STUDY 學學
INVESTIGATE THINGS OR IMITATE ANOTHER so as to STRIVE FOR SKILLFULNESS, KNOWING AND UNDERSTANDING.
Old Chinese Criteria
黄金貴:古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
Modern Chinese Criteria
Hyponym
- PHILOSOPHY SYSTEMATIC STUDY AIMING for WISDOM AND AIMING to be BASED on SYSTEMATIC EXPLAIN:explanation AND PROVE:proof. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
- COSMOLOGY SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE WHOLE WORLD. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
- ONTOLOGY SYSTEMATIC GENERAL STUDY OF WHAT EXISTS INSOFAR-AS IT EXISTS. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
- ESCHATOLOGY SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE END OF THE WORLD. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
See also
- KNOWBELIEVE SOMETHING AND ASSUME:presuppose that it is TRUE.
Hypernym
- IMITATE CONFORM to TYPICAL ACTIONS of a HUMAN OR ANIMAL so as to RESEMBLE THAT HUMAN OR ANIMAL. (anc: 13/0, child: 3)
- CONFORM ACT so as to NOT to OFFEND against RULES OR a MODEL. (anc: 12/0, child: 6)
- ACT MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
Other Hypernyms
- INVESTIGATE TRY SYSTEMATICALLY to UNDERSTAND. (anc: 13/0, child: 5)
- TRY ACT, BUT DOUBT WHETHER one WILL be SUCCESSFUL ACTING. (anc: 12/0, child: 9)
- ACT MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
DISCERE quod qvis nescit, scire laborare. Sive est rem aliqvam ignotam per aliqvam notam assequi.
Occurrunt ergo in discendo 1. Res aliqva ignota. 2. Cognoscendi eam aviditas. 3. Medium seu notum aliqvod, per qvod illuc promovemur.
Est ititur velut qvidam Motus, quo Mobile a termino dat illo nixum ad terminum alium inde distantem se promovet. NB Praenotum illud dicitur Principium cognosendi.
Ax. Non ignotum non discitur....Discere facilius qvam dediscere. Qvicqvid discitur, sit Unum (seu breve, seu continuum), Verum (vere sensum implens) Bonum (jucundum seu utile).
[Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae, aut simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae. Horace, Ad Pisones]
MATHESIS
STUDIUM
Semper cognita incognitis miscenda et temperanda sunt,ut labor et molestia minuantur. Ita optime discimus linguas per parallelismum cum linguis nobis notis.
cultus animi refers to spiritual culture.
doctrina refers to learning as the result of studying with someone and of receiving instruction within a well-defined narrow field.
eruditio refers to leaning as the result of formal instruction or education in a broad sense.
scientia refers to knowledge or intellectual competence as a whole, theoretical as well as practical understanding.
notitia is passively the fact of being known and actively the knowledge of or awareness of something.
cognitio is inchoative and refers to cognition as the beginning of understanding.
disciplina refers to the practical facility which results from studying a certaion well-defined area of instruction.
ETUDIER.APPRENDRE; APPRENDRE.S'INSTRUIRE
Words (36 items)
學 xué OC: ɡruuɡ MC: ɦɣɔk 219 Attributions
The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
- Word relations
- Conv: 誨/TEACH
Huì 誨 (ant. xí 習 "study persistently") refers to systematic and persistent efforts to teach and inculcate intellectual or practical skills (誨之琴 "taught him to play the zither") and moral understanding of students (誨女知之 "I will teach you so you understand"), and the word never implies coercion or any threat of force. Huì 誨 can be mutual, or refer to equals teaching equals, even subordinates teaching superiors 諫誨 "remonstrate with and instruct". The word is not commonly nominalised. The primary aim of huì 誨 is understanding. - Conv: 教/TEACH
The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised. - Inconsist: 固 / 故/STUBBORN
The current general word referring to stubbornness in a positive or in the positive sense of unswerving determination is gù 固. - Result: 成/ACHIEVE
The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB] - Result: 能/ABLE
The commonest word is néng 能 "have an inherent capacity for, have the personal ability to". CURRENT, ENDOGENIC, GRADED, INHERENT, LASTING - Result: 明/UNDERSTAND
Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight. - Result: 行/ACT
The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE] - Result: 博/BROAD
Bó 博 (ant. yuē 約 "confined") is primarily metaphorical in application, and its concrete senses applied to physical objects are derived senses of the word only. - Ant: 未之聞/IGNORANT
- Ant: 思/THINK
The most current general word for thought or reflection of any kind is perhaps sī 思 (ant. hū 忽 "fail to pay detailed attention to"), but this word tends to refer specifically to reflection. - Object: 射/ARCHERY
The dominant general term is shè 射and this word refers to all kinds of shooting with a bow, particularly ritualised archery. [GENERAL] - Object: 悅 / 說/DELIGHT
The general current word referring to the purely psychological notion of a transitory or temporary feeling of pleasure or delight is yuè 悅 (ant. yùn 慍 "feel intensely dissatisfied with, feel offended by"). - Object: 禮/RITUAL
The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals. - Object: 行/WALK
The current general word for walking is xíng 行(ant. zhǐ 止 "stay put"). - Object: 操/WIELD
- Object: 生/LIFE
- Object: 道/METHOD
Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric. - Object: 言/WORD
On the relatively rare occasions when words rather than characters are referred to, the current general term to use is yán 言. - Object: 詩/SONG
Shī 詩 refers to a regularly rhymed song with a generally regular number of syllables per line. - Object: 詩書/CLASSIC
- Object: 樂 / 樂/ENJOY
The current general word for active enjoyment and delighting in something is lè 樂 (ant. bēi 悲 "be saddened by"), as in 與民同樂 "share one's enjoyings/enjoyments with the people". In the transitive usage the reading yào is suggested by WGZ. - Object: 干戈/WARFARE
Gān gē 干戈 (ant. yù bó 玉帛 "jade and silk") is a periphrastic way of referring to military affairs. - Object: 書/WRITE
The standard current word for writing something down or noting it down is shū 書, and this word can never refer to an act of literary creation. - Object: 計/CALCULATE
The commonest general term for counting objects is jì 計. - Object: 御 / 馭/DRIVE
Yù 御 refers to the driving and steering of a carriage. - Epithet: 博/BROAD
Bó 博 (ant. yuē 約 "confined") is primarily metaphorical in application, and its concrete senses applied to physical objects are derived senses of the word only. - Epithet: 遊 / 游/TRAVEL
Yóu 遊/游 refers specifically to travelling for pleasure. - Epithet: 士/GENTLEMAN
The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL. - Epithet: 俗/COMMON
- Contrast: 思/THINK
The most current general word for thought or reflection of any kind is perhaps sī 思 (ant. hū 忽 "fail to pay detailed attention to"), but this word tends to refer specifically to reflection. - Assoc: 文/ARTS
Wén 文 (ant. wǔ 武 "martial arts) refers to higher literary fine arts including belles lettres as well as ritual. [AESTHETIC], [ELEVATED], [SPECIALISED]; [[CURRENT]] - Assoc: 勸/ENCOURAGE
The dominant current word is quàn 勸 (ant. jǔ 沮 "try to stop") which refers to all kinds of encouragement, both from inferiors and from superiors. - Relat: 講/DISCUSS
4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner. 4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner. - Oppos: 教/TEACH
The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised.
- Syntactic words
- nab.post-Nthe systematic study of the subject NCH
- nab.post-Nthe study of/by the studying person NCH
- nabactthe systematic attempt to learn about things (typically from a teacher) study; the pursuit of intellectual/moral self-development; learning
- nderived objectobjects of studyCH
- vadNlearned, dedicated to the pursuit of learning 學士“learned gentlemen"
- vi休學“work on self-cultivation"; dedicate oneself to serious study; work on one's self-development
- viinchoative,actgo to school; start formal educationCH
- vt(+V[0])conativetry to learn to perform a contextually determinate action
- vt(oN)study with; become a student of a contextually determinate personCH
- vt(oN)conativedevote oneself to learning N; devote oneself to the practice of N
- vt(oN)perfectivestudy successfully the contextually determinate skill N
- vt(oN)the relevantengage in the relevant formal training/studyCH
- vt+prep+NN=humanbe a student of; study under 學於孔子
- vt+prep+NN=placebe a student in; become a student in 學於齊CH
- vt+prep+NN=topicengage in study regarding, aim to learn about
- vt+V[0]conativetry to learn to VERB
- vt[oN]actpursue knowledge of things; study things; devote oneself to study of things; be devoted to study; engage in intellectual work; try to acquire more knowledge
- vt[oN]N=humanstudy with someoneCH
- vtoNN=humanemulate (somebody); try to imitate (somebody); try to live up to (somebody)
- vtoNN=human, pluralstudy with the Ns, become a disciple of the Ns (barbarians etc)CH
- vtoNobject=knowledgestudy (a subject, the rules - and sometimes the facts- about something)
- vtoNobject=skillaim to learn (a skill); learn to read (a text), recite and understand according to received interpretation (a text); devote oneself to, apply oneself to (cultural studies etc); learn from a teacher about (a subject)
- vtoNobject=textstudy (scil. how to read correctly) (a text)
- vtoNpassivebe studied
- vttoN1.+prep+N2study (some skill N1) with/under (a master N2), study ( a subject N1) under (a master N2) 學射於 "study archery with"
學問 xué wèn OC: ɡruuɡ mɯns MC: ɦɣɔk mi̯un 35 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPabactstudy; range of studying activity; scholarship
- NPmamount of learning
- VPiactengage in study; engage in scholarship
- VPt+prep+Npursue one's studies under N
好學 hào xué OC: qhuus ɡruuɡ MC: hɑu ɦɣɔk 14 Attributions
delight in study
- Syntactic words
- NPabfeatureeagerness for study (to improve oneself and become a better person); love for cultivating self-improvement in the most general sense, not book-learning; love for intellectual/moral self-cultivation/improvement
- VPigraded be devoted to trying to learn to improve oneself; be eager to study so as to improve oneself/become a better person 孰為好學
師 shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 8 Attributions
Shī 師 and cóng 從 refer to deciding to study under someone and treating him as one's teacher.
- Syntactic words
- vt+prep+Ntreat as one's teacher> learn from
- vtoNtreat as a teacher, take as a guiding authority; imitate as teacher
- vtoNfigurativelearn from (history etc)
- vtoNN=nonhulearn from something
習 xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 8 Attributions
- Word relations
- Conv: 教/TEACH
The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised. - Assoc: 講/DISCUSS
4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner. 4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner.
- Syntactic words
- vt[oN]devote oneself to the truth
- vtoNpractise so as to become familiar with and so as to be competent with regard to something
治 chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 3 Attributions
Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the specialised study, typically of a certain text.
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)study a contextually determinate text N
- vtoNspecialise in (a text)
為 wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNstudy and live up to
博士 bó shì OC: paaɡ dzrɯʔ MC: pɑk ɖʐɨ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}subject=humanerudite; court academic (SJ) See ZUFFEREY 1998 and ZHANG HANDONG 1984
為學 wéi xué MC: hjweH haewk OC: ɢʷal ɡruuɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPiactengage in studyCH
讀 dú MC: duwk OC: ɡ-looɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vtoNread systematically, study (and learn by heart)CH
學習 xué xí OC: ɡruuɡ sɢlɯb MC: ɦɣɔk zip 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNstudy and familiarise oneself with the practice of
隨 suí MC: zjwe OC: sɢlol 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfollow the ways of; dedicate oneself to the pursuit of, dedicate oneself to the study of; emulate by way of study
私學 sī xué OC: sil ɡruuɡ MC: si ɦɣɔk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPabactprivate study, private intellectual pursuits
- VPiactengage in private intellectual pursuits
問學 wèn xué MC: mjunH haewk OC: mɯns ɡruuɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPabactstudy; range of studying activityLZ
修身 xiū shēn OC: sqlɯw qhjin MC: sɨu ɕin 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPiactcultivate one's person
事 shì MC: dzriH OC: dzrɯs 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vtoNstudy in the service under NVK
執 zhí OC: tjib MC: tɕip 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vtoNstick to the study of
研 yán OC: ŋɡeen MC: ŋen 1 Attribution
Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNstudy in all detail
究 jiū OC: kus MC: kɨu 1 Attribution
Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.
- Syntactic words
- viactengage in studies
- vtoNSHI: reflect thoroughly on; achieve a complete grasp of
練 liàn MC: lenH OC: ɡ-reens 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vtoNstudy in a repetitive wayCH
脩學 xiū xué MC: sjuw haewk OC: sqlɯw ɡruuɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPicultivate study; be dedicated to studyCH
考 kǎo OC: khuuʔ MC: khɑu 0 Attributions
Kǎo 考 refers to an investigation of a subject in a "scientific" spirit.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNdetermine through diligent investigation (the truth of something)
學通 xué tōng OC: ɡruuɡ kh-looŋ MC: ɦɣɔk thuŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNstudy successfully
夏安居 xià ān jū OC: ɡraas qaan ka MC: ɦɣɛ ʔɑn ki̯ɤ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPi夏安居:佛教名詞。在古印度雨季的三個月(約5—8月)裏,禁止僧尼外出,說外出易傷草木小蟲,應在寺内坐禪修學,接受供養。這段時期稱作“安居期”,南亞稱爲“雨安居”,中國稱爲“夏安居”,或簡稱“夏坐”、“坐夏”。開始階段叫做“結夏”,結束階段叫做“安居竟”、“解夏” [Annotation by Sun Xixin]
修 xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNcultivate through study
功 gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNwork on, study
受 shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNreceive instruction on 受尚書 "receive instruction on the Documents"
- vttoN1.+N2receive instruction on N1 from N2 受經於仲尼 "receive instruction on the classics from Confucius"
從 cóng OC: dzoŋ MC: dzi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfollow as a teacher
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNstudy in a repetitive wayCH
攻 gōng OC: kuuŋ MC: kuo̝ŋ 0 Attributions
Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the specialised study, typically of a certain text.
- Syntactic words
服 fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNdevote oneself to the study of
格 gé OC: kraaɡ MC: kɣɛk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNinvestigate
從學 cóng xué OC: dzoŋ ɡruuɡ MC: dzi̯oŋ ɦɣɔk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNstudy with, study under
守學 shǒu xué OC: qhjuʔ ɡruuɡ MC: ɕɨu ɦɣɔk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPiactstudy hard
閒間嫻 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC:
間 jiān MC: kean OC: kreen
嫻 xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNXUN study assiduously (e.g. horticulture) 間樹藝 "study arboriculture"
狃 niǔ OC: m-luʔ MC: ɳɨu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vtoNchangeget used to