CRIME  罪過罪／過

WICKED ACT OFFENDING INTENSELY against an IMPORTANT LAW.
OFFENSEUNLAWFUL ACTILLEGAL ACTFELONYMISDEMEANORMISDEEDWRONGNO-NO
Antonym
  • CORRECTAPPROPRIATE so as to FIT the FACTS or the PRINCIPLES PERFECTLY.
    Hypernym
    • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision.
      • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
        • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
          • EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME....
    See also
    • GUILTRESPONSIBILITY FOR ONE'S AVOIDABLE PAST BAD ACT. 
      • WICKEDMORALLY BAD.
        • WICKEDMORALLY BAD.
          • MISTAKENEGLECT something and ACT so as to FAIL to ACHIEVE one's INTENTION.
            • LAWGROUP of ENDURING PUBLIC COMMANDS SHOULD:obligatory FOR ALL MEMBERS of a STATE.
              • CHEATCRIME of CAUSING OTHERS TO BELIEVE to be TRUE what one KNOWS is NOT TRUE AND TYPICALLY to CAUSE THEM THEREFORE TO SUFFER DAMAGE.
                Hyponym
                • CHEAT　CRIME of CAUSING OTHERS TO BELIEVE to be TRUE what one KNOWS is NOT TRUE AND TYPICALLY to CAUSE THEM THEREFORE TO SUFFER DAMAGE.
                  • PRETEND　CHEAT so as to CAUSE OTHERS to BELIEVE one COPULA:is RESEMBLING:as one SEEMS WHEN one is NOT.
                  • SELF-DECEPTION　CHEAT ONESELF.
                • SIN　VICE OR CRIME OFFENDING AGAINST DEITIES.
                  • HERESY　SIN of BELIEVING in PUBLICLY NOT ACCEPTED FAITH.
                  • SACRILEGE　SIN OFFENDING AGAINST WHAT IS BELIEVED to BE SACRED
                Old Chinese Criteria
                1. The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

                2. Yóu 尤 refers generally to morally disreputable behaviour.

                3. Jiù 咎 (ant. láo 勞 "obtain merits") refers to an action for which one deserves blame.

                4. Dào 盜 (ant.* dé 德 "virtue") refers to morally and legally outrageous behaviour.

                5. Yuè 越 can come to refer to a failure to keep within the boundaries set by one's social status or office.

                6. Gū 辜 (ant. xún 勛 "significant contribution") is an archaising word referring to serious crimes at an early stage, but later commonly used (mostly in negated form) to refer to any crime.

                7. Tè 忒, qiān 愆, and shěng 眚 refer to a minor but culpable error.

                8. Qiān 愆 refers to a minor mistake in procedure.

                Modern Chinese Criteria
                罪行

                罪名

                罪過

                過犯

                罪

                辜

                孽

                罪孽

                罪惡

                罪戾

                滔天大罪

                彌天大罪

                rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 88

                  299. In textu Pantinus fortasse legebat totque, aut totidem et, pro quo varia lectio assignatur totidemque. [AREV.]

                  ]

                  299. Inter Iniquitatem et peccatum sic distare dicit Ambrosius, quod iniquitas ad mentis acerbitatem refertur, peccatum vero ad prolapsionem corporis. Praecedit igitur iniquitas, peccatum sequitur. Sed gravior est iniquitas, tanquam materia peccatorum, in cujus comparatione levius est peccatum. Item peccatum est quod admittitur; piaculum autem id quod admissum est, et id quod expiatur admissum. Iniquitatis [col. 41B] autem tres sunt differentiae: 40 suggestionis, delectationis, et consensus. Inter iniquitates et peccata sanctus Hieronymus hanc differentiam facit: iniquitates dicimus quae ante susceptam fidem, sive per ignorantiam, sive per scientiam committuntur. Peccata vero, quae post cognitionem fidei, vel gratiam baptismatis contrahuntur; totidemque et peccata, verbi, operis et consensionis.

                • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                  TRANSGRESSION

                  delictum refers to a relatively light offense against punitive laws.

                  peccatum refers to a transgression of natural rules of reason or morality.

                  malefactum refers to any deed that one should not have done.

                  maleficium refers to any misdeed that springs from an evil intention.

                  facinus is a major daring misdeed which springs from wickedness of nature.

                  flagitium is a flagrant breach of the norms of honourable behaviour that one has set for oneself, e.g. through gluttony, cowardice, licentiousness.

                  scelus is a fragrant offence against society through malice.

                  nefas refers to sacrilege against what is holy to the gods or ordained by the gods.

                • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 87

                • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                  CRIMEN

                  SCELUS

                • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 88

                • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.

                • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.58

                  VERBRECHEN

                • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.283.241

                  FAUTE.CRIME.PECHE.DELIT.FORFAIT

                • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 31

                • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 145A

                Attributions by syntactic funtion

                • nab : 82
                • vi : 17
                • nab.post-V{NUM} : 14
                • NPab : 13
                • VP[adN] : 7
                • vtoN : 6
                • NP[adN] : 4
                • NP : 4
                • nab.post-N : 4
                • NPab{N1&N2} : 4
                • VPi : 4
                • vadN : 3
                • vt V/N : 2
                • NPab{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)} : 2
                • nab{PRED} : 1
                • vadV : 1
                • nab[.post-N] : 1
                • vt+prep+N : 1

                Attributions by text

                • 春秋左傳 : 39
                • 韓非子 : 37
                • 說苑 : 17
                • 尚書 : 10
                • 墨子 : 6
                • 淮南子 : 6
                • 論語 : 6
                • 百喻經 : 6
                • 賢愚經 : 5
                • 史記 : 4
                • 論衡 : 4
                • 孝經 : 3
                • 祖堂集 : 3
                • 晏子春秋 : 2
                • 法句經 : 2
                • 周易 : 2
                • 毛詩 : 2
                • 孟子 : 2
                • 法言 : 2
                • 古列女傳 : 2
                • 文子 : 1
                • 搜神記 : 1
                • 荀子 : 1
                • 漢書 : 1
                • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
                • 呂氏春秋 : 1
                • 管子 : 1
                • 老子 : 1
                • 妙法蓮華經 : 1
                • 楚辭 : 1

                Words

                罪  zuì OC: sbuulʔ MC: dzuo̝i 63 AttributionsWD

                The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

                  Word relations
                • Ant: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
                • Ant: 功/MERIT The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
                • Object: 免/PARDON Miǎn 免 refers to an administrative act allowing a culprit to avoid being punished for his crime.
                • Object: 赦/PARDON Shè 赦 (ant. zuì 罪 "hold criminally responsible") refers specifically and technically to the legal act of pardoning a convicted culprit.
                • Contrast: 失/MISTAKE The most current general word for a mistake is probably shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get things right") refers generally to an inadvertent mistake in action, and normally of minor kind.
                • Contrast: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
                • Assoc: 過/MISTAKE
                • Assoc: 過/CRIME The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

                  Syntactic words
                • nab.post-Ncrime or fault of NCH
                • nab.post-V{NUM}crime
                • nab[.post-N]one'sown crime/guilt
                • nabactcriminal offence, deliberate illegal act; punishable crime; grave fault
                • nabsocialinjustice (also from superiors!)CH
                • vadVby criminal meansCH
                • vibe criminal; be a criminal offence
                • viactcommit a crime
                • vt+prep+Ncommit a crime against (Heaven etc)
                • vt+V/Ncommit a crime sanctioned with V/N (cf: 有罪當刖)DS
                • vtoNcommit (a crime)
                咎  jiù OC: ɡlɯwʔ MC: gɨu 17 AttributionsWD

                Jiù 咎 (ant. láo 勞 "obtain merits") refers to an action for which one deserves blame.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabactfault, moral responsibility for an unfortunate state of affairs
                過  guò OC: klools MC: kʷɑ 9 AttributionsWD

                The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

                  Word relations
                • Contrast: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
                • Contrast: 失/MISTAKE The most current general word for a mistake is probably shī 失 (ant. dé 得 "get things right") refers generally to an inadvertent mistake in action, and normally of minor kind.
                • Contrast: 惡/WICKED The most current and general word for wickedness is probably è 惡 (ant. shàn 善 "good"), but it must be noted that in early texts the word is more current in the meaning of physical ugliness.
                • Contrast: 辜/CRIME Gū 辜 (ant. xún 勛 "significant contribution") is an archaising word referring to serious crimes at an early stage, but later commonly used (mostly in negated form) to refer to any crime.
                • Assoc: 罪/CRIME The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

                  Syntactic words
                • nabcrimeCH
                • nab.post-V{NUM}actcrime
                • viactcommit an offense, make a mistake
                辜  gū OC: kaa MC: kuo̝ 8 AttributionsWD

                Gū 辜 (ant. xún 勛 "significant contribution") is an archaising word referring to serious crimes at an early stage, but later commonly used (mostly in negated form) to refer to any crime.

                  Word relations
                • Epithet: 不/NOT
                • Contrast: 過/CRIME The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution").

                  Syntactic words
                • nabactoriginally: severe crime, severe guilt; later, generally: crime, guilt
                • vibe guilty of a severe crime
                戾  lì OC: rɯɯds MC: lei 7 AttributionsWD

                  Word relations
                • Ant: 功/ACHIEVE Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]

                  Syntactic words
                • nabacttransgression; crime; mistake
                不孝  bù xiào OC: pɯʔ qhruus MC: pi̯ut hɣɛu 7 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VP[adN]unfilial act; crime of unfilial behaviour
                • VP[adN]N=humansomeone guilty of the crime of failing to practice filial pietyCH
                • VPiactcommit an act of lack of filial piety
                死  sǐ OC: pliʔ MC: si 6 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabcrime deserving deathDS
                • nab.post-V{NUM}mortal crime
                • nab{PRED}be a matter of death, be cases of the death penaltyCH
                • vadNdeserving of the death penalty
                不法  bù fǎ OC: pɯʔ pab MC: pi̯ut pi̯ɐp 5 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NP[adN]those who violate the law
                • NPab{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)}actillegal act
                忒  tè OC: lʰɯɯɡ MC: thək 4 AttributionsWD

                Tè 忒, qiān 愆, and shěng 眚 refer to a minor but culpable error.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabacttransgression, error
                • vibe bad
                • viactSHI 256: err (as Heaven and Earth in meting out punishments); YI: deviate (as sun and moon from their proper course; sun: make a military mistake (in action)
                死罪  sǐ zuì OC: pliʔ sbuulʔ MC: si dzuo̝i 4 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactcrime deserving death
                罪人  zuì rén OC: sbuulʔ njin MC: dzuo̝i ȵin 4 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPcriminal
                罪過  zuì guò OC: sbuulʔ klools MC: dzuo̝i kʷɑ 4 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPab{N1&N2}actmisdemeanour
                愆  qiān OC: khran MC: khiɛn 3 AttributionsWD

                Qiān 愆 refers to a minor mistake in procedure.

                  Syntactic words
                • nab.post-V{NUM}actundue delay, (minor but culpable) mistake, fault, minor offence; mistaken procedure
                眚  shěng OC: sraaŋʔ MC: ʂɣaŋ 3 AttributionsWD

                Tè 忒, qiān 愆, and shěng 眚 refer to a minor but culpable error.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabactinadvertency, blunder; minor crime
                越  yuè OC: ɢʷad MC: ɦi̯ɐt 3 AttributionsWD

                Yuè 越 can come to refer to a failure to keep within the boundaries set by one's social status or office.

                  Syntactic words
                • vtoNtransgress, go beyond (one's official duties zhí 職)
                尤  yóu OC: ɢʷɯ MC: ɦɨu 2 AttributionsWD

                Yóu 尤 refers generally to morally disreputable behaviour.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabactbehaviour that is to be condemned, morally unacceptable behaviour
                不典  bù diǎn OC: pɯʔ tɯɯnʔ MC: pi̯ut ten 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactarchaic: crime
                過惡  guò è OC: klools qaaɡ MC: kʷɑ ʔɑk 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabdispositionvice
                過罪  guò zuì OC: klools sbuulʔ MC: kʷɑ dzuo̝i 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactcrime
                • VPiactcommit a crime
                非法  fēi fǎ OC: pɯl pab MC: pɨi pi̯ɐp 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabcrime
                • VPibe not good as law; contravene (traditional) law
                惡  è OC: qaaɡ MC: ʔɑk 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabactbad mistake, crime
                辠  zuì MC: -- OC: sbuulʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nab=罪　crime; guiltCH
                刑  xíng OC: ɡeeŋ MC: ɦeŋ 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabactcrime
                名  míng OC: meŋ MC: miɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabsocialoccasionally used specifically to refer to the bad name one gets because one is addused of a crime: bad name
                否  fǒu OC: pɯʔ MC: pɨu 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • viactcommit a transgression, do something wrong
                大辟  dà bì OC: daads peɡ MC: dɑi piɛk 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactcrime deserving of capital punishment, capital crime
                姦宄  jiān guǐ OC: kraan kʷruʔ MC: kɣan ki 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NP[adN]generic, pluralcriminals of various kindsDS
                • NPabactcriminal behaviour
                罪尤  zuì yóu OC: sbuulʔ ɢʷɯ MC: dzuo̝i ɦɨu 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabfeaturecrime or guilt
                逾閑  yú xián OC: lo ɢreen MC: ji̯o ɦɣɛn 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VPitransgress the norms
                過失  guò shī OC: klools lʰiɡ MC: kʷɑ ɕit 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabact(minor) crime, offence
                犯禁  fàn jìn MC: bjomX kimH OC: bomʔ krɯmsCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • VP[adN]offender against prohibitionsCH
                爽  shuǎng OC: sraŋʔ MC: ʂi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • nabactGUOYU: inadvertent mistake (in words)
                盜  dào OC: daaws MC: dɑu 0 AttributionsWD

                Dào 盜 (ant.* dé 德 "virtue") refers to morally and legally outrageous behaviour.

                  Syntactic words
                大刑  dà xíng OC: daads ɡeeŋ MC: dɑi ɦeŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabactcapital crime
                戕敗  qiāng bài OC: sɡaŋ praads MC: dzi̯ɐŋ pɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPadNgiven to injuring and ruining others

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