HUMAN 人人
ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS.
MAN PERSON
Antonym
- NATUREPART of the WORLD that is NOT HUMAN AND NOT ARTEFACT.
Hypernym
- ANIMALCREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE.
See also
- PEOPLEGROUP of HUMANS LIVING in a STATE OR TERRITORY.[[VOLK]]NOTE: For this section I have found it instructive to collect a large number of post-Buddhist binomes.
- MALEGENDER of an ANIMAL or ANIMAL which HAS the ORGANS FOR ENGENDERING AND CAN NOT give BIRTH.
Hyponym
- BARBARIAN HUMAN who is NOT CHINESE.
- BEREAVED HUMAN whose NEAR RELATIVE has DIED in the NEAR PAST.
- FRIEND HUMAN with whom one INTERACTS with MUTUAL LOVE AND RESPECT BECAUSE s/he has RESEMBLING ASPIRATIONS.
- FAVOURITE INTENSELY OR MOST INTENSELY LOVED FRIEND OF A SUPERIOR.
- HUNCHBACK A HUMAN who HAS the DEFECT of an INTENSELY CURVED BACK.
- RELATIVES HUMANS who HAVE COMMON ANCESTORS.
- ANCESTOR RELATIVE of PAST GENERATION whose DESCENDANT one is. ...
- UNCLE MALE RELATIVE of the EARLIER GENERATION.
- IN-LAWS RELATIVES BECAUSE of MARRIAGE.
- COUSIN RELATIVE who is a CHILD of one's AUNT OR UNCLE.
- PARENT RELATIVE who has ENGENDERED OR BIRTH:given birth to a CHILD....
- SIBLING RELATIVE as DIRECT OFFSPRING BIRTH:born from the SAME PARENTS....
- NEIGHBOUR HUMAN who DWELLS INTENSELY NEAR to one.
- DESCENDANT HUMAN HAVING a DEFINED OTHER HUMAN as FATHER, MOTHER, OR ANCESTOR.
- PERSON HUMAN as an ABSTRACT THING which FEELS, THINKS AND DECIDES, AND HAS RIGHTS AND DUTIES.
- HERO ADMIRED PERSON of INTENSELY EXCELLENT TALENT AND EXCELLENT REPUTATION EVERYWHERE.
- SELF PERSON that is NOT OTHER....
- INDIVIDUAL HUMAN who is NATURALLY INDEPENDENT.
- INCARNATION BORN AGAIN PERSON.
- WITNESS HUMAN SUMMONED in LAW COURT TO EXPLAIN what s/he KNOWS that is IMPORTANT to LITIGATION.
- ADULT HUMAN who is SUFFICIENTLY OLD to ESTABLISH his/her SEPARATE HOME.
- BACHELOR MALE ADULT who is NOT MARRIED.
- STUDENT ADULT who is TEACH:taught PERSONALLY by a TEACHER OR who is STUDYING.
- GENTLEMAN ADULT who is EDUCATED AND ABLE to BECOME an OFFICIAL....
- KNIGHT ADULT who USES BIG PRIVATE WEAPONS in his WORK.
- MERCHANT ADULT whose WORK is to BUY AND SELL THINGS so as to PRODUCE a SALARY:income....
- OFFICIAL ADULT who WORKS IN a PUBLIC OFFICE OR IN A PUBLIC FUNCTION....
- OLD MAN OLD MALE ADULT.
- PRISONER ADULT who is ARRESTED AND COMMANDED to DWELL in a PRISON.
- SHAMAN ADULT HUMAN whose WORK is to COMMUNICATE with DEITIES so as to SERVE OTHER HUMANS. ...
- SOLDIER ADULT who is a MEMBER of an ARMY.
- TEACHER ADULT whose WORK is to TEACH.
- VILLAIN ADULT who is WICKED AND HAS ACTED:committed CRIMES.
- WOMAN FEMALE ADULT....
- MATE ADULT with whom one COPULATES....
- WORKER ADULT EMPLOYED by the GOVERNMENT OR by ENTREPRENEURS to WORK FOR them.[[ARBEITER]]
- PEASANT ADULT WORKING in AGRICULTURE.
- CITIZEN ADULT who HAS DEFINED RIGHTS AND DUTIES BECAUSE s/he BELONGS TO a STATE.
- MONK ADULT who is NOT MARRIED AND WORKS ONLY FOR HIS/HER RELIGION....
- VAMPIRE SUPERNATURAL ADULT SUCKING THE BLOOD OF LIVING HUMANS.
- ARTIST HUMAN who CONCENTRATES ON PRODUCING ART....
- DWARF ADULT HUMAN of INTENSELY SMALL SIZE.
- BOY INTENSELY YOUNG MALE HUMAN.
- DEFENDANT ACCUSED HUMAN DEFENDING HIMSELF IN COURT.
- PAGAN A HUMAN who does NOT CONFORM to an APPROPRIATE RELIGION.
- PLAINTIFF HUMAN who ACCUSES IN a COURT OF LAW.
- SUBJECT HUMAN of MORE LOW STATUS IN-RELATION-TO someone AND SHOULD OBEY his/her COMMANDS.
- OPPONENT HUMAN who COMPETES with someone.
- ENEMY OPPONENENT whom one HATES.
- PHILOSOPHER HUMAN who WORKS FOR SYSTEMATIC STUDY AIMING for WISDOM, OR WISDOM AIMING to be BASED on SYSTEMATIC EXPLAIN:explanation AND PROVE:proof.
- COMMONER HUMAN of less than NOBLE status.
- GIANT HUMAN of HUGE AND NOT NATURAL SIZE.
- CHINESE HUMANS of CHINA.
- ARISTOCRACY HUMAN of a FAMILY of INHERITED HIGH RANK.
- CONSUMER HUMAN who BUYS THINGS OR SERVE:services.
- INTELLECTUAL HUMAN whose WORK is BASICALLY WORK of the MIND.
- REPRESENTATIVE HUMAN who is ELECTED TO WORK FOR the INTERESTS of certain OTHERS, TYPICALLY in a DEMOCRACY.
- MANKIND CATEGORY of HUMANS as DIFFERENT FROM ANIMALS.
- AUTODIDACT HUMAN who has TAUGHT HIMSELF.
- RACE NATURAL KIND OF HUMANS.
- RULER HUMAN GOVERNS a GROUP OR a TERRITORY.[[HERRSCHER]]
- MAN HUMAN WHO IS MALE.
- STRANGER HUMAN who is NOT INTIMATE WITH SOMEONE.
- FOREIGNER STRANGER COMING FROM a DIFFERENT STATE....
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
2. Mín 民 is a mass noun referring to the population in general, but the word is also used to refer generically to ordinary citizens. (See PEOPLE)
2. Mín 民 is a mass noun referring to the population in general, but the word is also used to refer generically to ordinary citizens. (See PEOPLE)
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
GOVERNMENT/LAW 32.
人，上古可專稱有一定地位者，有時也可專稱有一定才能、德行者。
民，專稱除統治者和奴隸之外的各種勞力者；至封建社會，成為與統治者相對之民眾的通稱。
氓，專稱客遷的農業勞動者；也可作民眾通稱。
24. HONORIFIC DESIGNATONS: 男子的尊稱、美稱。
父，周代對同姓諸侯或大臣的尊稱。
甫，男子美稱，附於表字後。
士，男子美稱，或未婚的青年男子。
郎，權貴子弟的美稱。
夫，綴於某詞後，表示從事各種工作或勞作者。
丈夫，成年男子通稱。
GOVERNMENT/LAW 32.
人，上古可專稱有一定地位者，有時也可專稱有一定才能、德行者。
民，專稱除統治者和奴隸之外的各種勞力者；至封建社會，成為與統治者相對之民眾的通稱。
氓，專稱客遷的農業勞動者；也可作民眾通稱。
24. HONORIFIC DESIGNATONS: 男子的尊稱、美稱。
父，周代對同姓諸侯或大臣的尊稱。
甫，男子美稱，附於表字後。
士，男子美稱，或未婚的青年男子。
郎，權貴子弟的美稱。
夫，綴於某詞後，表示從事各種工作或勞作者。
丈夫，成年男子通稱。
Modern Chinese Criteria
人
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- Was ist der Mensch? ( BARTELS 1975) p.
- Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles
(
CASSIN 2004)
p.
809 MITMENSCH
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
MAN Dum 1236
homo refers to a human being, man or women, one of the human kind.
mas refers to a male in a physical sense, as opposed to femina.
vi4r typically refers to a man as endowed with male psychological as well as physical characteristics.
homunculus refers generically to man as a weak and powerless being, especially vis-a-vis the gods.
homuncio and homullus refers individually to an insignificant or weak person.
- Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
1 MENSCH
MENSCHHEIT
- Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
HOMO
- Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
5.1059 MENSCH
- 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci
(
WU SANXING 2008)
p.
103ff - Histoire des moeurs
(
POIRIER 1991)
p.
901 - Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.74 - A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms
(
T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004)
p.
NO.74 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
1A MENSCHENKUNDLICHER WORTSCHATZ
MENSCHHEIT
MENSCH
Words
人 rén MC: nyin OC: njin 483 Attributions
The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
- Word relations
- Object: 擇/CHOOSE
Zé 擇 is "to choose between, make a free choice among (alternative objects presenting themselves)" and the word applies to all sorts of choices, formal or informal. - Object: 樹/ESTABLISH
Shù 樹 refers to planting or establishing something firmly where one intends it to remain. - Object: 傷/INJURE
The clearly dominant general term referring to the inflicting of bodily harm is shāng 傷. (But note that the word also currently refers to mental harm and psychological distress.) - Epithet: 主/RULER
The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant"). - Epithet: 信/FAITHFUL
The current general word for trustiness or good faith is xìn 信. - Epithet: 仁/BENEVOLENCE
Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE] - Epithet: 匠/CARPENTER
- Epithet: 玉/JADE
- Epithet: 君/RULER
Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler. - Epithet: 臣/MINISTER
The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣. - Epithet: 氣/ENERGY
The most general current word for material vital cosmic energies of any kind is qì 氣. - Epithet: 心/MIND
The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body"). - Contrast: 馬/HORSE
The dominant word for a horse is mǎ 馬. - Assoc: 物/ANIMAL
Wù 物is sometimes used to refer to what in Christian parlance are "creatures" of any kind. See THING [ARCHAIC?], [GENERAL]; [[RARE]] - Assoc: 舍/DWELLING
The most current general word for a dwelling of any kind noble or ordinary is shè 舍. - Oppos: 禽獸/ANIMAL
The current general word for an animal of any kind would appear to be qín shòu 禽獸, although this word definitely excludes snails, insects, snakes and the like. [CURRENT], [GENERAL] - Oppos: 非人/CREATURE
- Oppos: 天/NATURALLY
Tiān 天 refers specifically to the non-man-made aspect of the nature of things. - Oppos: 獸/BEAST
Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite. - Oppos: 天/HEAVEN
- Oppos: 天/GOD
Tiān 天 refers to the - often personified or semi-personified - God of Heaven.
- Syntactic words
- npreposed object: men in generalCH
- nabanthropologicalthe species consisting of the humans [Note that this usage is unmarked, and that this reading is contested. The anthropological notion of "the species of the humans" is not common in pre-globalised ancient literature.]CH
- nabconceptconcept of manCH
- nabconceptual kindabstractly: the type of creature called "man"CH
- nabfeaturehumanness; humanityCH
- nabmetaphysicalman (as opposed to animals, or inanimate things, or spirits, or Heaven, or Earth)
- nab{PRED}be a matter of humanness/human initiative/human actionCH
- nadNindefinitesomeone'sDS
- nadNnonreferentialbelonging to people; human, designated for men, belonging to human beings; designed for human consumption
- nadVanalogylike a man
- nadVquantifierper person
- ncpost-V{NUM}V man; V menDS
- ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nmeasure-word for humans
- ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifiermeasure-word for humans 生子二人
- ncpost-V{NUM}.post-NpredicateN extends to NUM of persons: 其弟三人 "he had three brothers"DS
- nfigurativeBUDDH: person > the subjective, subject, the one who perceives throught the sense organs (one of the central terms in the 臨濟錄 contrasted to 境 which refers to the 'objective', 'the objects perceived', 'environment')
- ngeneralisingvague: people (in general)CH
- nindefplural: such peopleLZ
- nindefinitea person, someone
- nnonreferential subjectman in the true sense of that word, man who deserves the name of man
- nnonreferential, subjectany person, someone; peopleCH
- nobjectman
- npost-nproconceptthe sort of person; the kind of man
- npost-N{PLACE}the leading people of Npl
- npost-N{PLACE}.+Npra man from Npl by the name of Npr 宋人屈穀
- npost-N{PLACE}cancellary stylein Annals cancellary style: (unidentified) patricians of Npl; the leadership of Npl; often: an (unidentified) representative of Npl; representatives of Npl, sometimes military: the (military) men from Npl, the forces of Npl
- npost-N{PLACE}definitethe (typically elevated) people in Npl [This should probably be subsumed under the general "def.plur" semantic category, and this is easily done. However the examples form a neat set of some interest, so I keep them together. CH]
- npost-N{PLACE}definitethe person from Npl
- npost-N{PLACE}indefinitea person/man from Npl
- npost-N{PLACE}predicatebe a person from Npl
- npost-N{PLACE}reference=rulerperson (who is the ruler of the place N)
- npost-V{NUM}.postYOU:post-Nclassifier(number of) persons (postposed classifier)
- npostVtobject, nonreferentialdummy object of some transitive verbs: people in general. cf. 狗咬人DS
- npostVtobject=generala person, a human beingCH
- nproindefiniteone; somebody; someone
- nsubject=definitethe man
- nsuitablea good person; suitable persons,; a person as one should be, a human worthy of than name, a person who deserves to be called human;
- nvocativeMan!
- n{PRED}be truly human; be only human; be human
- n{PRED}post-Nbe a person of the kind NLZ
- n{PRED}post-Vbe a person who V-sLZ
- vibe human, have human featuresLZ
- viactpractise what is human (rather than from Heaven); behave like a human??
- vtoNcausativeto humanise, to make truly human
者 zhě MC: tsyaeX OC: kljaʔCH 69 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- npro.post-Vthe/a person(s) who V-ed (MUST BE MOVED INTO PRONOUN)CH
- npro.post-V{PASSIVE}the person who is/was V-edCH
- npropost=Npra certain NPpr; someone like NPprCH
此人 cǐ rén OC: tsheʔ njin MC: tshiɛ ȵin 32 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPderogatorythis fellow
- NPindefinitea person of this sort
- NPneutralthis (aforementioned) person
- NPpluralthese people
- NPpositivethis (remarkable) person
民 mín OC: min MC: min 29 Attributions
Mín 民 is a mass noun referring to the population in general, but the word is also used to refer generically to ordinary citizens. (See PEOPLE)
- Word relations
- Syntactic words
- ncount noun, pluralcommon personsCH
- nindefinitecommon peopleCH
- nmpluralmass term: the people (of a state or region); the common people
- nmpost-V{NUM}collectivekinds of people
- npost-Nordinary people of the N kind
- nvocative, distinguished(distinguished) gentlemen!CH
子 zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 20 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nperson (including possibly rulers like Duke Huán of Qí etc)
- nmalepejorative: fellow
- npost-Nperson (of a certain kind specified by preceding word) NB: current analyses take this as a suffix, but it is not clear that this is the proper way to take it.
- npro.post-Vsemipronominalisedthe V man; the V personCH
- nreference=femalethis person (who happens to be female)
身 shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 19 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nclose to third-person pronoun: an individual; (with contrasting noun in parallel phrase: 其身the person; a person (physically)
先生 xiān shēng OC: sɯɯn sraaŋ MC: sen ʂɣaŋ 6 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPpost=NprMr 差不多先生
後生 hòu shēng OC: ɡooʔ sraaŋ MC: ɦu ʂɣaŋ 5 Attributions
- 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods
(
JIANG/CAO 1997)
p.
61
- Syntactic words
- VP[adN]born afterwards > young person, youth
男女 nán nǚ OC: noom naʔ MC: nəm ɳi̯ɤ 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPadditivemales and females
二三子 èr sān zǐ OC: njis saam sklɯʔ MC: ȵi sɑm tsɨ 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPplural; definitethe young men; they
善人 shàn rén OC: ɡjenʔ njin MC: dʑiɛn ȵin 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPgood person; good people; outstanding people
夫子 fū zǐ OC: pa sklɯʔ MC: pi̯o tsɨ 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPthis man
公 gōng MC: kuwng OC: klooŋCH 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- n(post-N)keeper of the contextually determinate N; man occupied with the contextually determinate NDS
- npost-Nkeeper of N; man occupied with NDS
- npost=NprMrCH
兩足 liǎng zú OC: raŋʔ tsoɡ MC: li̯ɐŋ tsi̯ok 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]two-legged [creature]> human
眾人 zhòng rén OC: tjuŋs njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin
衆人 zhōng rén OC: tjuŋ njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1adN2}singularhoi polloi; an ordinary person
人中 rén zhōng OC: njin krluŋ MC: ȵin ʈuŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPadVamong the humans, in the world of men
力人 lì rén OC: ɡ-rɯɡ njin MC: lɨk ȵin 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPstrongman
大小 dà xiǎo OC: daads smewʔ MC: dɑi siɛu 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1&N2}pluraladults and children
老漢 lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPderogatoryold fellow, old chap
儇子 xuān zǐ MC: xjwien tsiX OC: qhʷen sklɯʔLZ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPsmart fellowLZ
人類 rén lèi MC: nyin lwijH OC: njin rudsCH 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPabanthropologicalthe human speciesCH
人故 rén gù MC: nyin kuH OC: njin kaasCH 1 Attribution
- Word relations
- Oppos: 天道/LAW OF NATURE
- Syntactic words
- NP{PRED}have a human causeCH
人意 rén yì MC: nyin 'iH OC: njin qɯɡsLZ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabpsychhumanity, human(istic) way of thinking and feelingLZ
丁 dīng OC: teeŋ MC: teŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nadNadult, of employable age
口 kǒu OC: khooʔ MC: khu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nperson (particularly as counted item)
手 shǒu OC: hmljuʔ MC: ɕɨu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nperson
遠人 yuǎn rén OC: ɢʷanʔ njin MC: ɦi̯ɐn ȵin 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialpeople in distant parts
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database: