BEAST    禽獸

BIG WILD VERTEBRATE.
CREATURE
Old Chinese Criteria
[GENERAL] [SPECIFIC] Wild animals are generally mentioned in the context of hunting or capturing animals, and also in connection with their use in the culinary arts as well as in the production of utensils of all kinds. Their wild nature is standardly contrasted with humane or civilised domesticity. 1. Qín shòu 禽獸 is the current general word for non-domestic animals which often but not always includes birds of a certain size, but the term which includes all manner of fowl more explicitly is the also current niǎo shòu 鳥獸. See ANIMAL [GENERAL] 2. Qín 禽 is sometimes used to refer quite generally to non-tame animals, especially in so far as these may be caught alive and with a net, but the word also refers specifically to wild birds. The word refers to smaller beasts than shòu 獸. [SPECIFIC] 3. Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸 ), and sometimes as liable to bite.. [SPECIFIC] 4. Yě shòu 野獸 focusses on the habitat of wild animals far from human habitation, in the open countryside. 5. Máo 毛 and máo wù 毛物 refer generally to animals with feathers or fur, birds and beasts.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ANIMALS 1: 獸，偏重指較大的哺乳動物；漢以前也作鳥獸泛稱。 禽，偏重指鳥類，作鳥獸泛稱超過 “ 獸 ” 。 鳥，飛禽的通稱；方言用法也可指獸類。 毛，主要指祭祀用的禽畜，也是方言用法。 毛物，泛指鳥獸。
Modern Chinese Criteria
禽獸 畜生 鳥獸 飛走 野獸 飛禽走獸 獸 走獸 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
  • BEAR　BIG BROWN WILD BEAST, DANGEROUS TO HUMANS. [BIOLOGY] (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • BOVINEnew-950edb3d-00ec-47dd-8edb-3d00ec47dd5c　BIG BEAST or DOMESTIC ANIMAL which has HORNS, AND that SOMETIMES CAN be CAUSED TO PULL PLOUGHS... [BIOLOGY] (anc: 8/0, child: 2)
  • DEER　The general name of a family of ruminant quadruped BEASTS, distinguished by the possession of deciduous branching horns or antlers, and by the presence of spots on the young: the various genera and species being distinguished as rein-deer, moose-deer, red deer, fallow deer. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • FELINE　NIMBLE BEAST which HAS FOUR LEGS, SHARP CLAWS, AND ROUND HEAD. (anc: 8/0, child: 4)
  • MONKEY　BEAST or animal of any species of the group of mammals closely allied to and resembling man, and ranging from the anthropoid apes to the marmosets; any animal of the order Primates except man and the lemurs. [] (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • PIG　INTENSELY COMMON DOMESTIC ANIMAL USED FOR MEAT. (anc: 8/0, child: 2)
  • CAMEL　BIG DESERT BEAST USED FOR RIDING. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • FOX　RED BEAST which EATS MEAT, HAS FOUR LEGS AND a SHARP MOUTH. [VULPES] (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • WOLF　COMMON WILD BEAST RESEMBLING a DOG, DANGEROUS FOR HUMANS AND FOR OVINES. [BIOLOGY] (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • ELEPHANT　INTENSELY BIG BEAST which HAS IVORY TEETH AND A LONG TRUNK. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • HARE　SMALL BEAST which has FOUR LEGS AND LONG EARS, AND which CAN RUN INTENSELY QUICKLY. [] (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • RHINOCEROS　INTENSELY BIG BEAST which has A BIG HORN ON its NOSE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
See also
  • CREATURELIVING THING.
  • BIRDANIMAL that HAS TWO LEGS AND WINGS.
Hypernym
  • VERTEBRATE　ANIMAL which HAS a SPINE BONE. (anc: 6/0, child: 2)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • CREATURE　LIVING THING. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 3.11

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 481

    248. Etymolog. lib. XII, cap. 2.

    -- Naturali. Ex Serv., ad ill. I Aen.: Pinguisque ferinae, et in Etym.

    ]

    248. Inter Feras et bestias. Omnis bestia fera, non omnis fera bestia. Bestiae namque sunt, quae morsu, vel unguibus saeviunt, ut pardi, leones, tigrides, a vastando dictae. Ferae autem etiam illae sunt quae etsi non [ Al., a vi quae] saeviunt, tamen silvestres sunt; dictae [col. 36B] autem ferae, quod et naturali utantur libertate, et desiderio suo ferantur.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 45

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 57

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 199

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 335ff

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    belua 'beast' [f. a] (Naev.+; var. bellua in some mss.)

    Derivatives: beluatus 'provided with beasts' (P1.+), belutus [adj.] Tike a beast'

    (Paul, ex F.).

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 182

    • Words (16 items)

    獸  shòu OC: qjus MC: ɕɨu 37 Attributions

    Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 禽/BIRD Qín 禽 refers to a large bird, typically a bird of prey that one might hunt for, and the word is predominantly used as a mass noun. (But note that the word can also be used to refer to wild beasts rather than birds.) [MASS!], [SPECIFIC]
    • Object: 餧 / 餵/FEED wèi
    • Epithet: 走/RUN The current general word for running is zǒu 走 (ant. bù 步 "go along without running").
    • Epithet: 猛/VIOLENT The current general word for violence in action and in disposition is měng 猛 (ant. nuò 懦 "weakish, pusillanimous") which refers quite generally to a disposition for incisive action and violent reaction without strong positive or negative overtones.
    • Assoc: 鹿/DEER The current general term for a deer is lù 鹿.
    • Assoc: 禽/BIRD Qín 禽 refers to a large bird, typically a bird of prey that one might hunt for, and the word is predominantly used as a mass noun. (But note that the word can also be used to refer to wild beasts rather than birds.) [MASS!], [SPECIFIC]
    • Assoc: 鳥/BIRD Niǎo 鳥 is by far the most common word for any bird, and this word can refer to individual creatures. [COUNT], [GENERAL]; [[COMMON+]]
    • Oppos: 人/HUMAN The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
    • Oppos: 魚/FISH The common general term for a fish is yú 魚.

      Syntactic words
    • nadVanalogy(treat, raise) as animal; (live) like a beast
    • nmcollectivegenerally: four-legged animal of a certain size which are liable to run away when hunted; 百獸"all manner of wild animals"; NB: one may also rear wild animals in parks 養獸
    禽獸  qín shòu OC: ɡrɯm qjus MC: gim ɕɨu 24 Attributions

    1. Qín shòu 禽獸 is the current general word for non-domestic animals which often but not always includes birds of a certain size, but the term which includes all manner of fowl more explicitly is the also current niǎo shòu 鳥獸. See ANIMAL

      Syntactic words
    • NPadVlike wild beasts
    • NPnonreferentialwild animals generally (not necessarily including both birds and beasts) 禽獸之皮
    • NP{PRED}be wild beasts; be a wild beast
    • VPiactbehave like a wild beast
    豺狼  chái láng OC: sɡrɯɯ ɡ-raaŋ MC: ɖʐɣɛi lɑŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativethe cruel and powerful (officials)CH
    • NPnonreferentialwild beasts
    • NP{PRED}figurativepredicative "be wild beasts"
    虎狼  hǔ láng OC: qhlaaʔ ɡ-raaŋ MC: huo̝ lɑŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNbestial, ferocious
    • NPnonreferentiala ferocious animal
    • NP{PRED}figurativebe (like) wild beasts
    禽  qín OC: ɡrɯm MC: gim 4 Attributions

    Qín 禽 is sometimes used to refer quite generally to wild non-tame animals, especially in so far as these may be caught alive and with a net, but the word also refers specifically to wild birds. The word refers to smaller beasts than shòu 獸.

      Syntactic words
    • nmcollectivefour-legged animal that is hunted, smaller than shòu 獸
    走獸  zǒu shòu OC: tsooʔ qjus MC: tsu ɕɨu 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}nonreferentialquadrupeds; beasts
    野獸  yě shòu OC: laʔ qjus MC: jɣɛ ɕɨu 3 Attributions

    Yě shòu 野獸 focusses on the habitat of wild animals far from human habitation.

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialanimals living in the wild; wild animals
    百獸  bǎi shòu MC: paek syuwH OC: praaɡ qjus 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPall kinds of animalsDS
    猛獸  měng shòu MC: maengX syuwH OC: mraaŋʔ qjus 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe fierce wild beasts, the ferocious beastsCH
    野干  yě gān OC: laʔ kaan MC: jɣɛ kɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfox-like or wolf-like animal???
    蟨  jué MC: kjwot OC: kod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmythical beast living in the north of ChinaCH
    鹿豕  lù shǐ OC: b-rooɡ qhjeʔ MC: luk ɕiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialdeer and wild boar; beasts like deer and wild boar
    蛩蛩  qióng qióng MC: gjowng gjowng OC: ɡoŋ ɡoŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmythical beast supposed to live in the northCH
    巨虛  jù xū MC: gjoX -- OC: ɡaʔ -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmythical beast thought to live in the north of ChinaCH
    虎兕  hǔ sì OC: qhlaaʔ ziʔ MC: huo̝ zi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluraltigers and rhinoes
    鳥獸  niǎo shòu OC: ntɯɯwʔ qjus MC: teu ɕɨu 0 Attributions

    1. Qín shòu 禽獸 is the current general word for non-domestic animals which often but not always includes birds of a certain size, but the term which includes all manner of fowl more explicitly is the also current niǎo shòu 鳥獸. See ANIMAL

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialwild beasts