ACHIEVE 成事成
COMPLETE a DIFFICULT ACT.
Old Chinese Criteria
[EXPECTED/UNEXPECTED]
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]
[IMPORTANT/UNIMPORTANT]
[LARGE-SCALE/SMALL-SCALE]
[MEDIOCRE/ STANDARD/PERFECT]
[NOUN/VERB]
[TRANSIENT/LASTING]
1. The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up").
[GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
2 The current general word for successfully completed action on one's own behalf or in one's own interest is dé 得 "manage to" (ant. shī 失 "fail in, get wrong" and ant.* bù néng 不能 "not manage to").
[DIFFICULT], [SELFISH], [STANDARD]; [VERB]
3. Zhì 至 refers to successful action on one's own behalf on a very high level.
[DIFFICULT], [PERFECT], [SELFISH]; [VERB]
4. Zhì 致 refers specifically to remarkable successful action, typically on others' behalf.
[ALTRUISTIC], [DIFFICULT]; [VERB]
5. Lì 立 refers to successful action resulting in a lasting objective result of one's efforts.
[ALTRUISTIC], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
6. Suì 遂 refers to eventual successful completion of something one has planned.
[EXPECTED]; [VERB]
7. Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT.
[ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]
8. Gōng jì 功跡 refers to achievements as leaving a lasting trace on the future.
Modern Chinese Criteria
做到
成事
有成
成
遂
得逞
得計
馬到成功
水到渠成
開物成務
達到
達成
達
臻
上
齊
及
落到
落得
first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/
Old Chinese Contrasts
2. The enterprise accomplished may be the performance of an action (dé 得 ), or it may consist in the obtaining of a definite objective result (chéng 成, zhì 致, lì 立, suì 遂 ).
3. The enterprise accomplished may be typically viewed as hard to obtain (suì 遂 ), or as being of singular importance and perfection (zhì 致 ), or unspecified (chéng 成, lì 立 ).
4. The enterprise accomplished may be abstract (zhì 致, dé 得 ), or it may be indifferently abstract or concrete (chéng 成, lì 立, suì 遂 ).
- Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian
(
Mel'cuk 1984)
p.
668 - SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.122.88 ACHEVER.FINIR.TERMINER
- Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
57B
Words
得 dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 145 AttributionsWD
The current general word for successfully completed action on one's own behalf or in one's own interest is dé 得 "manage to" (ant. shī 失 "fail in, get wrong" and ant.* bù néng 不能 "not manage to"). [DIFFICULT], [SELFISH], [STANDARD]; [VERB]
- Word relations
- Ant: 失/LOSE
The dominant general word for to lose is shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get") which refers to any disappearance of something which belonged to one in any sense, but the emphasis tends to be on the loss being the result of a mistake rather than mere insouciance. - Object: 道/WAY
Dào 道, when used in its concrete meaning referring to a means of communication tends to refer to a larger line of communication, and the traditional claim is that the term refers to a road where two vehicles can pass each other. Thus the First Emperor called his Autobahns chí dào 馳道 and not chí lù 馳路. - Oppos: 逢/SUFFER
- Syntactic words
- nabactattainment; achievement; successful undertakings; successes
- vpostadVperfectivedeverbal perfective suffix
- vt(+V[0])manage to do the contextually determinate thing
- vt(oN)achieve the contextually determiante NCH
- vt+prep+Nabattain to Nab
- vt+V1.postadV2resultativemarker of a resultative complement: V1 to the extent of V2
- vt+V[0]manage to; get to perform an act, get to; have had a chance to
- vt+V[0]middle voicebe achieved, get done
- vt+V[0]perfectivehave a chance to; be able to, manage to
- vt+V[0]{PASS}manage (not to be) V-ed
- vt[oN]obtain [one's ends]> succeed, achieve one's aims; win success
- vtoNrealise fully (one's person) 得身
- vtoNto achieveLZ
- vtoNab{S}achieve the result that S
- vtoNpassivebe achieved, be done successfully; be got right
- vtoSpassivebe achieved (that S occures)
- vttoN1.+N2achieve N1 for N2CH
成 chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 69 AttributionsWD
The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
- Word relations
- Result: 為/WORK
- Result: 學/STUDY
The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation. - Ant: 敗/DESTROY
Bài 敗 and zéi 賊 are currently used for the destruction of abstract things such as dé 德 "virtue". - Ant: 虧/REDUCE
Kuī 虧 (ant. yíng 盈 "cause to become more plentiful") refers to impairing typically abstract or at least subtle thing. - Object: 功/MERIT
The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功. - Contrast: 定/FIX
The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定. - Contrast: 立/ACHIEVE
Lì 立 refers to successful action resulting in a lasting objective result of one's efforts. [ALTRUISTIC], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB] - Assoc: 就/COMPLETE
Jiù 就 refers to completing a process of production of something. - Relat: 謀/PLAN
The current general word for a planning process involving consultation among several people, and taking into account all aspects of a long term strategy for an individual or a state is móu 謀. - Oppos: 始/BEGIN
The general word for something occurring for the crucial and influential first time or initiating anything, in particular any development, is shǐ 始 (ant. zhōng 終"bring to an end; come to an end" and chéng 成 "bring to a successful end, complete").
- 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
585 - 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
586.1 - 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
586.1
- Syntactic words
- nabactwhat is achieved; achievements
- vadNaccomplished, perfect
- vt(oN)achieve the contextually determinate aim
- vt+V[0]succeed in becoming (hegemon)
- vtoNto achieve, to form (an alliance)
- vtoNmanage to produce adequate N; manage to achieve good NCH
- vtoNmiddle voicehave come to completion, have been brought to completion
- vtoNpassive難成"hard to be achieved": get to be brought to conclusion; be brought to completion; be fully achieved
功 gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 65 AttributionsWD
Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]
- Word relations
- Ant: 戾/CRIME
- Contrast: 事/WORK
Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler. - Contrast: 力/ABLE
Lì 力 "strength" is sometimes used to refer to an ability to do someting which in some sense requires strength. - Assoc: 效/ACHIEVE
- Assoc: 效/ACHIEVE
- Oppos: 言/PROMISE
Yán 言 refers to a typically somewhat formal speech act by which a person commits himself to a future action. Compare 言而有信 "keep faith when one has promised something".
- Syntactic words
- nab[.post-N]pluralone's own meritorious achievementsCH
- nabactmeritorious deeds; objective effects achieved, achievements; meritorious results; work results
- vito bring achievementsLZ
- vtoNpassiveto be completed, to be brought to fruitionTWH
- vtoNperfectiveto complete, to bring to fruition
致 zhì OC: k-liɡs MC: ʈi 35 AttributionsWD
Zhì 致 refers specifically to remarkable successful action, typically on others' behalf. [ALTRUISTIC], [DIFFICULT]; [VERB]
- Word relations
- Ant: 除/AVOID
Chú 除 refers to the avoidance or removal of something that is perceived as posing a powerful threat. See REMOVE [CAUSATIVE], [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]] - Object: 法/LAW
The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法. - Contrast: 得/OBTAIN
The current general and highly abstract verb for obtaining any form of possession of anything abstract or concrete is dé 得 (ant. shī 失 "lose inadvertently"). - Synon: 取/OBTAIN
Obtaining something through effort and often with an element of choice involved is qǔ 取 (ant. qì 棄 "choose to reject").
- Syntactic words
- vt+V[0]get to the stage of V-ing
- vt[0]oN.postadVto the point of
- vtoNachieve the full degree of
- vtoNabachieve, manage to bring into existence, lead to; insist on bring to completion, bring to fruition; make the utmost use of
- vtoNpassivebe achieved 可致
效 xiào OC: ɡreews MC: ɦɣɛu 23 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 功/ACHIEVE
Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN] - Assoc: 功/ACHIEVE
Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]
- Syntactic words
- nabactachievements; results achieved; effects
- vibe efficientCH
- vtoNachieve (public and visible success) in the service of someone or something; realise; put into practice through commendable effort in some service
及 jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 17 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt+V[0]get to the point of
- vtoNget (something) sorted out, sort out; be of (what) avail
- vtpostadVsuccessfullyCH
至 zhì OC: kljiɡs MC: tɕi 17 AttributionsWD
Zhì 至 refers to successful action on one's own behalf on a very high level. [DIFFICULT], [PERFECT], [SELFISH]; [VERB]
- Syntactic words
- nabstativelevel of attainment
- vt+prep+Nab{ACT}get to the point of V-ing
- vt+prep+Nfigurativeabstractly: advance to the position of; attain to
- vt+prep+Smanage to bring it about that S
- vt+V[0]go so far as to V; get as far as to V; achieve, get to the point of V-ing (doing something one is aiming for)
- vtoNachieve (an aim, a desirable state)
遂 suì OC: sɢluds MC: zi 17 AttributionsWD
Suì 遂refers to eventual successful completion of something one has planned. [EXPECTED]; [VERB]
- Word relations
- Synon: 成/COMPLETE
The standard word for bringing anything to a successful conclusion is chéng 成.
- Syntactic words
- nabactsuccess
- vadNachieved, finished properly
- vibe fully accomplished; have fully realised one's purposeCH
- vt[oN]achieve [one's aims]> thrive
- vtoNgo through with something, bring something to completion; bring something to perfection; succeed; accomplish; achieve in the end, achieve eventually; realise
- vtoNpassivebe achieved; be accomplished 可遂
立 lì OC: ɡ-rub MC: lip 15 AttributionsWD
Lì 立 refers to successful action resulting in a lasting objective result of one's efforts. [ALTRUISTIC], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
- Word relations
- Contrast: 成/ACHIEVE
The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
- Syntactic words
- vtoNto achieve
- vtoNmiddle voiceto be achieved, to get achieved
為 wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactachievement
- vtoNpassivebe achieved, get accomplishedLZ
- vtoNperfectiveget done, achieve; be good for
有功 yǒu gōng OC: ɢʷɯʔ kooŋ MC: ɦɨu kuŋ 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]person of substantial meritorious achievements BHT also has the explicit 有功者, but in subject position.
- NPabactachievements to someone's credit
- VPihave achievements to one's creditCH
得失 dé shī OC: tɯɯɡ lʰiɡ MC: tək ɕit 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabrelativerelative achievement; ratio of gain versus loss
定 dìng OC: deeŋs MC: deŋ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpoetic, archaic: achieve, complete (task etc)
得以 dé yǐ MC: tok yiX OC: tɯɯɡ --CH 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt+V[0]manage thereby toCH
成就 chéng jiù OC: djeŋ dzuɡs MC: dʑiɛŋ dzɨu 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactachievements
- VPipassivebe completed and achieved; be brought to fruition
功績 gōng jī OC: kooŋ skleeɡ MC: kuŋ tsek 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactmajor achievements
終 zhōng OC: tjuŋ MC: tɕuŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNachieve completely; achieve completely the service of; achieve completely the service to
功跡 gōng jì, jī OC: kooŋ sklaɡ MC: kuŋ tsiɛk 1 AttributionWD
Gōng jì 功跡 refers to achievements as leaving a lasting trace on the future.
- Syntactic words
- NPab{N1&N2}nonreferentialachievements of all kinds
有為 yǒu wéi OC: ɢʷɯʔ ɢʷal MC: ɦɨu ɦiɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe successful, get things done as one tries to
能 néng OC: nɯɯŋ MC: nəŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt+V(0)passivebe achieved LY
近 jìn MC: gj+nX OC: ɡɯnʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNapproximatecome close to achieving, come close to realisingCH
取 qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 1 AttributionWD
- Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
(
ANDERL 2004B)
p.
257-258 Main verbs appearing with 取 often express mental processes (especially 'to realize; get to know', e.g. 會，覺，識，了，驗，體，記，看) and speech acts (e.g. 道，說，問). Other verbs include 擬 'to imitate', 行 'to practice', 覓 'to search for', 揀 'to choose', 試 'to try', 移 'to move'.
The meaning as complement is probably connected to the meaning as main verb 'to grasp' and by extension 'to perform an action fully'. Many verbs qu3 appears together with can be interpreted as process verbs, e.g. describing a mental process. Qu3 indicates that the process should be completed so that a desired result can be achieved. It is no coincidence that qu3 often appears in sentences including modal verbs indicating obligation, and other modal markers such as sentence final 去.
I think that qu3 does not primarily indicate a result but a 'desired result' and as such differs from suffix 卻.
- 敦煌變文中的助詞系統 Dūnhuáng biànwén zhōng de zhùcí xìtǒng [The System of Auxiliary Words in the Dunhuang Transformation Texts] 語言研究 Yuyan yanjiu
(
LI QUAN 1992)
p.
45 In Bianwen postverbal qu3 has two main functions. One function is marking completion or a resultative state. All in all there are ca. 20 examples of this kind in Bianwen, e.g.
大夫若要商量取，一依處分不諍（爭）論。。。 (BIANWEN: 61);
玉女盡皆覺悟取，嬋媚各要出塵埃。(BIANWEN: 626);
汝須努力莫為難，造取些些好果盤，待到眾僧解懮日，羅漢騰空盡喜歡。(BIANWEN: 708);
今此覓取一員政官。(BIANWEN: 212);
佛教如是觀虛幻，弁取前生識取因，莫在有為心有相。(BIANWEN: 444).
The examples are cited in Li Quan 1992: 44. Li Quan thinks that the degree of grammaticalization of qu3 is not as high as the one of que4 卻 and the meaning as main verb is still present. However, early in the evolution of function words it is not uncommon that the original meaning as main verb has not completely faded. Viewed from this angle qu3 can be regarded as function word. Another function of qu3 in Bianwen is the indication of continuous aspect, qu3 取 (V.COMP.CONT). Quan Li counts ca. 14 examples of this function, e.g.:
我兒不宜住此方，將取金瓶歸下界。(Bianwen: 113);
說法頭頭蒙告喻，。。。今於末代流傳取。(Bianwen: 525);
記取今朝相動語，這身看即是無常。(Bianwen: 557).
- Syntactic words
- vpostadVverbal suffix
畢 bì OC: pid MC: pit 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
功勛 gōng xūn OC: kooŋ qhun MC: kuŋ hi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactachievement; merits
功業 gōng yè OC: kooŋ ŋab MC: kuŋ ŋi̯ɐp 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactmertiful acts > achievements
武功 wǔ gōng OC: mbaʔ kooŋ MC: mi̯o kuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabactmilitary achievements; military merits
Existing SW for
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