OTHER    別的他

DIFFERENT THING of the SAME CATEGORY.
ALTERNATIVEDIFFERENTDISSIMILARDISPARATEDISTINCTSEPARATECONTRASTINGFURTHERADDITIONALEXTRAADDEDSUPPLEMENTARY
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for "other" is tuō 他 / 它. 2. Yú 餘 refers specifically to the left-over items or the remaining items, sometimes in later texts also to different items. 3. Yì 異 "different" can occasionally come close in meaning to "other". 4. Gèng 更 is always used adnominally or adverbially and implies an action of changing items or - typically - an action of waiting until "another" item. 5. Rén 人 refers indefinitelyh to other persons, in the singular (someone else) or in the plural (other people), but never as "the other person" or as "the other people". 6. Wù 物 can occasionally come to refer to other things or creatures, sometimes even other people, in the singular or plural.
Modern Chinese Criteria
其他 其它 其餘 別 別樣 另外 別人 旁人 他人 人家 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
Antonym
  • SELFPERSON that is NOT OTHER.
  • SAMERELATION of NOT being DIFFERENT.
Hypernym
  • DIFFERENT　RELATION of NOT MUTUALLY RESEMBLING. (anc: 5/0, child: 5)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 300

    ALII, CETERI

    107. Inter Caeteros et alios. Quod caeteri ex eodem numero sunt, alii ex alio.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    OTHER

    caeteri are others than the aforementioned.

    reliqui refers to the others as the remainder of a whole, or the rest.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 14

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p. 35

    ALIENUS

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.296

    ANDERE, DER

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    alius 'other' [adj. o/a; nom.acc.sg.n. aliud] (Andr.+; alid for aliud Cat.)

    Derivatives: alienus 'belonging to others' (Lex XII+); aliquis 'someone' (P1.+),

    alicubi 'somewhere' (Ter.+); alter, [o/a] 'second, other' (Naev.+), adulter

    'clandestine lover* (P1.+), altemus 'alternate' (P1.+), alter carl 'to dispute' (Ter.+).

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.57/8

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 596

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. no. no.57/8

    • Words (30 items)

    人  rén OC: njin MC: ȵin 232 Attributions

    Rén 人 refers indefinitely to other persons, in the singular (someone else) or in the plural (other people), but never as "the other person" or as "the other people."

      Word relations
    • Ant: 自/SELF Zì 自 is preverbal and typically makes any transitive verb it precedes reflexive.
    • Ant: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.
    • Ant: 己/ONESELF
    • Ant: 身/ONESELF
    • Object: 信/TRUST The current word for having faith in someone is xìn 信 (ant. yí 疑 "be suspicious of"), and this word belongs to the high discourse of politics and ethics.
    • Object: 君/GOVERN Jūn 君 refers to de-facto government by a ruler without any idealising or approving nuances being implied.
    • Epithet: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Contrast: 朋友/FRIEND colleagues and soulmates> friends
    • Oppos: 己/ONESELF
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Oppos: 其身/SELF
    • Oppos: 我/ONESELF 自我

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)peers; other people (than the contextually determinate referent), others in generalCH
    • n(post-N1.)(adN2)the contextually determinate N of other peopleCH
    • n+V{PRED}subjectsomeone else
    • n[post-N]generalisingpeers; (other) people in general, tout le mondeCH
    • nadNof N's peers; other people's
    • nadNdefinitethe other'sLZ
    • nadNderivedcoming from others, as told by othersCH
    • nadNindefinitesomeone else'sCH
    • nadNobjecthaving others/peers as an object of one's actionsCH
    • npostVtnonreferentialother people quite generally [NOT: the other one]
    • npostVtpluralother persons; other people; all the other people
    • npostVtsingulara peer; another person, someone else
    • npro(post-N)someone elseCH
    • npro(post-N)definiteone's peers; the others (apart from the contextually determinate N)CH
    • npro(post-N)indefiniteanyone else
    • npro(post-N.)postVtindefinitepeers; others, some other peopleCH
    • nprogeneralplural: othersCH
    他  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ
    它  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ
    他  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ 77 Attributions

    The current general word for "other" is tuō 他/它.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNother (not: someone else's! Reexamine the cases below)
    • nprosomething else
    • npro.adNother; others'; someone else's
    • npro.adNidiom'other': this is an idiomatic usage of tā in medieval texts, marking the object as something not desired by the speaker, something which is contrary to his intention; this usage is very particular and seems to mark something the speaker wants to distance himself/herself from; often put in contrast to the "desired" object; this usage of tā deserves a more detailed analysis
    • npro.postVtsomething else; another reason
    • npro.postVthumansomeone else
    • nprocataphoricsomething else than follows; another reason than the following one:
    • nprohumanonly 他：｛someone else
    • nproindefiniteother persons
    或  huò OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 32 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adS1:post-S2on other occasions, at other timesCH
    • nprodefinitethe other
    • nproidiomatic: outsidersingular: an outsiderCH
    • nproplural(some) othersCH
    • nprothan the N in preceding clausesomeone else (other than a contextually determinate N); others; yet others
    更  gèng OC: kraaŋs MC: kɣaŋ 18 Attributions

    Gèng 更 is always used adnominally or adverbially and implies an action of changing items or - typically - an action of waiting until "another" item.

      Syntactic words
    • v.adVt1+.Vt2+N reference=Nanother object, a new object
    • vad.VtoNreference=object(VERB) another (OBJECT) 更立法 "establish other laws"
    • vadNanother (day); another (object)
    • vadVto someone else, in favour of someone else; someone else; something else
    餘  yú OC: la MC: ji̯ɤ 15 Attributions

    Yú 餘 refers specifically to the left-over items or the remaining items, sometimes in later texts also to different items.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Nothers, other things
    • npro.adNanother person's
    • nproad.N(+prep+N1)other, another; another kind of
    彼  bǐ OC: pralʔ MC: piɛ 15 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 我/WE
    • Ant: 我/ONESELF 自我
    • Oppos: 己/ONESELF
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Oppos: 我/ONESELF 自我

      Syntactic words
    • nprosomeone else; other people; the other party
    • npro.adNthe other
    • npro.postVtplural object: others
    • npro.postVtsingular object: someone elseCH
    他人  tā rén OC: lʰaal njin MC: thɑ ȵin 12 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]persons different from a contextually determinate person
    • NP[post-N]another person
    • NPpluralothers
    異  yì OC: p-lɯɡs MC: jɨ 11 Attributions

    Yì 異 "different" can occasionally come close in meaning to "other".

      Syntactic words
    • vadNother; diverse 異日
    • vadNother> someone else'sCH
    一  yī OC: qliɡ MC: ʔit 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • v(adN)repeatedthe other one; another oneCH
    • v[adN]another source, another person; certain yet othersDS
    • vadNanother; the other "一名 by another name"
    其餘  qí yú OC: ɡɯ la MC: gɨ ji̯ɤ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNother
    • NPhumanthe others
    • NPnon-humanthe rest, the other things
    等  děng OC: k-lɯɯŋʔ MC: təŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-NBUDDH: etc [SK] N等 "the N and so on"
    • npostNprNpr and the others
    • ppostadN1.+N2appositionBUDDH: etc.; N1 and the others, N2 in apposition specifying the scope of the plural
    其他  qí tā OC: ɡɯ lʰaal MC: gɨ thɑ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNother
    • NPmthe rest, everything else; anything else about the matter
    別  bié OC: bred MC: biɛt 4 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 更/OTHER Gèng 更 is always used adnominally or adverbially and implies an action of changing items or - typically - an action of waiting until "another" item.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNother, another
    • vadVin another place, elsewhere
    自餘  zì yú OC: sblids la MC: dzi ji̯ɤ 4 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 463

      Syntactic words
    • NPabpluralwhat is remaining > other things
    • VPadNother (Tang poetry, LIBAI)
    • VPadS1.postS2apart from, besides S2, S1 > moreover[CA]
    他家  tā jiā OC: lʰaal kraa MC: thɑ kɣɛ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNother
    • NPprosubjectsomeone else
    物  wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 4 Attributions

    Wù 物 can occasionally come to refer to other things or creatures, sometimes even other people, in the singular or plural.

      Syntactic words
    • npluralother things (compare 人 "others"
    • n{PRO}of personsthe other(s)CH
    餘人  yú rén OC: la njin MC: ji̯ɤ ȵin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpropluralother people
    其一  qí yī OC: ɡɯ qliɡ MC: gɨ ʔit 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNthe one, the other; the other 一。。。其一
    別更  bié gèng OC: pred kraaŋs MC: piɛt kɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPad.VtoNreference=objectanother; one more (object)
    餘者  yú zhě OC: la kljaʔ MC: ji̯ɤ tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe others (you others?)
    越  yuè MC: hjwot OC: ɢʷad 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nadNotherCH
    有餘  yǒu yú OC: ɢʷɯʔ la MC: ɦɨu ji̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNother
    他別人  tā bié rén OC: lʰaal pred njin MC: thɑ piɛt ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalsomeone else (Buddhist colloquial); often plural: others
    眾人  zhòng rén OC: tjuŋs njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin
    衆人  zhōng rén OC: tjuŋ njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPothers; anyone else
    別人  bié rén OC: pred njin MC: piɛt ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPothers
    又  yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • pad.npro{Q}{OBJ}+Vtelse 又何"what else?"
    此  cǐ OC: tsheʔ MC: tshiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.postVtthe other place (as opposed to 彼)
    等輩  děng bèi OC: k-lɯɯŋʔ pɯɯls MC: təŋ puo̝i 1 Attribution
    • 佛教用詞特色雜議 Fójiào yòngcí tèsè záyì [Miscellaneous Views on the Special Use of Words in Buddhist Scriptures] 浙江師大學報 Zhejiang shida xuebao ( LIANG XIAOHONG 1991B) p. 125

      Syntactic words
    • NPpostNand the others, etc. (could also be grouped under plural indicators ??) (early examples can be found in Tiānpǐn miàofǎ liánhuá jīng 添品妙法蓮華經 (tr. during the Sui) and the FOBEN XINGJI JING. In apposition to nouns and pronouns it indicates plural (earlier words indicating plural include shǔ 屬, cáo 曹, děng 等. Disyllabic words with similar meaning in sūtra literature are zhònglèi 眾類; zhòngbèi 眾輩, qúnbèi 群輩, chóulèi 儔類, bèilèi 輩類, túlèi 徒類, pǐnlèi 品類 (LIANG XIAOHONG 1991B: 123-125)
    民  mín MC: mjin OC: min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nother peopleCH
    人物  rén wù MC: nyin mjut OC: njin mɯd 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)pluralothersCH