AVOID    避免免

ACT so as to CAUSE ONESELF NOT to ENCOUNTER OR SUFFER something.
KEEP AWAY FROMSTAY AWAY FROMSTEER CLEAR OFGIVE A WIDE BERTH TOFIGHT SHY OF
Old Chinese Criteria
[[BASIC/DERIVED]] [ABSTRACT/CONCRETE] [DELIBERATE/INVOLUNTARY] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [GRAMMATICALISED/LEXICAL] [HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE] 1. The general word is miǎn 免 (ant. zāo 遭 "encounter"), and this refers to any voluntary or involuntary process leading to one's escape from what otherwise might occur, especially one's being spared a negative experience. [CONCRETE], [GENERAL] 2. Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒 "expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE] 3. Yuàn 遠 (ant. jìn 近 "move close to") is a specific strategy of avoidance which is well within one's control and consists in keeping what is undesirable at a long distance from one. [DELIBERATE], [HIGH-DEGREE] 4. Lí 離 differs from yuàn 遠 in the fact that no great distance, concrete or abstract, is implied in the word. [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]] 5. Chú 除 refers to the avoidance or removal of something that is perceived as posing a powerful threat. See REMOVE [CAUSATIVE], [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]] 6. Qù 去 (ant. lí 罹 "get exposed to") is avoidance through getting rid of what is threatening. [CAUSATIVE], [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]] 7. Jué 絕 refers to avoidance through getting rid completely and definitively of what is threatening. [ABSTRACT], [CAUSATIVE], [DELIBERATE], [HIGH-DEGREE] 8. Tuì 退 refers to avoidance by withdrawing from what exposes one to what is threatening. [DELIBERATE], [SPECIFIC] 9. Wù 勿 is a negation referring to an instruction to avoid doing something, and the word often has an object pronoun understood. See NOT. [GRAMMATICALISED]
Modern Chinese Criteria
避免 is the current standard word for avoiding anything undesirable. 幸免 focusses on the lucky success of avoidance. 力避 focusses on the effort expended in avoiding something. 避開 focusses the deliberate keeping out of the way of what one is avoiding. 閃開 focusses on the quickness of response involved in avoiding something. 省得 refers specifically to avoiding the expending of effort or resources of any kind. 回避 focusses on polite avoidance, especially of proximity. 免除 refers to avoidance of abstract things, such as responsibilities or mistakes etc.. 避開 focusses on the distance between the avoider and what he avoids. 苟免 focusses on the irregularity of avoiding what one really should not avoid. 規避 focusses on the rule-governed nature of avoidance. 預防 refers to avoidance through anticipation and preparation against what one avoids. 戒忌 禁忌 免於 省卻 畏避 引避 避 免 忌 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • FASTING　AVOID EATING SOME THINGS, CONFORMING to RITUAL FORBID:prohibitions. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • CHASTEnew-86c31431-d821-406e-8314-31d821806efb　AVOID INTERCOURSE. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • ASPIRATIONMAIN EFFORT AND AIM in one's LIFE. 
  • STRIVE FORTRY INTENSELY to SUCCEED in something IMPORTANT.
  • ENDURESUFFER DISTRESS AND NOT OPPOSE it.
  • PURSUEFOLLOW so as to TRY to REACH OR CATCH.
See also
  • REMOVEDISPLACE something from where it is EXPECTED to REMAIN.
  • CONCEALCAUSE TO BECOME OBSCURE:invisible.
  • FLEELEAVE QUICKLY AND SECRETLY, FEARING DANGER.
Hypernym
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.1012

    MEIDUNGSVERHALTEN

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 51

    • Words (28 items)

    免  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 93 Attributions

    The general word is miǎn 免 (ant. zāo 遭 "encounter"), and this refers to any voluntary or involuntary process leading to one's escape from what otherwise might occur, especially one's being spared a negative experience. [CONCRETE], [GENERAL]

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)escape from the contextually determinate thing
    • vt+prep+Navoid; escape from (something); keep away from (somebody)
    • vt+prep+Nabto avoid doing something or undergoing something 不免於殺
    • vt+V[0]avoid to V
    • vt[oN]avoid the worst; go free of punishment, go scot free; go free of misfortune; escape menial labour; escape (from trouble)
    • vt[oN]stativebe evasive, take evasive actions so as to avoid harmful consequences
    • vtoNavoid (something); try to keep away from; keep away from
    • vtoNcausativecause/allow to escape
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to avoid trouble/escape trouble
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to avoid disaster/death
    • vtoNperfectiveescape from
    • vtoNpermissiveallow (oneself) to escape
    • vtoSavoid that
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2causativemake (somebody N1) avoid (something N2)　免國於患
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2causativecause (oneself) to avoid N2 (or: deliberately avoid!!!)
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2causativecause N1 to avoid N2CH
    避  bì OC: beɡs MC: biɛ
    辟  bì OC: peɡ MC: piɛk 63 Attributions

    Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒"expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE]

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)shun or avoid to step on the contextually determinate object
    • vt+V[0]avoid to V
    • vtoNstay clear of; keep away from, get out of the way of, keep out of the way of; ZZ 37: (decide to) keep away from (high and low places); flinch before (an enemy); bypass and fail to consider (a candidate);
    • vtoNshirkshirk
    逃  táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 41 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 避 / 辟/AVOID Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒"expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE]
    • Synon: 避 / 辟/AVOID Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒"expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfromescape from; avoid by running away from; run away from, abscond from (difficulties, contracts etc)
    • vtoNiussiveorder people to avoid
    • vtoNpassivebe avoided
    遠  yuàn OC: ɢʷans MC: ɦi̯ɐn 19 Attributions

    Yuàn 遠 (ant. jìn 近 "move close to") is a specific strategy of avoidance which is well within one's control and consists in keeping what is undesirable at a long distance from one, and lí 離 differs from yuàn 遠 in the degree of distance implied in the word. [DELIBERATE], [HIGH-DEGREE]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNkeep (disasters) at bay; stay clear of (disasters; the true Way);
    離  lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 17 Attributions

    Lí 離 differs from yuàn 遠 in the fact that no great distance, concrete or abstract, is implied in the word. [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]]

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 避 / 辟/AVOID Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒"expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE]
    • Oppos: 俗/VULGAR The most general current word for ordinariness or vulgarity is sú 俗 (ant. yǎ 雅 "elegant"), and the basic parameter of judging something as sú 俗is relative status in the hierarchy.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)get away from the contextually determinate situation N
    • vtoNget away from; get to keep well away from, keep far from
    • vtoNfigurativeavoid (abstract object); distance oneself from
    毋  wú OC: ma MC: mi̯o 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]negativeavoid to; be sure not to [This can also be taken more traditionally as a padV.]
    勿  wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 7 Attributions

    Wù 勿 is a negation referring to an instruction to avoid doing something, and the word often has an object pronoun understood. See NOT [GRAMMATICALISED]

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]make sure not to Vi
    • vt{NEG}+.Vt(oN)avoid to, make sure not to
    違  wéi OC: ɢul MC: ɦɨi 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Navoid
    • vtoNavoid out of fear (GY); escape (from somebody or something)
    • vtoNpassiveto be avoided
    脫  duó OC: lood MC: dʷɑt
    脫  tuō OC: lʰood MC: thʷɑt 5 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 拘/ARREST Jū 拘 is occasionally used as a bureaucratic term for holding someone legal detention. [CIVIL], [LASTING], [OFFICIAL]

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Navoid
    • vt[oN]escape from things, get away unscathed
    • vtoNavoid
    去  qù OC: khas MC: khi̯ɤ 5 Attributions

    Qù 去 (ant. lí 罹 "get exposed to") is avoidance through getting rid of what is threatening. [CAUSATIVE], [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]]

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)avoid the contextually determinate thing
    • vtoNavoid
    弗  fú MC: pjut OC: pɯd 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(+.Vt[0]oN)avoid Vt-ing the contextually determinate objectCH
    • vt+V[0]take care not toCH
    除  chú OC: rla MC: ɖi̯ɤ 4 Attributions

    Chú 除 refers to the avoidance or removal of something that is perceived as posing a powerful threat. See REMOVE [CAUSATIVE], [DELIBERATE]; [[DERIVED]]

      Word relations
    • Ant: 得/OBTAIN The current general and highly abstract verb for obtaining any form of possession of anything abstract or concrete is dé 得 (ant. shī 失 "lose inadvertently").
    • Ant: 致/ACHIEVE Zhì 致 refers specifically to remarkable successful action, typically on others' behalf. [ALTRUISTIC], [DIFFICULT]; [VERB]
    • Contrast: 避 / 辟/AVOID Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒"expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNavoid (misfortunes); keep (disasters) at bay
    忌  jì OC: ɡɯs MC: gɨ 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 避 / 辟/AVOID Bì 避 (ant. mào 冒"expose oneself to"), unlike miǎn 免, is always deliberate and describes a strategy of action which successfully avoids an undesirable impending danger. [DELIBERATE]
    • Assoc: 諱/TABOO
    • Synon: 諱/TABOO

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]eschew, avoid harming those in authority
    • vtoNavoid as being prohibited/tabooCH
    • vtoNpassivebe avoided, be politely refusedCH
    止  zhǐ OC: kljɯʔ MC: tɕɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(+V[0]）avoid doing the understood action VCH
    • vt+V[0]avoid V-ing
    無  wú MC: mju OC: ma 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNabavoidCH
    脫止  tuō zhǐ OC: lʰood kljɯʔ MC: thʷɑt tɕɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactescape so as to find peace
    辭  cí MC: zi OC: zɯ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNavoidCH
    遁  dùn OC: ɡ-luuns MC: duo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe avoided by hiding from it
    遠離  yuǎn lí OC: ɢʷanʔ b-rel MC: ɦi̯ɐn liɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNdistance oneself strictly from
    銷  xiāo MC: sjew  OC: smew 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe avoided; be blocked, be preventedCH
    阿避  ē bì MC: 'a bjieH OC: qlaal beɡs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNconativetry to avoid something; keep away from somethingDS
    • VPtoNinchoativeDELENDUM DS
    別  bié OC: bred MC: biɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNLIJI 12.77f: avoid
    移避  yí bì OC: k-lal beɡs MC: jiɛ biɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)move away so as to avoid a contextually determinate place N
    轉脫  zhuǎn tuō MC: trjwenX thwat OC: tonʔ lʰood 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]conativetend to evade toilLZ
    迴避  huí bì OC: ɢuul beɡs MC: ɦuo̝i biɛ 1 Attribution
    • () p. 6246b

      避讓

      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNavoid (Tang dyn. word?; appears also in BIANWEN)
    退  tuì OC: thuubs MC: thuo̝i 0 Attributions

    Tuì 退 refers to avoidance by withdrawing from what exposes one to what is threatening. [DELIBERATE], [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNavoid (military service)
    拔拂  bá fú OC: breed phɯd MC: bɣɛt phi̯ut 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNavoid
    辭避  cí bì OC: zɯ beɡs MC: zɨ biɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNavoid, escape from