STUDY  學學

INVESTIGATE THINGS OR IMITATE ANOTHER so as to STRIVE FOR SKILLFULNESS, KNOWING AND UNDERSTANDING.INVESTIGATE THINGS OR IMITATE ANOTHER HUMAN TRYING TO ACQUIRE SKILL, KNOWLEDGE, AND UNDERSTANDING.
Hypernym
  • IMITATECONFORM to TYPICAL ACTIONS of a HUMAN OR ANIMAL so as to RESEMBLE THAT HUMAN OR ANIMAL.
    • CONFORMACT so as to NOT to OFFEND against RULES OR a MODEL.
      • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision.
        • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION....
See also
  • KNOWBELIEVE SOMETHING AND ASSUME:presuppose that it is TRUE.
    Hyponym
    • PHILOSOPHY　SYSTEMATIC STUDY AIMING for WISDOM AND AIMING to be BASED on SYSTEMATIC EXPLAIN:explanation AND PROVE:proof.
      • METAPHYSICS　PHILOSOPHY which SYSTEMATICALLY INVESTIGATES the PRINCIPLES of EXISTENCE.
      • ETHICS　PRINCIPLES IN-RELATION-TO the JUDGMENT of BEHAVIOUR as MORE OR LESS GOOD OR MORE OR LESS BAD.
      • LOGIC　SYSTEMATIC SCIENCE of CORRECT PROOF.
      • BUDDHISM　PHILOSOPHY OR RELIGION BASED ON THE TEACHING of the BUDDHA
    • COSMOLOGY　SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE WHOLE WORLD.
      • ONTOLOGY　SYSTEMATIC GENERAL STUDY OF WHAT EXISTS INSOFAR-AS IT EXISTS.
        • ESCHATOLOGY　SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE END OF THE WORLD.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers to the acquisition of existing knowledge or virtues, typically under another person. Often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

          2. Shī 師 and cóng 從 refer to deciding to study under someone and treating him as one's teacher.

          3. Kǎo 考 refers to an investigation of a subject in a "scientific" spirit with the aim of finding the truth about something.

          4. Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.

          5. Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the systematic and specialised study, typically of a certain text.

          6. Xí 習 refers to rehearsing and application in practice of what one has learnt, through repetition of text and/or through enactment in practice.

          黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
          HUANG JINGUI 2006

          EDUCATION 15.

          學，學習的通稱。

          習，反復練習、鑽研。

          效，模仿性學習。

          師，拜老師學習。

          講，研習。

          EDUCATION 16.

          研，研究的通稱。

          究，重在精深地研究。

          治，重在全面地研究。

          攻，重在用大力專心研究。

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          研究

          鑽研

          鑽

          研

          研討

          切磋

          切磋琢磨

          探究

          探索

          探討

          根究

          推究

          深究

          追究

          追

          捯

          鉤深致遠

          探賾索隱

          用功

          用心

          篤學

          好學

          苦讀

          苦學

          勤學

          囊螢

          映雪

          啃書

          口不絕吟

          手不釋卷

          十年窗下

          十年寒窗

          學而不厭

          勤學苦練

          學如不及

          好學不倦

          韋編三絕

          遜志時敏

          懸梁刺股

          引錐刺股

          鑿壁偷光

          囊螢照書

          雞窗夜讀

          下帷攻讀

          目不窺園

          三年不窺園

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 17.242

          • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 510©

            DISCERE quod qvis nescit, scire laborare. Sive est rem aliqvam ignotam per aliqvam notam assequi.

            Occurrunt ergo in discendo 1. Res aliqva ignota. 2. Cognoscendi eam aviditas. 3. Medium seu notum aliqvod, per qvod illuc promovemur.

            Est ititur velut qvidam Motus, quo Mobile a termino dat illo nixum ad terminum alium inde distantem se promovet. NB Praenotum illud dicitur Principium cognosendi.

            Ax. Non ignotum non discitur....Discere facilius qvam dediscere. Qvicqvid discitur, sit Unum (seu breve, seu continuum), Verum (vere sensum implens) Bonum (jucundum seu utile).

            [Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae, aut simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae. Horace, Ad Pisones]

          • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 13

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            MATHESIS

            STUDIUM

          • Table de definitions, pp. 437- ( LEIBNIZ 1704) p. 62

            Semper cognita incognitis miscenda et temperanda sunt,ut labor et molestia minuantur. Ita optime discimus linguas per parallelismum cum linguis nobis notis.

          • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 911ff

          • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 228

            cultus animi refers to spiritual culture.

            doctrina refers to learning as the result of studying with someone and of receiving instruction within a well-defined narrow field.

            eruditio refers to leaning as the result of formal instruction or education in a broad sense.

            scientia refers to knowledge or intellectual competence as a whole, theoretical as well as practical understanding.

            notitia is passively the fact of being known and actively the knowledge of or awareness of something.

            cognitio is inchoative and refers to cognition as the beginning of understanding.

            disciplina refers to the practical facility which results from studying a certaion well-defined area of instruction.

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Rhetorik ( UEDING 1992ff) p. 9.221

          • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.50.36

            ETUDIER.APPRENDRE; APPRENDRE.S'INSTRUIRE

          Attributions by syntactic funtion

          • vtoN : 57
          • nab : 56
          • vt[oN] : 48
          • vt+prep+N : 40
          • VPi : 28
          • NPab : 22
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2 : 13
          • vt(oN) : 9
          • vt+V[0] : 9
          • vadN : 7
          • vi : 5
          • NPm : 3
          • nab.post-N : 2
          • NP{vadN} : 2
          • vt(+V[0]) : 1
          • VPtoN : 1
          • VPt+prep+N : 1

          Attributions by text

          • 論語 : 42
          • 荀子 : 41
          • 春秋左傳 : 30
          • 韓非子 : 29
          • 莊子 : 23
          • 孟子 : 21
          • 論衡 : 17
          • 呂氏春秋 : 16
          • 法言 : 12
          • 說苑 : 10
          • 禮記 : 6
          • 商君書 : 6
          • 韓詩外傳 : 5
          • 史記 : 5
          • 公孫龍子 : 5
          • 尚書 : 5
          • 老子 : 4
          • 晏子春秋 : 3
          • 百喻經 : 3
          • 國語 : 2
          • 陸機集十一卷 : 2
          • 鶡冠子 : 2
          • 搜神記 : 2
          • 淮南子 : 2
          • 法句經 : 2
          • 列子 : 1
          • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
          • 太平經 : 1
          • 管子 : 1
          • 臨濟錄 : 1
          • 戰國策 : 1
          • 翻譯名義集 : 1
          • 祖堂集 : 1
          • 六祖壇經 : 1

          Words

          學  xué OC: ɡruuɡ MC: ɦɣɔk 219 AttributionsWD

          The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

            Word relations
          • Conv: 誨/TEACH Huì 誨 (ant. xí 習 "study persistently") refers to systematic and persistent efforts to teach and inculcate intellectual or practical skills (誨之琴 "taught him to play the zither") and moral understanding of students (誨女知之 "I will teach you so you understand"), and the word never implies coercion or any threat of force. Huì 誨 can be mutual, or refer to equals teaching equals, even subordinates teaching superiors 諫誨 "remonstrate with and instruct". The word is not commonly nominalised. The primary aim of huì 誨 is understanding.
          • Conv: 教/TEACH The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised.
          • Inconsist: 固 / 故/STUBBORN The current general word referring to stubbornness in a positive or in the positive sense of unswerving determination is gù 固.
          • Result: 成/ACHIEVE The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
          • Result: 能/ABLE The commonest word is néng 能 "have an inherent capacity for, have the personal ability to". CURRENT, ENDOGENIC, GRADED, INHERENT, LASTING
          • Result: 明/UNDERSTAND Míng 明 (ant. měng 蒙 "have very confused notions about") refers to incisive clarity of insight.
          • Result: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
          • Result: 博/BROAD Bó 博 (ant. yuē 約 "confined") is primarily metaphorical in application, and its concrete senses applied to physical objects are derived senses of the word only.
          • Ant: 未之聞/IGNORANT
          • Ant: 思/THINK The most current general word for thought or reflection of any kind is perhaps sī 思 (ant. hū 忽 "fail to pay detailed attention to"), but this word tends to refer specifically to reflection.
          • Object: 射/ARCHERY The dominant general term is shè 射and this word refers to all kinds of shooting with a bow, particularly ritualised archery. [GENERAL]
          • Object: 悅 / 說/DELIGHT The general current word referring to the purely psychological notion of a transitory or temporary feeling of pleasure or delight is yuè 悅 (ant. yùn 慍 "feel intensely dissatisfied with, feel offended by").
          • Object: 禮/RITUAL The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals.
          • Object: 行/WALK The current general word for walking is xíng 行(ant. zhǐ 止 "stay put").
          • Object: 操/WIELD
          • Object: 生/LIFE
          • Object: 道/METHOD Dào 道 is a way of being, of functioning, as well as a way of doing things, and this Way may be either exoteric or esoteric.
          • Object: 言/WORD On the relatively rare occasions when words rather than characters are referred to, the current general term to use is yán 言.
          • Object: 詩/SONG Shī 詩 refers to a regularly rhymed song with a generally regular number of syllables per line.
          • Object: 詩書/CLASSIC
          • Object: 樂 / 樂/ENJOY The current general word for active enjoyment and delighting in something is lè 樂 (ant. bēi 悲 "be saddened by"), as in 與民同樂 "share one's enjoyings/enjoyments with the people".　In the transitive usage the reading yào is suggested by WGZ.
          • Object: 干戈/WARFARE Gān gē 干戈 (ant. yù bó 玉帛 "jade and silk") is a periphrastic way of referring to military affairs.
          • Object: 書/WRITE The standard current word for writing something down or noting it down is shū 書, and this word can never refer to an act of literary creation.
          • Object: 計/CALCULATE The commonest general term for counting objects is jì 計.
          • Object: 御 / 馭/DRIVE Yù 御 refers to the driving and steering of a carriage.
          • Epithet: 博/BROAD Bó 博 (ant. yuē 約 "confined") is primarily metaphorical in application, and its concrete senses applied to physical objects are derived senses of the word only.
          • Epithet: 遊 / 游/TRAVEL Yóu 遊／游 refers specifically to travelling for pleasure.
          • Epithet: 士/GENTLEMAN The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL.
          • Epithet: 俗/COMMON
          • Contrast: 思/THINK The most current general word for thought or reflection of any kind is perhaps sī 思 (ant. hū 忽 "fail to pay detailed attention to"), but this word tends to refer specifically to reflection.
          • Assoc: 文/ARTS Wén 文 (ant. wǔ 武 "martial arts) refers to higher literary fine arts including belles lettres as well as ritual. [AESTHETIC], [ELEVATED], [SPECIALISED]; [[CURRENT]]
          • Assoc: 勸/ENCOURAGE The dominant current word is quàn 勸 (ant. jǔ 沮 "try to stop") which refers to all kinds of encouragement, both from inferiors and from superiors.
          • Relat: 講/DISCUSS 4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner. 4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner.
          • Oppos: 教/TEACH The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised.

            Syntactic words
          • nab.post-Nthe systematic study of the subject NCH
          • nab.post-Nthe study of/by the studying person NCH
          • nabactthe systematic attempt to learn about things (typically from a teacher) study; the pursuit of intellectual/moral self-development; learning
          • nderived objectobjects of studyCH
          • vadNlearned, dedicated to the pursuit of learning 學士“learned gentlemen"
          • vi休學“work on self-cultivation"; dedicate oneself to serious study; work on one's self-development 
          • viinchoative,actgo to school; start formal educationCH
          • vt(+V[0])conativetry to learn to perform a contextually determinate action
          • vt(oN)study with; become a student of a contextually determinate personCH
          • vt(oN)conativedevote oneself to learning N; devote oneself to the practice of N
          • vt(oN)perfectivestudy successfully the contextually determinate skill N
          • vt(oN)the relevantengage in the relevant formal training/studyCH
          • vt+prep+NN=humanbe a student of; study under　學於孔子
          • vt+prep+NN=placebe a student in; become a student in 學於齊CH
          • vt+prep+NN=topicengage in study regarding, aim to learn about
          • vt+V[0]conativetry to learn to VERB
          • vt[oN]actpursue knowledge of things; study things; devote oneself to study of things; be devoted to study; engage in intellectual work; try to acquire more knowledge
          • vt[oN]N=humanstudy with someoneCH
          • vtoNN=humanemulate (somebody); try to imitate (somebody); try to live up to (somebody)
          • vtoNN=human, pluralstudy with the Ns, become a disciple of the Ns (barbarians etc)CH
          • vtoNobject=knowledgestudy (a subject, the rules - and sometimes the facts- about something)
          • vtoNobject=skillaim to learn (a skill); learn to read (a text), recite and understand according to received interpretation (a text); devote oneself to, apply oneself to (cultural studies etc); learn from a teacher about (a subject)
          • vtoNobject=textstudy (scil. how to read correctly) (a text)
          • vtoNpassivebe studied
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2study (some skill N1) with/under (a master N2), study ( a subject N1) under (a master N2)　學射於 "study archery with"
          學問  xué wèn OC: ɡruuɡ mɯns MC: ɦɣɔk mi̯un 35 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactstudy; range of studying activity; scholarship
          • NPmamount of learning
          • VPiactengage in study; engage in scholarship
          • VPt+prep+Npursue one's studies under N
          好學  hào xué OC: qhuus ɡruuɡ MC: hɑu ɦɣɔk 14 AttributionsWD

          delight in study

            Syntactic words
          • NPabfeatureeagerness for study (to improve oneself and become a better person); love for cultivating self-improvement in the most general sense, not book-learning; love for intellectual/moral self-cultivation/improvement
          • VPigraded be devoted to trying to learn to improve oneself; be eager to study so as to improve oneself/become a better person 孰為好學
          師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 8 AttributionsWD

          Shī 師 and cóng 從 refer to deciding to study under someone and treating him as one's teacher.

            Syntactic words
          • vt+prep+Ntreat as one's teacher> learn from
          • vtoNtreat as a teacher, take as a guiding authority; imitate as teacher
          • vtoNfigurativelearn from (history etc)
          • vtoNN=nonhulearn from something
          習  xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 8 AttributionsWD

            Word relations
          • Conv: 教/TEACH The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised.
          • Assoc: 講/DISCUSS 4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner. 4444Jiǎng 講 refers to discussing something as an important subject and in a systematic manner.

            Syntactic words
          • vt[oN]devote oneself to the truth
          • vtoNpractise so as to become familiar with and so as to be competent with regard to something
          治  chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 3 AttributionsWD

          Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the specialised study, typically of a certain text.

            Syntactic words
          • vt(oN)study a contextually determinate text N
          • vtoNspecialise in (a text)
          為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstudy and live up to
          博士  bó shì OC: paaɡ dzrɯʔ MC: pɑk ɖʐɨ 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NP{vadN}subject=humanerudite; court academic (SJ) See ZUFFEREY 1998 and ZHANG HANDONG 1984
          執  zhí OC: tjib MC: tɕip 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstick to the study of
          研  yán OC: ŋɡeen MC: ŋen 1 AttributionWD

          Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstudy in all detail
          究  jiū OC: kus MC: kɨu 1 AttributionWD

          Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.

            Syntactic words
          • viactengage in studies
          • vtoNSHI: reflect thoroughly on; achieve a complete grasp of
          隨  suí MC: zjwe OC: sɢlol 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNfollow the ways of; dedicate oneself to the pursuit of, dedicate oneself to the study of; emulate by way of study
          學習  xué xí OC: ɡruuɡ sɢlɯb MC: ɦɣɔk zip 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNstudy and familiarise oneself with the practice of
          私學  sī xué OC: sil ɡruuɡ MC: si ɦɣɔk 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactprivate study, private intellectual pursuits
          • VPiactengage in private intellectual pursuits
          練  liàn MC: lenH OC: ɡ-reensCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstudy in a repetitive wayCH
          問學  wèn xué MC: mjunH haewk OC: mɯns ɡruuɡLZ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactstudy; range of studying activityLZ
          事  shì MC: dzriH OC: dzrɯsVK 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstudy in the service under NVK
          為學  wéi xué MC: hjweH haewk OC: ɢʷal ɡruuɡCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactengage in studyCH
          脩學  xiū xué MC: sjuw haewk OC: sqlɯw ɡruuɡCH 1 AttributionWD

            Syntactic words
          • VPicultivate study; be dedicated to studyCH
          修身  xiū shēn OC: sqlɯw qhjin MC: sɨu ɕin 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactcultivate one's person
          讀  dú MC: duwk OC: ɡ-looɡCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNread systematically, study (and learn by heart)CH
          修  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNcultivate through study
          閒間嫻  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC:
          間  jiān MC: kean OC: kreen
          嫻  xián OC: ɢreen MC: ɦɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNXUN study assiduously (e.g. horticulture) 間樹藝 "study arboriculture"
          從  cóng OC: dzoŋ MC: dzi̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNfollow as a teacher
          攻  gōng OC: kuuŋ MC: kuo̝ŋ 0 AttributionsWD

          Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the specialised study, typically of a certain text.

          • 漢代無知文化資料圖說 ( SUN JI) p. 245

            Syntactic words
          格  gé OC: kraaɡ MC: kɣɛk 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNinvestigate
          狃  niǔ OC: m-luʔ MC: ɳɨu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNchangeget used to
          考  kǎo OC: khuuʔ MC: khɑu 0 AttributionsWD

          Kǎo 考 refers to an investigation of a subject in a "scientific" spirit.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNdetermine through diligent investigation (the truth of something)
          學通  xué tōng OC: ɡruuɡ kh-looŋ MC: ɦɣɔk thuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNstudy successfully
          守學  shǒu xué OC: qhjuʔ ɡruuɡ MC: ɕɨu ɦɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactstudy hard
          從學  cóng xué OC: dzoŋ ɡruuɡ MC: dzi̯oŋ ɦɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNstudy with, study under
          夏安居  xià ān jū OC: ɡraas qaan ka MC: ɦɣɛ ʔɑn ki̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPi夏安居：佛教名詞。在古印度雨季的三個月（約5—8月）裏，禁止僧尼外出，說外出易傷草木小蟲，應在寺内坐禪修學，接受供養。這段時期稱作“安居期”，南亞稱爲“雨安居”，中國稱爲“夏安居”，或簡稱“夏坐”、“坐夏”。開始階段叫做“結夏”，結束階段叫做“安居竟”、“解夏” [Annotation by Sun Xixin]
          服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNdevote oneself to the study of
          功  gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNwork on, study
          受  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNreceive instruction on 受尚書 "receive instruction on the Documents"
          • vttoN1.+N2receive instruction on N1 from N2 受經於仲尼 "receive instruction on the classics from Confucius"
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            Syntactic words
          • vtoNstudy in a repetitive wayCH

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