WARFARE  戰爭兵

FIGHT BETWEEN ARMIES.
FIGHTINGWARCOMBATCONFLICT(MILITARY) ACTIONHOSTILITIESBLOODSHEDBATTLESSKIRMISHES
Antonym
  • POLITICSLEGITIMATE CONCRETE PUBLIC DISCUSSION of DIFFERENT METHODS to GOVERN a DEFINITE STATE.
    • PEACESITUATION characterised by LACK of WARFARE.[[FRIEDEN]]
      Hypernym
      • FIGHTCOMPETE with THINGS OR PERSONS so as to TRY TO DAMAGE OR DESTROY MUTUALLY:each-other.
        • COMPETEINTERACT with OTHERS so as to SHOW that one is MORE EXCELLENT IN-RELATION-TO them.
          • INTERACTACT so as to CAUSE ANOTHER TO REACT.
            • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision....
      See also
      • WEAPONTOOL USED FOR ATTACK OR DEFENSE IN WARFARE.
        Hyponym
        • BATTLE　WARFARE in the form of FIGHTING AND USE of WEAPONS DURING A DEFINED SHORT PERIOD, AND where TYPICALLY ONE ARMY WINS.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The current general word for warfare is bīng 兵.

          2. Róng 戎 refers to military service or military action.

          3. Gān gē 干戈 (ant. yù bó 玉帛 "jade and silk") is a periphrastic way of referring to military affairs.

          4. Wǔ 武 "military affairs" (ant. wén 文 "civil affairs") refers not so much to battles and military action, but to the administration of military affairs in general.

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          軍事 is the current modern general word for military affairs.

          戰爭 is the current modernword for warfare.

          戰事

          戰亂

          戰禍

          煙塵

          戰火

          烽火

          烽煙

          狼煙

          兵火

          兵革

          兵禍

          刀兵

          兵戈

          干戈

          鋒鏑

          戰

          仗

          亂

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 20.13

          • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 473

            BELLUM

            Detailed analysis of elements.

          • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 421

            563. Inter Tumultum et bellum. Bellum est contra hostes exortum, tumultus vero domestica appellatione concitatus. Hic et seditio nuncupatur. Nam seditio est discessio [ Al., dissensio] civium. Quod enim [col. 66B] seorsum alii ad alios eunt, seditio dicitur. Alii putant propter dissensionem animorum seditionem vocari [ Al., vocatam], quam Graeci diastasin vocant.

          • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

            WAR

            bellum refers to armed warfar on a large scale quite generally, both civil war and war against an external enemy.

            tumultus refers to irregular armed unrest.

            militia refers to military service in war.

            arma "weapons" is standardly used by metonymy for "war".

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 151A

          • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 3.567-616

          • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1486

          • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 72-81

          • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

            KRIEG

            KRIEGSRECHT

            SCHLACHTEN

          • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 272f

          • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 3.347

          • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

          • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

          • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

            bellum 'war, warfare' [n. o] (Naev.+; older duellum, e.g. in PI.)

            Derivatives: bellicus/duellicus 'of war' (P1.+), Belidna 'Roman goddess of war'

            (P1.+), inscr. Duelonai (gen.sg.); perduellis < [m.] 'national enemy' (P1.+), perduellio

            '(state) treason' (Valerius Antias+); belldtor 'warrior' (P1.+) (PI. Ix duellator).

          • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 146B

          Words

          武  wǔ OC: mbaʔ MC: mi̯o 23 AttributionsWD

          Wǔ 武 "military affairs" (ant. wén 文 "civil affairs") refers not so much to battles and military action, but to the administration of military affairs in general.

            Word relations
          • Assoc: 力/STRONG The typically nominal or adverbial lì 力 commonly refers to a permanent property of strength..
          • Oppos: 文/ARTS Wén 文 (ant. wǔ 武 "martial arts) refers to higher literary fine arts including belles lettres as well as ritual. [AESTHETIC], [ELEVATED], [SPECIALISED]; [[CURRENT]]
          • Oppos: 文/POLITICS

            Syntactic words
          • n[adN]N=humanmilitary person; person working in the military fieldCH
          • nabactmilitary affairs; military action; military approach
          • nabpsychmartial style; military-style harshness
          • nadNmilitary; martial; military-minded
          • viactbe qualified in matters military; show prowess in military affairs or in warfareCH
          兵  bīng OC: praŋ MC: pɣaŋ 22 AttributionsWD

          The current general word for warfare is bīng 兵.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactwarfare
          • nadNmilitary; concerning warfare
          • nadVthrough warfare; with military force
          • viactmobilise one's armed forces
          • vtoNreflexive.自conduct warfare against (oneself)
          戎  róng OC: njuŋ MC: ȵuŋ 14 AttributionsWD

          Róng 戎 refers to military service or military action.

            Word relations
          • Epithet: 馬/HORSE The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactwarfare, military threat; military service
          • nadNmilitary, belonging to the armed forces
          • nadVin an armoured warlike fashion
          師  shī OC: sril MC: ʂi 4 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nabwar; warfareDS
          • viactengage in formal warfare
          用兵  yòng bīng MC: yowngH pjaeng OC: k-loŋs praŋDS 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPadNconcerning warfare; dealing with warfareDS
          • VPimake warDS
          戰  zhàn OC: tjans MC: tɕiɛn 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • nabactwarfare
          戰攻  zhàn gōng OC: tjans kooŋ MC: tɕiɛn kuŋ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactwarfare
          汗馬  hàn mǎ OC: ɡaans mraaʔ MC: ɦɑn mɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactmilitary service
          兵事  bīng shì MC: pjaeng dzriH OC: praŋ dzrɯsCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabmilitary undertakingsCH
          金革  jīn gé MC: kim keak OC: krɯm krɯɯɡCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactmilitary actionCH
          干戈  gān gē OC: kaan kool MC: kɑn kʷɑ 0 AttributionsWD

          Gān gē 干戈 (ant. yù bó 玉帛 "jade and silk") is a periphrastic way of referring to military affairs.

            Word relations
          • Object: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

            Syntactic words
          • NPab{n1&n2(.adn3)}actSHIJI: military affairs, warfare

          Existing SW for

          Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

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