STATE    國家國

TERRITORY GOVERNED by an INDEPENDENT RULER.[[STAAT]]
POLITYCOUNTRYNATIONLANDSOVEREIGN STATENATION STATEKINGDOMREALMPOWERREPUBLICCONFEDERATIONFEDERATION
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows. 2. Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state (see the early 大邦 ) without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact. 3. Tǔ 土 refers to territory as such, and occasionally comes to refer to the territory of a certain state, including one's own. 4. Fāng 方 refers to a region other than one's own state, and note particularly the old phrase 方國. 5. Tiān xià 天下 refers to the inhabited earth construed as dominated by the emperor or Son of Heaven, but by extension the expression also refers collectively to the the central states governed by the zhū hóu 諸侯. (NOTE THAT THE EMPIRE OF CHINA WAS NOT REGARDED AS A STATE.) 6. Guó jiā 國家 refers to the nation as a social institution dominated by a certain clan. See NATION. 7. Yì 邑 "capital" occasionally comes to refer to the state dominated by a certain city, its capital.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GOVERNMENT/LAW 29. 從商代起，隨著國家的發展先後出現國家的通稱 “ 方、邦、國 ” 。 書面文獻中， “ 國 ” 使用最廣，有泛指與許多專指用法。 “ 邦 ” 次之，有古雅、莊重色彩， “ 方 ” 主要用於追述古史，或用作引申、比附義。
Modern Chinese Criteria
國家 國 邦 (lit) rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CHINA　MOST LARGE STATE in East Asia. [GEOGRPAHY] (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • STATES　An individual STATE, names of major states in the Warring States period. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • NATION　STATE THOUGHT of an ABSTRACT INSTITUTION. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • FEDERATION　STATE ESTABLISHED by FREE DECISION by the LEADERS of its PARTS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • FATHERLAND　STATE WHERE ONE HAS ONE'S HOME. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • REPUBLIC　STATE LACKING A KING OR HEREDITARY RULER (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • RECHTSSTAAT　STATE in which the FREEDOMS AND the ACTS of GOVERNMENT are LIMITED by OR BASED on LAW. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • EMPIRE　VERY LARGE STATE CONTROLLING SEVERAL SMALL STATES (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Part of
  • BORDER AREAPLACE NEAR a BORDER AND TYPICALLY INSIDE ONE STATE.
See also
  • POLITICSLEGITIMATE CONCRETE PUBLIC DISCUSSION of DIFFERENT METHODS to GOVERN a DEFINITE STATE.
Hypernym
  • TERRITORY　PLACE INSIDE DEFINED BOUNDARIES. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • PLACE　PART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 4/0, child: 39)
  • PART　OBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 8)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.12

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 329

    587. Ex Serv. ad ill. II Aen.: Festa velamus fronde per Urbem. Vid. Non. dictionibus. Inter Urbem, et Civitatem. Al. Ut urbe moenia civitatis significet, civitate incolas urbis.

    -- Urbem autem. Serv. ad ill. I En., Urbs antiqua fuit: et Donat. ad ill. V Urbem designat aratro.

    [col. 68C] -- Aratrum, vel. Pars aratri non aratrum, neque sulcus, sed quod sulcus fit, melius distinctiusque ipse lib. Etymolog. XV, cap. 2.

    [col. 68D] -- Ab orbe. Servius, loco citato, ab orbe, quod antiquae civitates in orbem fiebant.

    ]

    587. Inter Urbem et civitatem ita distinguit Cicero, ut urbem moenia civitatis significent, civitas incolas urbis. Nam ad Dolabellam sic scripsit: Liberasti urbem a periculo, civitatem a metu. Urbem autem ab urbo, quem aratrum vel sulcum veteres dicebant, aut ab orbe dictam putant, cujus in se imaginem respublica contineret. Porro oppidum ad habitantes pertinet, civitas ad leges, urbs ad utrumque.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134B

  • L'intelligence de la China. Le social et le mental ( GERNET 1994) p. 31-44

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 69

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 5.549-652

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 6.1-154

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CIVITAS

    RES PUBLICA

  • 老子古今 ( LIU XIAOGAN 2006) p. 221

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 5

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. 50

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 214

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.693

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1473

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.1

    STAAT

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 709

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    KRONSTAATEN 畿內

    STAAT

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 409

    This is an exceptionally useful survey of the semantic field.

    Wang links 邦 a territorial early phase of Chinese political organisation, and he notes the combination 邦畿 "land and royal territory".

    He takes 國家 to refer to the state as a political organisation involving various institutions of state.

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1464

    國，邦

    1. WL claims that guo2 國 was not originally a territorial concept.No, there isn't in jiaguwen.

  • 周代國家形態研究 ( ZHAO BOXIONG 1990) p.

    邦實際上是由家組成的,邦就是家所佔據的地方.　(p. 71)

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 253ff

  • Enzyklopaedie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie ( MITTELSTRASS 1996) p. 4.71

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    STATE

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • Democritus Ridens ( WEBER 1857) p. 7.93

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 159

  • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no 3

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134B

    • Words (22 items)

    國  guó OC: kʷɯɯɡ MC: kək 271 Attributions

    The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.

      Word relations
    • Subject: 亡/DESTROY Wáng 亡 (ant. fù 復 "reestablish") refers to the political/social ruin of a state and does not focus on any form of physical annihilation or damage.
    • Subject: 危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
    • Subject: 富/RICH The general word for wealth is fù 富 (ant. pín 貧 "poor"), and the word has a remarkably wide range of syntactic roles.
    • Subject: 治/ORDERLY
    • Object: 亡/DESTROY Wáng 亡 (ant. fù 復 "reestablish") refers to the political/social ruin of a state and does not focus on any form of physical annihilation or damage.
    • Object: 傾/OVERTURN
    • Object: 削/CUT Xiāo 削 typically refers to cutting something off so as to reduce its size.
    • Object: 返 / 反/RETURN Fǎn 反/返 (ant. wǎng 往 "set out for") is to get back to where one came from, and the focus is on whereto one returns. 及反 is "when he had got back", 未反 is "before he had god back". 反哭 is wailing upon one's return, not while returning.
    • Object: 徇/SHOW
    • Object: 有/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.
    • Object: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
    • Object: 滅/DESTROY Miè 滅 refers to the physical destruction of cities or states, and the word implies the use of external military force, and typically military resistance.
    • Object: 為/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.
    • Object: 伐/ATTACK Fá 伐 refers to a large-scale typically destructive formal attack by one state on another, typically formally announced, and with much beating of drums. [DESCENDING], [MILITARY], [LARGE-SCALE!], [OVERT]
    • Epithet: 千乘/STATE 千乘 refers to a powerful state in Warring States China.
    • Epithet: 鄰/NEIGHBOUR The standard word for a neighbour is lín 鄰.
    • Epithet: 敵/ENEMY The general word for an enemy or opponent of any kind is dí 敵 (ant. yǒu 友 "friend") which can also often refer to mere competitors or adversaries.
    • Epithet: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
    • Contrast: 邦/STATE Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.
    • Contrast: 社稷/NATION Shè jì 社稷 refers to the altars of the land and grain as symbols of the nation.
    • Contrast: 朝/DYNASTY
    • Assoc: 家/FAMILY The current dominant word is jiā 家 which refers to a whole household, including men, domestic animals and utensils as well as the whole clan system that defines its lineage affiliation.
    • Assoc: 中/MIDDLE
    • Synon: 朝/COURT Cháo 朝 refers to the court as the venue of court asemblies rather than as the building as such. See also TEMPLE
    • Synon: 邦/STATE Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.
    • Oppos: 都/CAPITAL CITY Dū 都 typically refers to a conurbation which serves as an administrative centre below the level of a capital, but the meaning of the word does often include the capital and it is occasionally used to refer specifically to the capital.
    • Oppos: 家/FAMILY The current dominant word is jiā 家 which refers to a whole household, including men, domestic animals and utensils as well as the whole clan system that defines its lineage affiliation.
    • Oppos: 私/PRIVATE The dominant current word for privacy is sī 私 (ant. gōng 公 "public"), and the word designates everything that falls outside the responsibility of public administration. Contrast SELFISH.
    • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.

      Syntactic words
    • nname of one's stateCH
    • n Stopic: as for the state, in it SCH
    • n(adN)the contextually determinate N (e.g. population) of the stateCH
    • n(adN)the contextually determinate N (e.g. minister) of the stateTWH
    • n(post-N)one's state; his state; the state of a contextually determinate person (many examples need to be moved here)
    • n.post-Vtotheranother stateCH
    • n[adN]everyone in the state N =國人CH
    • n[post-N][our] state; [his] state, her state, their state, one's state; [the subject's] state
    • n[post-N]one's enfeoffed state, state enfeoffed by the Zhou KingCH
    • n[post-N]definiteour state, [one's] country. MOVE UP TO THE ENTRY ABOVE
    • n[post-N]territoryone's state as territory
    • nabfigurativerealm 佛國
    • nadNindefinitethe N of a stateVK
    • ncc(not necessarily large, territorially conceived) state (within the empire)
    • nindefinitea stateLZ
    • nnonreferential(in general:) the state
    • npluralstatesLZ
    • npost-NN=ruler: N's state, the state governed by NCH
    • npost=Nprthe state of Npr 衛國
    • npost=Nprterritorythe (territorry of the state) 
    • nwithin empiredemesne; royal domain within the empire
    天下  tiān xià OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ MC: then ɦɣɛ 149 Attributions

    Tiān xià 天下 refers to the inhabited earth construed as dominated by the emperor or Son of Heaven. (NOTE THAT THE EMPIRE OF CHINA WAS NOT REGARDED AS A STATE.)

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 百姓/PEOPLE Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.
    • Oppos: 身/EGO

      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]N=territory天下之地　the (Zhou)　lands, the (Zhou) realm; the area that owes allegiance to the Zhou; the empireCH
    • NP[adN]plural＝天下之國（all） the polities in the Han-dominated world
    邦  bāng OC: prooŋ MC: pɣɔŋ 38 Attributions

    Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Contrast: 國家/NATION The current standard word for the nation as represented by the leading families, and opposed to the state as mere territory and inhabitants, is guó jiā 國家.
    • Synon: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.
    • Oppos: 天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
    • Oppos: 鄉/REGION

      Syntactic words
    • nthe land; country, (large) country (as bounded by formal boundaries)
    • npost-N{PLACE}魯邦 "the Land of Lǔ", 我周邦
    • viactestablish a state MO: 邦於越
    • vtoNestablish one's country in MO: 邦齊晉
    • vttoN1.+N2create a state for N1 in N2 SHU 邦之蔡
    萬乘  wàn shèng OC: mblans ɢjɯŋs MC: mi̯ɐn ʑɨŋ 13 Attributions

    萬乘 refers to one of a group of the most powerful states Warring States China.

      Syntactic words
    • NPclarge state
    • NPnonreferentiallarge state commanding 10 000 war chariots: superpower
    境內  jìng nèi OC: kraŋʔ nuubs MC: kɣaŋ nuo̝i 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPhumaneveryone within the state
    • NP{N1adN2}what is within the boundaries; the state
    方國  fāng guó OC: paŋ kʷɯɯɡ MC: pi̯ɐŋ kək 5 Attributions

    方國 is an ancient term referring to the (distant) states of the four quarters.

      Syntactic words
    • NPlocal states> states of the four quarters; ZHENG XUAN: 四方來附者
    邑  yì OC: qrɯb MC: ʔip 4 Attributions

    Yì 邑 "capital" occasionally comes to refer metonymically to the state dominated by a certain city, its capital.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNin polite diplomatic speech: relating to my city (i.e. state)CH
    • npolitearchaic: state as represented by its capital, in polite speech
    一國  yī yí，yì guó MC: 'jit kwok  OC: qliɡ kʷɯɯɡ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPa single stateCH
    • NPad.VadNsuperlativethe most V(s) of the Ns in the whole stateCH
    土  tǔ OC: kh-laaʔ MC: thuo̝ 3 Attributions

    Tǔ 土 refers to territory as such, and occasionally comes to refer to the territory of a certain state, including one's own.

      Syntactic words
    • narchaic: land; place
    國土  guó tǔ OC: kʷɯɯɡ kh-laaʔ MC: kək thuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPstate, country
    千乘  qiān shèng OC: snʰiin ɢjɯŋs MC: tshen ʑɨŋ 3 Attributions

    千乘 refers to a powerful state in Warring States China.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentiala state with an army of a thousand war chariots
    四國  sì guó MC: sijH kwok  OC: plids kʷɯɯɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPall statesLZ
    四境  sì jìng OC: plids kraŋʔ MC: si kɣaŋ 2 Attributions

    Sì jìng 四境 refers to the neighbouring states as viewed from a certain centre.

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the four borders of the state, the state
    方  fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions

    Fāng 方 refers to a region other than one's own state.

      Syntactic words
    • nregion
    家邦  jiā bāng OC: kraa prooŋ MC: kɣɛ pɣɔŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPstate
    州國  zhōu guó OC: kju kʷɯɯɡ MC: tɕɨu kək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialstate
    皇輿  huáng yú OC: ɡʷaaŋ k-la MC: ɦɑŋ ji̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativemetonymic: the state
    伯  bó OC: praaɡ MC: pɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nearldom
    侯  hóu OC: ɡoo MC: ɦu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmarquisate
    官  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNbelonging to the state 官費
    方隅  fāng yú OC: paŋ ŋo MC: pi̯ɐŋ ŋi̯o 0 Attributions

    local state SANGUOZHI

      Syntactic words
    國朝  guó cháo OC: kʷɯɯɡ daw MC: kək ɖiɛu 0 Attributions

    state SANGUOZHI

      Syntactic words