COURAGE  勇敢勇

VIRTUE OR ATTITUDE of DARING to ACT:carry-out DANGEROUS BUT NECESSARY ACTS.VIRTUE OR ATTITUDE of DARING to ACT:carry-out DANGEROUS BUT NECESSARY OR MORAL ACTS.
BRAVERYCOURAGEOUSNESSPLUCKPLUCKINESSVALOURFEARLESSNESSINTREPIDITYNERVEDARINGAUDACITYBOLDNESSGRITTRUE GRITHARDIHOODHEROISMGALLANTRYGUTSSPUNKMOXIECOJONESBALLSCOURAGEOUSVALIANTVALOROUSINTREPIDHEROICLIONHEARTEDBOLDFEARLESSGALLANTDARINGPLUCKYAUDACIOUSUNFLINCHINGUNSHRINKINGUNAFRAIDDAUNTLESSDOUGHTYMETTLESOMESTOUTHEARTEDSPIRITEDGAMEGUTSYSPUNKY
Antonym
  • COWARDLYFEARFUL WHEN COURAGE is NEEDED.
    Hypernym
    • ATTITUDERELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT.
      • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
        • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
          • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
    See also
    • DAREACT OR INTEND to ACT:do something which REQUIRES COURAGE.
      Old Chinese Criteria
      1. The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo

      2. Hàn 悍 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is foolhardiness and recklessness under conditions of danger or risk. Cf. Latin ferocia

      3. Gǎn 敢 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is the ability of an individual to take considered reasonable risks where appropriate or where required by ritual propriety.

      4. Guǒ 果 and duàn 斷 (ant. xū1 需 "hestant") is general resoluteness as an attitude towards the conduct of one's affairs. Cf. Latin audacia

      5. Zhì 志 "morale, fighting spirit" and the rarer wǔ 武 is the courageous warlike attitude of a whole group. Cf. Latin acrimonia, animus

      6. Qì 氣 "morale, fighting spirit" is typically the morale of an individual but can also occasionally be used of groups. Cf. Latin spiritus

      Modern Chinese Criteria
      勇敢

      勇

      英勇

      驍勇

      驃勇

      神勇

      大勇

      勇猛

      勇武

      英武

      英雄

      孤膽

      大膽

      斗膽

      膽大

      剽悍

      強悍

      無畏

      一身是膽

      膽大如斗

      膽大包天

      群威群膽

      英勇絕倫

      奮不顧身

      赴湯蹈火

      出生入死

      捨生忘死

      視死如歸

      萬死不辭

      生死置之度外

      臨危不懼

      無所畏懼

      了無懼色

      履險如夷

      身先士卒

      前赴後繼

      前僕後繼

      萬夫莫當

      吃了豹子膽

      如入無人之境

      初生之犢不怕虎

      rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

      Old Chinese Contrasts
      Kant: BEANTWORTUNG DER FRAGE: WAS IST AUFKLÄRUNG ?

      Berlinische Monatsschrift. Dezember-Heft 1784. S. 481-494

      AUFKLÄRUNG ist der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit. Unmündigkeit ist das Unvermögen, sich seines Verstandes ohne Leitung eines anderen zu bedienen. Selbstverschuldet ist diese Unmündigkeit, wenn die Ursache derselben nicht am Mangel des Verstandes, sondern der Entschließung und des Mutes liegt, sich seiner ohne Leitung eines andern zu bedienen. Sapere aude! Habe Mut, dich deines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen! ist also der Wahlspruch der Aufklärung.

      Faulheit und Feigheit sind die Ursachen, warum ein so großer Teil der Menschen, nachdem sie die Natur längst von fremder Leitung freigesprochen [A482]... dennoch gerne zeitlebens unmündig bleiben; und warum es anderen so leicht wird, sich zu deren Vormündern aufzuwerfen.

      • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 16.52

      • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 469

        AUDERE ultra Scire et posse velle tentare. Seu est actionum viribus aut scientiae improportionatam tentare.

        Conc. 1. Objectum difficile, magnum, aut ignotum, vetitum. 2. Vires exiguae aut scientia et veniae spes. 3. Voluntas tamen superandi.

        AUDACIA est ad res susceptu periculosas animositas.

        Conc. 1. Excessus Voluntatis. 2. Defectus scientiae seu judicij. 3. Virium intensio summa.

      • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 65

        TEMERARIUS, AUDAX

        59. Ex Agraetii mente, temeritas sine consilio, audacia post consilium. C. Fronto hinc forte emendandus: Audax non timet, temerarius non providet; nam male [col. 17D] alioqui, audax non providet, temerarius non timet.

        ]

        59. Inter Audacem et temerarium. Audax non timet, temerarius non aestimat periculum.

        125

        TEMERITAS, AUDACIA

        Temeritas sine consilio dicitur, audacia post consilium.

      • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

        COURAGE

        ferocia refers to the kind of natural and even wild courage that may be ascribed to animals as well as humans.

        fortitudo denotes a passive moral courage and resilience in defense.

        virtus can refer to energetic and impressive active courageinvolving crucially the courage of one's own convictions, displayed in impressive action.

        audacia refers neutrally to contempt of danger.

        audentia refers to the laudable spirit of courageous enterprise.

      • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 37

      • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 323

      • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p. 36

        ALACRITAS

        AUDACIA

        TEMERITAS

      • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 167

      • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1939

      • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.894

        TAPFERKEIT

      • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 108

      • Kleine Schriften Deutsche Ostasienstudien ( UNGER 2009) p. 225-239

      • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.331:220

        COURAGE.BRAVOURE

      • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.7:6

        EFFRONTE.AUDACIEUX.HARDI

      • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.162.121

        COEUR.COURAGE.VALEUR.BRAVOURE.INTREPIDITE

      • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.413.373

        HARDIESSE.AUDACE.EFFRONTERIE

      • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 70

      • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.252

      • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 91

      • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 47B

      Words

      勇  yǒng OC: k-loŋʔ MC: ji̯oŋ 77 AttributionsWD

      The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo

        Word relations
      • Inconsist: 懼/FEAR The most general word for any kind of passing fear is probably jù 懼 and this word naturally links with yōu 憂 "worry", and this word refers to a momentary historical moment where that fear manifested itself (文王乃懼 "then King Wén got scared"). Jù sǐ 懼死 is momentary fear for one's life, whereas wèi sǐ 畏死 refers to a general state where one is too frightened to sacrifice one's life.
      • Inconsist: 怒/ANGER Nù 怒 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be delighted") is the general word for anger, and the word tends to imply overt manifestation of feelings of anger, typically in terms of altered breathing patterns. (cf. nù 怒 "to puff oneself up") [OVERT], [PERSONAL]
      • Ant: 屈/HUMBLE
      • Ant: 怯/COWARDLY
      • Ant: 慈/LOVE Cí 慈 (ant. rěn 忍 "callous, unfeeling") is primarily the intimate emotional concern of mothers/parents for their children, and by extension such concern of a fatherly ruler for his people. [EMOTIONAL], [PRACTICAL]
      • Assoc: 力/STRONG The typically nominal or adverbial lì 力 commonly refers to a permanent property of strength..
      • Assoc: 悍/COURAGE Hàn 悍 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is foolhardiness and recklessness under conditions of danger or risk. Cf. Latin ferocia
      • Relat: 亂/CHAOS The very dominant word in this group is luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "state of good government, state of good order") which refers to all kinds of reprehensible lack of order.

        Syntactic words
      • nab(post-N)the exemplary courage of the contextually determinate NCH
      • nab.post-Ngraded(degree of) valourCH
      • nabactbravery, foolhardy boldness
      • nabdispositionvalour; boldness; the principles of valour
      • v[adN1.]adN2belonging to a brave personDS
      • v[adN]nonreferentialparagon of courage; the brave
      • v[adN]pluralthe brave (of such and such a place) HF
      • vadNcourageous; bold 勇士
      • viactshow courage in action
      • viinchoativebecome courageous
      • vipsychbe courageous; be bold; be brave
      • vtoNputativeregard as particularly courageous
      敢  gǎn OC: klaamʔ MC: kɑm 21 AttributionsWD

      Gǎn 敢 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is the ability of an individual to take considered reasonable risks where appropriate in civil life or where required by ritual propriety.

        Word relations
      • Assoc: 果/COURAGE Guǒ 果 and duàn 斷 (ant. xū1 需 "hestant") is general resoluteness as an attitude towards the conduct of one's affairs. Cf. Latin audacia

        Syntactic words
      • nabdispositioncivil courage, determination and conviction
      • nabpsychcourage
      • vt(oV[0])dare to do the contextually determinate act VCH
      • vt+V[0]have the courage to V
      悍  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 11 AttributionsWD

      Hàn 悍 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is foolhardiness and recklessness under conditions of danger or risk. Cf. Latin ferocia

        Word relations
      • Assoc: 勇/COURAGE The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo
      • Assoc: 猛/VIOLENT The current general word for violence in action and in disposition is měng 猛 (ant. nuò 懦 "weakish, pusillanimous") which refers quite generally to a disposition for incisive action and violent reaction without strong positive or negative overtones.

        Syntactic words
      • nabpsychferociousness
      • v[adN]N=humferocious personLZ
      • vadNferocious, obstreporous
      • viferocious, foolhardy; fiercely courageous, habitually violent; obstreporous
      武  wǔ OC: mbaʔ MC: mi̯o 8 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabmartial valour; martial virtuesCH
      • viof troops: be spirited, be militarily efficient; be in accordance with the proper military spirit
      膽  dǎn OC: k-laamʔ MC: tɑm 6 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabdispositionfighting spirit
      • viXUN: be courageous
      氣  qì OC: khɯds MC: khɨi 4 AttributionsWD

      Qì 氣 "morale, fighting spirit" is typically the morale of an individual but can also occasionally be used of groups. Cf. Latin spiritus

        Syntactic words
      • nabdispositionfighting spirit
      勇者  yǒng zhě OC: k-loŋʔ kljaʔ MC: ji̯oŋ tɕɣɛ 4 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPdefinitethe courageous ones
      • NPnonreferentialabstractly: the courageous person (at any time and in any place)
      節  jié OC: tsiiɡ MC: tset 4 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabpsychologicalcourage and integrity; (moral) steadfastness
      介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabpsychdetermination, moral determination, moral straightness
      • vadNdetermined, firm, ready for battle
      果  guǒ OC: kloolʔ MC: kʷɑ 3 AttributionsWD

      Guǒ 果 and duàn 斷 (ant. xū1 需 "hestant") is general resoluteness as an attitude towards the conduct of one's affairs. Cf. Latin audacia

        Word relations
      • Assoc: 敢/COURAGE Gǎn 敢 (ant. qiè 怯 "fearfulness") is the ability of an individual to take considered reasonable risks where appropriate in civil life or where required by ritual propriety.

        Syntactic words
      • nabactdecisive courage
      • vibe utterly determined to live up to one's aspirations or intentions; be full of determination
      • viactbe excessively determined to go through with one's plans LY 毋果
      毅  yì OC: ŋɡlɯds MC: ŋɨi 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabpsychfirmness of conviction
      • viof humans: be psychologically firm and unshakable, tough, resilient
      豪  háo OC: ɡoow MC: ɦɑu 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nadNvaliant
      果敢  guǒ gǎn OC: kloolʔ klaamʔ MC: kʷɑ kɑm 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPadNcourageous
      • VPibe decisive in action
      志  zhì OC: kljɯs MC: tɕɨ 2 AttributionsWD

      Zhì 志 "morale, fighting spirit" and the rarer wǔ 武 is the courageous warlike attitude of a whole group. Cf. Latin acrimonia, animus

        Syntactic words
      • nabpsych(military) morale; determination
      斷  duàn OC: toons MC: tʷɑn 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabdispositiondicisiveness, decisive determination CA
      • vadVdecisively
      勇健  yǒng jiàn OC: k-loŋʔ ɡans MC: ji̯oŋ gi̯ɐn 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabpsychcourage and strength
      • VPibe courageous and vigourous
      勇敢  yǒng gǎn OC: k-loŋʔ klaamʔ MC: ji̯oŋ kɑm 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabpsychcourage
      • VPipsychbe courageousLZ
      愓悍  dàng hàn MC: dangX hanH OC: ɡ-laaŋʔ ɡaansLZ 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPinegativeferocious, typically to the point of crueltyLZ
      捍  hàn OC: ɡaans MC: ɦɑn 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabactacts of courage in defense of what is right
      勇氣  yǒng qì OC: k-loŋʔ khɯds MC: ji̯oŋ khɨi 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabdispositionfighting spirit; the energy that comes from courage
      勇膽  yǒng dǎn OC: k-loŋʔ k-laamʔ MC: ji̯oŋ tɑm 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabpsychpsychological dispositions relating to courage
      大膽  dà dǎn OC: daads k-laamʔ MC: dɑi tɑm 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPidenominalbe courageous (compare modern 小氣)
      有氣  yǒu qì OC: ɢʷɯʔ khɯds MC: ɦɨu khɨi 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPihave courage> be courageous
      蕩悍  dàng hàn MC: dangX hanH OC: ɡ-laaŋʔ ɡaansLZ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPinegative= dang4han4 愓悍, ferocious, typically to the point of crueltyLZ
      蹈難  dào nàn MC: dawH nanX OC: ɡ-luus mɢlaansLZ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabactdeeds of courageLZ
      健勇  jiàn yǒng MC: gjonH yowngX OC: ɡans k-loŋʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPadNstrong and courageousLZ
      賁憤  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC:
      憤  fèn OC: bɯnʔ MC: bi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNto brave
      昧  mèi OC: mɯɯds MC: muo̝i 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}have the blind temerity to
      勇懼  yǒng jù OC: k-loŋʔ ɡʷas MC: ji̯oŋ gi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabdispositionrelative courage
      弘毅  hóng yì OC: ɡʷɯɯŋ ŋɡlɯds MC: ɦəŋ ŋɨi 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactbe morally firm with a broad perspective> be courageous with a large (moral) perspective; show a large perspective in courage
      怯勇  qiè yǒng OC: khab k-loŋʔ MC: khi̯ɐp ji̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabfeaturerelative courage
      膽勇  dǎn yǒng OC: k-laamʔ k-loŋʔ MC: tɑm ji̯oŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabdispositioncourage (great or small)

      Existing SW for

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