BIRD  鳥

ANIMAL that HAS TWO LEGS AND WINGS.
Hypernym
  • ANIMALCREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE.
    • CREATURELIVING THING.
      • THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
  • BEAKMOUTH of a BIRD.
    • WINGSBODY PART OF BIRDS USED FOR FLYING.
      See also
      • BEASTBIG WILD VERTEBRATE.
        Hyponym
        • YOUNG BIRD　YOUNG BIRD.
          • BIRDS OF PREY　BIRDS that ATTACK AND EAT BIG LIVING ANIMALS.
            • CUCKOO　KIND OF BIRD OF PREY
            • EAGLE　LARGE BIRD OF PREY
          • BIRDS　KINDS of BIRD.
            • DUCK　DOMESTIC ANIMAL in the form of a SMALL WATER BIRD.
            • GOOSE　COMMON LARGE WHITE WATER BIRD WITH LONG NECK. []
            • NIGHTINGALE　BIRD which SINGS INTENSELY BEAUTIFULLY at NIGHT.
            • PIDGEON　SMALL BIRD [[BIOLOGY]]
          • OWL　
            Old Chinese Criteria
            [[COMMON/RARE]]

            [COUNT/MASS]

            [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

            [NON-REFERENTIAL/REFERENTIAL]

            1. Niǎo 鳥 is by far the most common word for any bird, and this word can refer to individual creatures.

            [COUNT], [GENERAL]; [[COMMON+]]

            3. Qín 禽 refers to a large bird, typically a bird of prey that one might hunt for, and the word is predominantly used as a mass noun. (But note that the word can also be used to refer to wild beasts rather than birds.)

            [MASS!], [SPECIFIC]

            3. Fēi niǎo 飛鳥 is the generic and non-referential term.

            [NON-REFERENTIAL]

            4. Yǔ niǎo 羽鳥 is a rather formal general term for birds of all kinds.

            [NON-REFERENTIAL]; [[RARE]]

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            禽

            鳥

            飛禽

            猛禽

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 3.64

            • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

              BIRD

              volucres refers to anything that flies, indluding winged insects.

              aves is the general term for a bird

              ales refers to larger birds only and is elevated stylistically.

            • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 268

            • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1099

            • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 335

            • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

            • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

              avis 'bird' [f. i] (Naev.+)

              Derivatives: avicula 'little bird' (Varro+); auspex, -icis 'augur, bird-diviner' (P1.+),

              auspicium 'augury, omen' (Elog., Naev.+), auspicare/i 'to take the auspices, enter

              upon' (Naev.+); auceps, gen.sg. aucupis 'bird-catcher' (P1.+), aucupare/i 'to go

              bird-catching' (P1.+), aucupium 'bird-catching; wild fowl' (P1.+); auca 'bird, esp.

              goose' (Avianus [ca. 400 AD], gloss.).

            • Democritus Ridens ( WEBER 1857) p. 6.387

            • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.345

            • Birds in the Ancient World From A-Z ( ARNOTT 2007) p.

            Attributions by syntactic funtion

            • NP{vadN} : 17
            • n : 14
            • nm : 8
            • NP : 5
            • nadV : 3
            • nadV : 2
            • nadN : 1
            • ncc : 1

            Attributions by text

            • 淮南子 : 7
            • 春秋左傳 : 6
            • 呂氏春秋 : 4
            • 禮記 : 4
            • 管子 : 4
            • 荀子 : 3
            • 莊子 : 3
            • 文選 : 2
            • 說苑 : 2
            • 晏子春秋 : 2
            • 阮籍集四卷 : 2
            • 孟子 : 2
            • 周禮 : 1
            • 墨子 : 1
            • 山海經 : 1
            • 論語 : 1
            • 鹽鐵論 : 1
            • 賢愚經 : 1
            • 戰國策 : 1
            • 史記 : 1
            • 法言 : 1
            • 古列女傳 : 1

            Words

            鳥  niǎo OC: ntɯɯwʔ MC: teu 18 AttributionsWD

            Niǎo 鳥 is by far the most common word for any bird, and this word can refer to individual creatures. [COUNT], [GENERAL]; [[COMMON+]]

              Word relations
            • Epithet: 飛 / 蜚/FLY The dominant word in this group is fēi 飛 which usually refers to the flying in a certain direction.
            • Epithet: /
            • Epithet: 羽/FEATHER Yǔ 羽 can refer to any feather of any kind, but which usually refers to feathers as forming the most visible part of a wing.
            • Assoc: 獸/BEAST Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite.

              Syntactic words
            • n化為鳥 "it turns into a bird": the general word for any kind of bird
            • nadNbird-, of the bird-kind ???
            • nadVanalogylike birds SHIJI: 鳥聚
            • nadVinstrumentusing bird(-name)s
            • nnonreferentialbird
            飛鳥  fēi niǎo OC: pɯl ntɯɯwʔ MC: pɨi teu 17 AttributionsWD

            Fēi niǎo 飛鳥 is the generic and non-referential term. [NON-REFERENTIAL]

              Syntactic words
            • NPindefinitean unidentified bird, some bird or other
            • NP{vadN}nonreferentialbirds in general; birds of any kind; a bird
            禽  qín OC: ɡrɯm MC: gim 11 AttributionsWD

            Qín 禽 refers to a large bird, typically a bird of prey that one might hunt for, and the word is predominantly used as a mass noun. (But note that the word can also be used to refer to wild beasts rather than birds.) [MASS!], [SPECIFIC]

              Word relations
            • Ant: 獸/BEAST Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite.
            • Epithet: 鷙/VIOLENT
            • Assoc: 獸/BEAST Shòu 獸 tends to refer to dangerous mammals above a certain size that are typically imagined as running (zǒu shòu 走獸), and sometimes as liable to bite.

              Syntactic words
            • nadVfigurativelike a wild birdCH
            • nccwild bird 一禽"one bird", not "one kind of bird"
            • nmfowl, bird, epecially large wild bird or bird of prey, and birds one might try to catch
            禽鳥  qín niǎo OC: ɡrɯm ntɯɯwʔ MC: gim teu 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialbirds of all kinds
            羽鳥  yǔ niǎo OC: ɢʷaʔ ntɯɯwʔ MC: ɦi̯o teu 2 AttributionsWD

            Yǔ niǎo 羽鳥 is a rather formal general term for birds of all kinds. [NON-REFERENTIAL]; [[RARE]]

              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialbirds; a bird (in general)
            羽物  yǔ wù MC: hjuX mjut OC: ɢʷaʔ mɯdCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPwinged creature> birdCH

            Existing SW for

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