HORSE 馬馬
COMMON BIG DOMESTIC ANIMAL WHICH HAS HOOFS AND a MANE, AND is ABLE TO PULL VEHICLES OR PLOUGHS.
EQUINEMOUNTCHARGERCOBNAGPONYFOALYEARLINGCOLTSTALLIONGELDINGMAREFILLYBRONCODATED STEPPERARCHAIC STEED
Hypernym
- DOMESTIC ANIMALANIMAL REARED IN OR NEAR HOMES.
See also
- BRIDLETOOL PRODUCED USING ROPES, USED to DRIVE:steer HORSES.
- REINSROPES USED TO STEER HORSES.
- WHIPSTICK which has ROPES OR LEATHER RIBBONS ON THE TOP, USED FOR STRIKING HUMANS OR ANIMALS.
- HORSE BELTBELT USED on HORSES.
Hyponym
- CARRIAGE HORSE A HORSE USED to PULL a CARRIAGE.
- COLT YOUNG HORSE.
- MARE FEMALE HORSE.
- STALLION MALE HORSE REARED FOR CAUSING OTHER HORSES TO BECOME PREGNANT.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬.
2. Jì 驥 refers to a fast steed.
3. Jùn 駿 refers to a stallion of outstanding talents.
4. Qí 騏 refers to a fine horse of any kind.
5. Nú 駑 is the standard word for an inferior horse, a stag.
6. Tái 駘 is a rarer word for an inferior kind of horse which it is dangerous to use.
NB: There is a rich variety of terms for all manner of horses in Ěryǎ 爾雅, but this terminology is not widely employed in the literature.
2. Jì 驥 refers to a fast steed.
3. Jùn 駿 refers to a stallion of outstanding talents.
4. Qí 騏 refers to a fine horse of any kind.
5. Nú 駑 is the standard word for an inferior horse, a stag.
6. Tái 駘 is a rarer word for an inferior kind of horse which it is dangerous to use.
NB: There is a rich variety of terms for all manner of horses in Ěryǎ 爾雅, but this terminology is not widely employed in the literature.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
ANIMALS 7.
駿，良馬總稱。
騏，身有青黑色花紋的良馬。
驥，千里馬通稱。
驁，一種千里馬。偶爾用來指代千里馬。
騮，棗紅色黑鬃毛的良馬。又名紫騮、驊騮，常用於詩歌中。
驍，武猛的良馬，多作形容詞。
ANIMALS 7.
駿，良馬總稱。
騏，身有青黑色花紋的良馬。
驥，千里馬通稱。
驁，一種千里馬。偶爾用來指代千里馬。
騮，棗紅色黑鬃毛的良馬。又名紫騮、驊騮，常用於詩歌中。
驍，武猛的良馬，多作形容詞。
Modern Chinese Criteria
馬
馬匹
公馬
兒馬
牡馬
母馬
騍馬
牝馬
草馬
駙
幫套
騑
驂
駿馬
好馬
良馬
駿足
高足
驁
駿
驥
駔
騏驥
驊騮
千里馬
千里駒
高頭大馬
駑馬
劣馬
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
馬匹
公馬
兒馬
牡馬
母馬
騍馬
牝馬
草馬
駙
幫套
騑
驂
駿馬
好馬
良馬
駿足
高足
驁
駿
驥
駔
騏驥
驊騮
千里馬
千里駒
高頭大馬
駑馬
劣馬
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
3.41 - Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
HORSE
equus is the general term for a horse.
caballus refers to any horse used for ordinary work.
mannus refers to a pony or small horse kept for entertainment.
canterius refers to a gelding.
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 1966)
p.
230ff Pferd:
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 2000)
p.
786ff Pferd:
- Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
1.1483 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
2.608 - "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China"
(
UNGER SACH)
p.
PFERD
- Democritus Ridens
(
WEBER 1857)
p.
6.334 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
90B
Attributions by syntactic funtion
Attributions by text
- 荀子 : 18
- 韓非子 : 10
- 毛詩 : 8
- 論語 : 7
- 楚辭 : 7
- 說苑 : 6
- 墨子 : 5
- 春秋左傳 : 5
- 淮南子 : 4
- 莊子 : 3
- 論衡 : 3
- 呂氏春秋 : 2
- 百喻經 : 2
- 孟子 : 2
- 史記 : 2
- 法言 : 2
- 文選 : 1
- 搜神記 : 1
- 晏子春秋 : 1
- 孫子 : 1
- 古列女傳 : 1
Words
馬 mǎ OC: mraaʔ MC: mɣɛ 36 AttributionsWD
The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬.
- Word relations
- Object: 放/RELEASE
Fàng 放 (ant. liǎn 斂 "exert a moderating influence on") refers to a removal of constraints on animals or persons, causing these to follow their natural instincts. - Object: 服/TAME
Fú 服 "submit" (ant. jiàng 強 "headstrong") is sometimes used referring to animals becoming or being tame. - Object: 牽 / 牽/PULL
Qiān 牽 refers to pulling and leading something in a desired direction. - Epithet: 肥/FAT
The current general word for sleekness or obesity is féi 肥 (ant. qū 臞 "emaciated", jí 瘠 "thin") , and it must be noted that the term has positive connotations in ancient China. - Epithet: 良/EXCELLENT
The standard current general word for anything or anyone who naturally meets certain generally accepted high standards of excellence is liáng 良 (ant. liè 劣 "inferior"). - Epithet: 走/QUICK
- Epithet: 戎/WARFARE
Róng 戎 refers to military service or military action. - Epithet: 馯/WILD
- Contrast: 牛/BOVINE
The current general word for bovines of any kind is niú 牛. - Contrast: 人/HUMAN
The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human. - Assoc: 牛/BOVINE
The current general word for bovines of any kind is niú 牛. - Assoc: 犬/DOG
The current general literary word for a dog is quǎn 犬. - Assoc: 狗/DOG
Gǒu 狗is a colloquial word for a dog (according to some early commentators a small dog, and it is plausible that the colloquial word may have referred to the small dog in particular). - Assoc: 子女/GIRL
Zǐ nǚ 子女 refers to post-puberty girls often used as gifts or as bribes.
- Syntactic words
- nadNhorse- 馬屎; for horses 馬食
- nadVreference=objectlike a horse
- nchorse (said to resemble a deer, which goes to show that the horse was more like a pony)
- npost-Vhorse characterised by the feature VDS
乘 shèng OC: ɢjɯŋs MC: ʑɨŋ 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- DELETEclassifierteam of four (horses)
- ncolloquialteam of four horses for a carriage 屈產之乘
- ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifierteam (of horses for a carriage)
驥 jì OC: krɯls MC: ki 8 AttributionsWD
Jì 驥 refers to a fast steed.
- Syntactic words
- nproper name of a fine horse; fine horse
- nadVanalogylike a fine steed
騏驥 qí jì OC: ɡɯ krɯls MC: gɨ ki 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproper nameexcellent horse
駑 nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 2 AttributionsWD
Nú 駑 is the standard word for an inferior horse, a stag.
- Syntactic words
- ninferior horse
- nadNof inferior equine quality
騏 qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 2 AttributionsWD
Qí 騏 refers to a fine horse of any kind.
- Syntactic words
- nblack-mottled grey horse
驥騄 jì lù OC: krɯls b-roɡ MC: ki li̯ok 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nnnonreferentialoutstanding horse
- NP(post-N)their mighty steedsCH
駿馬 jùn mǎ MC: tswinH maeX OC: skluns mraaʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPexcellent horseCH
走馬 zǒu mǎ MC: tsuwX maeX OC: tsooʔ mraaʔLZ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPgood, swift horseLZ
駓 pī OC: phrɯ MC: phi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nyellow and white horse
駙 fù OC: bos MC: bi̯o 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nextra horse
駘 tái OC: lɯɯ MC: dəi 1 AttributionWD
Tái 駘 is a rarer word for an inferior kind of horse which it is dangerous to use.
- Syntactic words
- nuseless horse, hag
駱 luò OC: ɡ-raaɡ MC: lɑk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nwhite horse with black mane
騂 xīng OC: seŋ MC: siɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nred horse
騋 lái OC: rɯɯ MC: ləi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse of seven chǐ stature
騅 zhuī OC: kljul MC: tɕi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npiebald horse; horse of mixed grey and white colour
騠 tí OC: ɡ-lee MC: dei 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- n(fine) horse
騮 liú OC: b-ru MC: lɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nreddish brown horse with black tail
龍 lóng OC: b-roŋ MC: li̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- ndragon-style horse (sometimes written with horse radical)
- nadNdragon-like (horse)
千里 qiān lǐ OC: snʰiin ɡ-rɯʔ MC: tshen lɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN1(.adN2)}nonreferentiala fine horse that can travel a thousand lǐ a day
戎馬 róng mǎ OC: njuŋ mraaʔ MC: ȵuŋ mɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralcavalry
百里 bǎi lǐ OC: praaɡ ɡ-rɯʔ MC: pɣɛk lɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN1(.adN2)}excellent horse
鞍馬 ān mǎ OC: qaan mraaʔ MC: ʔɑn mɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralhorses with their equipments
駑駘 nú tái OC: naa lɯɯ MC: nuo̝ dəi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbroken hag
驂騑 cān fēi OC: tshuum pɯl MC: tshəm pɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralhorses
駟馬 sì mǎ MC: sijH maeX OC: plids mraaʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralquartet of horses pulling a carriageCH
驊騮 huá liú MC: hwae ljuw OC: ɢʷraal b-ruCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPproper namethe thoroughbred horse HualiuCH
右服 yòu fú MC: hjuwX bjuwk OC: ɢʷɯʔ bɯɡCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPleading horse on the right in a four-horse teamCH
啓 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse with white forefoot
遽 jù OC: ɡlas MC: gi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nZUO, HF: post horse
馵 zhù OC: tjoɡs MC: tɕi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse with white left hind leg
駃 jué OC: kʷeed MC: ket 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse ??????
駔 zǎng OC: skaaŋʔ MC: tsɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nstrong and powerful horse
駜 bì OC: biɡ MC: bit 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nfat and robust horse ???
駰 yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse of mixed grey and white colour; piebald horse
駣 táo OC: ɡ-laaw MC: dɑu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nfour year old horse
駻 hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npanicking horse
駽 xuān OC: qhʷleen MC: hen 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ngrey horse
駿 jùn OC: skluns MC: tsʷin 0 AttributionsWD
Jùn 駿 refers to a stallion of outstanding talents.
- Syntactic words
- nfine horse
騧 guā OC: krool MC: kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nyellow horse with black mouth
騝 jiān OC: kan MC: ki̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse with yellow mane ??
騔 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nfast horse
騵 yuán OC: ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nblack horse with white belly (SHI)
驁 ào OC: ŋoows MC: ŋɑu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproper name for a fine horse; fine horse
驄 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ndappled horse
騽 xí OC: sɢlɯb MC: zip 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse with hairy legs
驊 huá OC: ɢʷraal MC: ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nexcellent horse (ZHUANG)
驍 xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nfine horse
驔 diàn OC: ɡ-lɯɯmʔ MC: dem 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhorse with hairy legs
驒 tuó OC: daal MC: dɑ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ndark and black horse with white spots (SHI)
驕 jiāo OC: krew MC: kiɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- na high horse (6 feet tall)
驈 yù OC: ɢʷlid MC: jʷit 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nblack horse with white rump (SHI)
驛 yì OC: laɡ MC: jiɛk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nHANSHU: post horse
驪 lí OC: b-rel MC: liɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nblack horse
驫 biāo OC: pew MC: piɛu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npluralflock of horses
戰馬 zhàn mǎ OC: tjans mraaʔ MC: tɕiɛn mɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPhorse used in warfare
服 fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- none of the inner horses in a "quadrige" of four horses pulling
Existing SW for
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