MERIT 功績功
GOOD PUBLIC ACHIEVEMENTS.
EXCELLENCEQUALITYCALIBERWORTHWORTHINESSCREDITVALUEDISTINCTIONEMINENCE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
2. Láo 勞 refers to meritorious effort as typically resulting in meritorious results.
3. Xūn 勛／勳 refers to outstanding contributions to the state and this word cannot refer to personal achievements.
4. Fá 伐 refers to a manifest achievement which is there for everyone to admire.
5. Jī 績 refers to results obtained, which in principle can be both positive and negative (we have gōng jī 功績 "positive results" as well as bài jī 敗績 "negative results").
Modern Chinese Criteria
功勞
功
貢獻
功績
勞績
功德
一等功
首功
頭功
勛勞
勛績
勛業
功勛
勛
業績
功績
功烈
事功
庶績
功業
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
See also
Hypernym
Words (21 items)
功 gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 60 Attributions
The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
- Word relations
- Ant: 害/DAMAGE
By far the commonest general word for damage is hài 害 (ant. lì 利"benefit"). - Ant: 過/MISTAKE
- Ant: 尤/BLAME
Yóu 尤 often refers to official blame and censure, but there are archaic generalised uses of the word where it simply means "to apportion blame for something". - Ant: 姦/WICKED
Jiān 姦 (ant. liáng 良 "of the good sort, decent") refers to sheer human depravity and moral incompetence with no supernatural or sinister overtones. - Ant: 罪/CRIME
The current general word for a serious legal transgression is zuì 罪 (ant. gōng 功 "merit"), and the current general word for a minor legal transgression is guò 過 (ant. xiào 效 "positive contribution"). - Object: 成/ACHIEVE
The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB] - Object: 立/ESTABLISH
The current general word for setting up anything abstract or concrete is lì 立 and the almost equally common shè 設. - Epithet: 臣/MINISTER
The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣. - Contrast: 烈/FAMOUS
Liè 烈 and hè 赫 focus on the image of glamour radiating from those who are illustrious. - Oppos: 德/VIRTUE
The current general term for salient features and principles of charismatic moral integrity and generosity is dé 德, when used as a term of ethical evalutation; but this word has many other philosophically important meanings. - Oppos: 身/PERSON
Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
- Syntactic words
- n[adN]nonreferentialmeritorious [effort]
- nab(post-N)the meritorious distinction of the contextually determinate NCH
- nab.post-NN's contributionsCH
- nabactmeritorious political or military contributions, meritorious exploits; contributions; proper ultimate function; effective performance (e.g. in cutting off heads!)
- nadNhaving achievements> deserving; meritorious 功臣, full of merit See also Shiji: 功狗
- npost-Vmerit consisting in V-ingDS
- vihave meritorious contributions to one's credit, achieve meritorious results
功德 gōng dé OC: kooŋ tɯɯɡ MC: kuŋ tək 25 Attributions
- Word relations
- Contrast: 福/LUCK
The dominant general word for good fortune is fú 福 (ant. huò 禍 "misfortune"), and the dominant general word for good luck is xìng 幸 (ant. yāng 殃 "misfortune").
- Syntactic words
- NPabbuddhistBUDDH: karmic merit
- NPabsocialachievements and merits
- NPadNmerit-related; meritorious
福 fú OC: pɯɡ MC: puk 14 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabactBUDDH: meritorious practice deserving of future good fortune > merit Skt puṇya
勞 láo OC: raaw MC: lɑu 10 Attributions
Láo 勞 refers to meritorious effort as typically resulting in meritorious results.
- Syntactic words
- nabactdistinguished service; honest effort, meritorious toils, hard work; laborious achievement
- nadN(in recompense) for meritorious effort
- v[adN]men who have achievements to their credit
功勞 gōng láo OC: kooŋ raaw MC: kuŋ lɑu 9 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPabactmerit
- NPadNmeritorious, possessed of merit 功勞之臣
勛 xūn OC: qhun MC: hi̯un
勛勳 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 8 Attributions
Xūn 勛／勳 refers to outstanding contributions to the state and this word cannot refer to personal achievements.
- Syntactic words
- nabactoutstanding political or military achievement
- v[adN]people of merit
- viactgain merit
功伐 gōng fá OC: kooŋ bod MC: kuŋ bi̯ɐt 6 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPabactconcrete achievement
績 jī OC: skleeɡ MC: tsek 5 Attributions
Jī 績 refers to results obtained, which in principle can be both positive and negative (we have gōng jī 功績 "positive results" as well as bài jī 敗績 "negative results").
- Syntactic words
- nabgreat achievement
- nabderivedfigurative: maximum literary effectCH
福田 fú tián OC: pɯɡ ɡ-liiŋ MC: puk den 4 Attributions
- Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
(
ANDERL 2004B)
p.
780, fn. 2851 The term implies that through the performance of good deeds one prepares the ground (tia2n 田) for fruits (i.e. good circumstances) in the next life.
- Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
(
MULLER)
p.
"'field of blessing'; field of merit' (1) A reference to the three treasures: the Buddha, the sangha and dharma; also, one's parents and the poverty-striken. These are the objects toward which one should direct his/her religious practice. (2) The place where people nurture and develop thier meritorious virtues. (3) The practices which lead to enlightenment."
- 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms
(
NAKAMURA)
p.
1187c - 支那佛教史NO研究 Shina bukkyō shi no kenkyū Studies in Chinese Buddhism
(
TOKIWA 1943)
p.
vol.2: 473-498 - 維摩詰經 Wéimójié jīng Vimalakīrti-nirdessa Taishō
(
VIMALAKIRTI(A))
p.
菩薩品 - The Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch
(
YAMPOLSKY 1967)
p.
128
- Syntactic words
- NPabmetaphysicalBUDDH: event promising blessings in the future
- VPiactBUDDH: to cultivate the field of blessings > have merit
福德 fú dé OC: pɯɡ tɯɯɡ MC: puk tək 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPabmetaphysicalBuddhist merit; Buddhist meritorious action
伐 fá OC: bod MC: bi̯ɐt 2 Attributions
Fá 伐 refers to a manifest achievement which is there for everyone to admire.
- Syntactic words
- nabactvisible achievement, manifest achievement
功 gōng OC: kooŋ MC: kuŋ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabmerit
功夫 gōng fū OC: kooŋ pa MC: kuŋ pi̯o 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPabactmeritorious (Buddhist/Zen Buddhist) practice
- NPabmetaphysicalmerit
功烈 gōng liè OC: kooŋ b-red MC: kuŋ liɛt 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPabactachievements; excellent results of all kinds
善本 shàn běn OC: ɡjenʔ pɯɯnʔ MC: dʑiɛn puo̝n 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPbasis for good karma
功 gōng 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nab.post-Nderivedrecognition of merit regarding NCH
德 dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabfeaturemeritorious feature, merit
道業 dào yè OC: ɡ-luuʔ ŋab MC: dɑu ŋi̯ɐp 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPabmetaphysicalBuddhist karma
武 wǔ OC: mbaʔ MC: mi̯o 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vibespeak military merit; be a sign of military prowess
章 zhāng OC: kjaŋ MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabactglorious achievements, fame and merit
名 míng OC: meŋ MC: miɛŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabsocial