PROMISE  答應許

ADDRESS ANOTHER SAYING that one FUTURE:will CERTAINLY DO something DESIRED by him/her.
WORD (OF HONOR)ASSURANCEPLEDGEVOWGUARANTEEOATHBONDUNDERTAKINGAGREEMENTCOMMITMENTCONTRACTCOVENANTGIVE ONE'S WORDSWEARPLEDGEVOWUNDERTAKEGUARANTEECONTRACTENGAGEGIVE AN ASSURANCECOMMIT ONESELFBIND ONESELFSWEAR/TAKE AN OATHCOVENANTAGREE TO
Hypernym
  • ADDRESSSPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT. 
    • SPEAKACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z.
      • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision.
        • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION....
See also
  • PERMITADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do.
    Hyponym
    • CONTRACT　MUTUALLY PROMISE, TYPICALLY USING WRITING, TO ACT in a certain way.[[VERTRAG]]
      • TALLY　CONTRACT where ALL:each MEMBER HAS ONE PART of a PIECE of TIMBER.A physical CONTRACT in the form stick or rod of wood, usually squared, marked on one side with transverse notches representing the amount of a debt or payment, or an agreement. The rod being cleft lengthwise across the notches, the debtor and creditor each retained one of the halves, the agreement or tallying of which constituted legal proof of the agreement etc.
      • ALLIANCE　CONTRACT in which GROUPS PROMISE to COOPERATE.
    • FORGIVE　PROMISE someone one ASSUMES to be GUILTY of a CRIME OR MISTAKE which OFFENDS ONE so as to SAY that one WILL NOT HATE THAT PERSON BECAUSE of that CRIME OR MISTAKE.
      • GUARANTEE　PROMISE TO CAUSE SOMETHING TO be ACHIEVED.
        • BETROTHAL　PROMISE TO MARRY
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The general word for agreeing and undertaking to do something, after having been asked to do so, is xǔ 許, but the word applies only to superiors.

          2. Nuò 諾 refers to a solicited undertaking typically by an inferior, but occasionally also by a superior.

          3. Yǔn 允 "agree to" is typically a solicited promise from a superior.

          4. Yán 言 refers to a typically somewhat formal speech act by which a person commits himself to a future action. Compare 言而有信 "keep faith when one has promised something".

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          答應 is the current modern word for promising.

          應諾 (lit) focusses on agreement in response to a request.

          承諾 emphasises the taking on of a commitment.

          然諾 focusses on approval and agreement to act.

          許諾 refers to a promise by a person of superior status in response to a request.

          允諾 (lit) refers to a promise by a person of superior status in response to a request.

          應承 refers to a promied undertaking in response to a request.

          承當 refers to a formal undertaking to do something in the future.

          應允 (lit) refers to a consent to do something in response to a request.

          應許 refers to a consent to do something in response to a request.

          應

          許

          諾

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 687

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 18.36

          • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 622

            PROMISSIO, promissum est aliqvid alicui dandum verbis facta obligatio, estqve absoluta vel Conditionata.

            Ax. Promittere sub conditione impossibili, est nihil promittere.

          • Differentiarum, sive de proprietate sermonum liber Patrologia Latina ( DIFFERENTIARUM) p.

            1. Inter polliceri et promittere hoc interest, quod promittimus, rogati pollicemur ultro.

          • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

            PROMISE

            polliceri refers to a promise, generally from a free impulse, and as an act of obliging courtesy.

            promittere refers to a promise generally made at the request of another, as an act of agreement.

            spondere refers to a solemn promise, as the consequence of a stipulation with judicially binding strength, "to pledge".

            recipere refers to taking upon oneself and pass one's word of honour, as an act of generosity, inasmuch as one sets at ease the mind of a person in trouble.

          • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 151

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            PROMISSIO

          • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 477

          • () p. 141

          • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 25

          • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.904

            VERSPRECHEN

          • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 16

          • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 57A

          Attributions by syntactic funtion

          • nab : 29
          • vt V[0] : 6
          • vtoN : 4
          • vt(+V[0]) : 4
          • vi : 2
          • vtoS : 2
          • NPab : 2
          • vttoN1.+N2 : 2
          • vt(oN) : 1
          • vtt .N V[0] : 1
          • VPt[0](+V[0]) : 1
          • vtt(oN1.)+N2 : 1
          • nab[.post-N] : 1

          Attributions by text

          • 論語 : 13
          • 春秋左傳 : 12
          • 韓非子 : 8
          • 史記 : 3
          • 禮記 : 3
          • 戰國策 : 3
          • 荀子 : 2
          • 莊子 : 2
          • 淮南子 : 2
          • 管子 : 2
          • 賢愚經 : 2
          • 論衡 : 1
          • 百喻經 : 1
          • 孟子 : 1
          • 妙法蓮華經 : 1

          Words

          言  yán OC: ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɐn 34 AttributionsWD

          Yán 言 refers to a typically somewhat formal speech act by which a person commits himself to a future action. Compare 言而有信 "keep faith when one has promised something".

            Word relations
          • Object: 陳/SPEAK
          • Oppos: 事/WORK Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.
          • Oppos: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
          • Oppos: 功/ACHIEVE Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT. [ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]

            Syntactic words
          • nab[.post-N][the subject's] promise
          • nabactpublic commitments, public promises; promises, commitments
          • nabsingularpromise, public commitment
          • viactmake a promise, make a public commitment
          • vt(+V[0])promise to do somethingCH
          • vt(oN)promise the contextually determinate thingDS
          • vt+V[0]to promise (to do something); to commit oneself to V
          • vtoNmake public commitments on, promise (something); commit oneself to (something, not necessarily desirable for the recipient)
          許  xǔ OC: hŋaʔ MC: hi̯ɤ 7 AttributionsWD

          The general word for agreeing and undertaking to do something, after having been asked to do so, is xǔ 許, but the word applies only to superiors.

            Syntactic words
          • vt V[0]be promised to be V-ed 許嫁CH
          • vt+V[0]make a promise (as a superior) 許救之
          • vtt .N V[0]promise N to VCH
          • vtt(oN1.)+N2promise the object N2 to the contextually determinate recipient N1
          • vttoN1.+N2promise N2 to N1
          諾  nuò OC: naaɡ MC: nɑk 7 AttributionsWD

          Nuò 諾 refers to a solicited undertaking typically by an inferior, but occasionally also by a superior.

            Syntactic words
          • nabacta promise
          • vt(+V[0])make a promise to do a contextually determinate thing
          • vt+V[0]make a promise (typically as an inferior)
          • vt[0]+V[0]I promise that I shall V
          保  bǎo OC: puuʔ MC: pɑu 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNguarantee
          • vtoSpassiveconsider as necessary > guarantee that S
          約  yuē OC: qplewɡ MC: ʔi̯ɐk 2 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nabactpromise??
          唯諾  wéi nuò OC: k-lul naaɡ MC: ji nɑk 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPt[0](+V[0])agree to do the contextually determinate thing
          本願  běn yuàn OC: pɯɯnʔ ŋɡons MC: puo̝n ŋi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactoriginal vow; original religious promise
          約言  yuē yán OC: qplewɡ ŋan MC: ʔi̯ɐk ŋi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactprimise
          周  zhōu OC: tjɯw MC: tɕɨu 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNpromise; confirm in every way (good faith etc)
          允  yǔn OC: k-lunʔ MC: jʷin 0 AttributionsWD

          Yǔn 允 "agree to" is typically a solicited promise from a superior.

            Syntactic words
          • vtoNgo along with, agree to do something one is asked to do.
          應  yìng OC: qɯŋs MC: ʔɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vttoN1.+N2promise to give N1 to N2
          語言  yǔ yán OC: ŋaʔ ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɤ ŋi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactpromises

          Existing SW for

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