigurativeBUDDH: ?? on this side > in this world
    物  wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalZHUANG: world of external things and events
    火客屋  huǒ kè wū OC: qphaalʔ khraaɡ qooɡ MC: hʷɑ khɣɛk ʔuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativeBUDDH: the burning room (metaphorical expression for the secular world)
    四表  sì biǎo OC: plids prawʔ MC: si piɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe Four Ultimate Points (East, West, North, South)
    異域  yì yù OC: p-lɯɡs ɢʷrɯɡ MC: jɨ ɦɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalother world; distinct world; different cosmic region
    天上天下  tiān shàng tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɡljaŋs lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then dʑi̯ɐŋ then ɦɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[BUDDH] the worlds above and below Heaven
    大地  dà dì OC: daads lils MC: dɑi di 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe earth, the world
    下域  xià yù OC: ɢraaʔ ɢʷrɯɡ MC: ɦɣɛ ɦɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPChristian Chinese: this nether world (of ours)
    人世  rén shì OC: njin lʰebs MC: ȵin ɕiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe world of men, le monde
    天  tiān OC: lʰiin MC: then 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nworld (see 天中)
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe whole worldCH
    海  hǎi OC: hmlɯɯʔ MC: həi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nnether world 苦海 literally: "sea of bitterness"> this our world of bitterness
    世紛  shì fēn OC: lʰebs phɯn MC: ɕiɛi phi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthis mundande world; 18th century French: le monde
    寰宇  huán yǔ OC: ɡʷraan ɢʷraʔ MC: ɦɣan ɦi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe world