HUMBLE    卑下的卑

INFERIOR OR MORE HUMBLE IN-RELATION-TO OTHERS.
LOWLYWORKING-CLASSLOWER-CLASSPOORUNDISTINGUISHEDMEANMODESTIGNOBLELOW-BORNPLEBEIANUNDERPRIVILEGEDCOMMONORDINARYSIMPLEINFERIORUNREMARKABLEINSIGNIFICANTINCONSEQUENTIAL
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for objective low social status without any connotation concerning moral worth is bēi 卑 (ant. zūn 尊 "objectively venerable by social standards"). 2. Jiàn 賤 (ant. 貴 "objectively of high standard, but also personally and subjectively judged to deserve this high status") typically adds to the notion of objectively judged low status that of subjectively appreciated moral decrepitude. 3. Xiǎo 小 and shào 少 (all ant. zhǎng 長 "senior") refers to relatively junior status in the bureaucratic hierarchy. 4. Xià 下 refers to low status in absolute terms. 5. Wēi 微 refers to a person being of low status so as to be of no substantial political or social importance. See UNIMPORTANT NB: One's rank wèi 位 may be said to be zūn 尊 "elevated" or bēi 卑 "lowly", but one's status as such could never be jiàn 賤.
Modern Chinese Criteria
簡陋 陋 側陋 卑陋 鄙陋 苟簡 因陋就簡 自卑 卑 裨 (lit) is an old-fashioned traditionalist word for a person of secondary status or importance. 妄自菲薄 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • DEFERENTIAL　SHOWINGLY>DEMONSTRATIVELY HUMBLE (anc: 11/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • NOBLEIMPORTANT BECAUSE of RANK OR MORAL WISDOM.
  • GENTLEMANADULT who is EDUCATED AND ABLE to BECOME an OFFICIAL.
See also
  • POLITEBe APPROPRIATELY RESPECTFUL IN ACTING TOWARDS OTHERS.
Hypernym
  • INFERIOR　MORE LOW IN RANK, REPUTATION OR TALENT. (anc: 9/0, child: 1)
  • LOW　SMALL VERTICALLY. (anc: 8/0, child: 1)
  • SMALL　LACK BIGNESS IN-RELATION-TO a STANDARD, OR IN-RELATION-TO the SIZE of a HUMAN. (anc: 7/0, child: 8)
  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 337

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.325.287

    ABJECTION.BASSESSE

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 573

    • Words (36 items)

    賤  jiàn OC: dzens MC: dziɛn 67 Attributions

    Jiàn 賤 (ant. 貴 "objectively of high standard, but also personally and subjectively judged to deserve this high status") typically adds to the notion of objectively judged low status that of subjectively appreciated moral decrepitude.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 愛/LIKE The general words expressing preference is ài 愛, but the notion is often hard to distinguish from a preferential desire, and for the semantically closely related hào 好 see DESIRE.
    • Ant: 貴/NOBLE Guì 貴 (ant. jiàn 賤 "of low character") adds to the notion of high social status that of subjectively appreciated nobility of character. [HIGH-DEGREE], [PERSONAL], [SUBJECTIVE]
    • Ant: 富/RICH The general word for wealth is fù 富 (ant. pín 貧 "poor"), and the word has a remarkably wide range of syntactic roles.
    • Ant: 尊/NOBLE Zūn 尊 (ant. bēi 卑 "lowly, vulgar") is the current word for publicly recognised objective nobility and high status, and the word refers to objective social status in society. [ELEVATED], [HIGH-DEGREE], [OBJECTIVE], [PUBLIC], [SOCIAL]
    • Epithet: 臣/MINISTER The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣.
    • Assoc: 卑/HUMBLE The current general word for objective low social status without any connotation concerning moral worth is bēi 卑 (ant. zūn 尊 "objectively venerable by social standards").
    • Assoc: 疏/DISTANT Shū 疏 (ant. qīn 親 "close") often refers to distance of relation in a more than purely physical sense.
    • Assoc: 貧/POOR The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.
    • Assoc: 下/HUMBLE Xià 下 refers to low status in absolute terms.
    • Assoc: 微/HUMBLE Wēi 微refers to a person being of low status so as to be of no substantial political or social importance. See UNIMPORTANT
    • Assoc: 窮/POOR Qióng 窮 (ant. fù 富 "rich") refers to an extreme state of destitution, which may, however, be transitory, and the word may also refer not so much to poverty as such as marked lack of expected success, professional failure (ant. dá 達); and the word may also refer to persons without regular means of support such as widows and orphans.
    • Assoc: 辱/DISGRACE Rǔ 辱 refers to public humiliation and public disgrace typically caused by overt actions or reactions of others.
    • Relat: 鄙/VULGAR Bǐ 鄙 (ant. chóng 崇 "elevated") refers to rusticity and lack cultural polish typical of a person from outlying regions, a country bumpkin.

      Syntactic words
    • nabcausativemaking others more humble than they were beforeLZ
    • nabprocessthe process of being humiliated
    • nabsocialhumble status; low status; the state of being in a humble position
    • nsubjectwhat is humble; what is low; sometimes specifically: humble tasks
    • v[adN]persons of low status; the humble; the more humble
    • v[adN]nonreferentialperson of low status
    • vadNof low status and/or moral quality
    • vadV(starting) from a state of being of low statusLZ
    • vigradedbe base; be of low status; be of low moral worth
    • vt[oN]causativemake others humbleLZ
    • vtoNattitudinaltreat as a person of low status
    • vtoNattitudinalbe treated as a person of low status
    • vtoNattitudinalhumble (oneself)
    • vtoNpassive causative: be made a person of low statusLZ
    卑  bēi OC: pe MC: piɛ 57 Attributions

    The current general word for objective low social status without any connotation concerning moral worth is bēi 卑 (ant. zūn 尊 "objectively venerable by social standards").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 倨 / 踞/ARROGANT Jù 倨 (ant. gōng 恭 "show proper politeness") is primarily an informal physical pose and then by extension nonchalance and a failure to show proper respect for others. [BEHAVIOUR], [HABITUAL], [HIGH-DEGREE], [IMPERSONAL]
    • Ant: 顯/FAMOUS The current general term for illustiousness and extraordinary fame is xiǎn 顯 (ant. huì 晦 "obscure").
    • Ant: 尊/NOBLE Zūn 尊 (ant. bēi 卑 "lowly, vulgar") is the current word for publicly recognised objective nobility and high status, and the word refers to objective social status in society. [ELEVATED], [HIGH-DEGREE], [OBJECTIVE], [PUBLIC], [SOCIAL]
    • Epithet: 拜/BOW DOWN The general word for all kinds of bowing recognised as ritually correct is bài 拜, which involves kneeling on the ground, moving one's head against one's hands joined in the obligatory Confucian manner, and bowing one's torso forward, and this word is often rich in further semantic nuances.
    • Assoc: 賤/HUMBLE Jiàn 賤 (ant. 貴 "objectively of high standard, but also personally and subjectively judged to deserve this high status") typically adds to the notion of objectively judged low status that of subjectively appreciated moral decrepitude.
    • Synon: 謙/YIELD Qiān 謙(ant. jiāo 驕 "arrogant in attitude" and ào 傲 "impolite and arrogant in action") refers to the general attitude or disposition towards giving precedence to others.

      Syntactic words
    • nabchangedecline in status, humiliation
    • nabsocialhumility, humble status
    • nsubjectwhat is humble
    • v[adN]nonreferentialone who is of humble or low status
    • vadNlowly, humble, of low status, menial; have a low status
    • vadNgradedthe humbler, the less distinguishedCH
    • vadVhumbly
    • vibe lowly, humble, hold low social status, menial; have a low status; be on a low level; also of one's reputation: be low
    • viactbehave with great humility
    • vichangesink in states, get lower status
    • vipsychbe humble in attitude, submissive
    • vpostadVat a low bureaucratic levelCH
    • vt+Ngradedbe humble/low in status as compared to
    • vt+prep+Ngradedbe of more lowly status than N
    • vtoNbehave humbly towards, humble oneself in front of
    • vtoNattitudinal(treat as humble >) treat with disrespect
    • vtoNattitudinaltreat (oneself) as (if) being of low status
    • vtoNcausativecause to be of low status> debase
    • vtoNcausativehumble (oneself), cause (oneself) to be humiliated
    • vtoNputativeregard as valueless
    下  xià OC: ɢraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 40 Attributions

    Xià 下 refers to low status in absolute terms.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 高/HIGH The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.
    • Epithet: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
    • Assoc: 賤/HUMBLE Jiàn 賤 (ant. 貴 "objectively of high standard, but also personally and subjectively judged to deserve this high status") typically adds to the notion of objectively judged low status that of subjectively appreciated moral decrepitude.

      Syntactic words
    • nabsocialhumble social position
    • nadVamong the humble people; at the more inferior level, addressing those below one's own status 
    • nplursubordinates; those who are of lower rank; inferiors
    • npost-Ninferiors
    • n|vadNof low rank; very low in rank; lower in rank, subordinate
    • vibe very low in rank
    • vtoNcausativecause to be lower than (someone) in status; demote
    貧賤  pín jiàn OC: brɯn dzens MC: bin dziɛn 9 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturehumbleness of status
    • VP[adN]the poor and the humbleCH
    • VPadNhumble
    • VPibe poor and humble (of persons and places)
    卑賤  bēi jiàn OC: pe dzens MC: piɛ dziɛn 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturelowliness, humblenessCH
    • NPnonreferentialhumble persons LSCQ
    • VPibe humble; be of low rank
    • VPichangehumble and/or vulgar> undistinguished
    小  xiǎo OC: smewʔ MC: siɛu 5 Attributions

    Xiǎo 小and shào 少 (all ant. zhǎng 長 "senior") refers to relatively junior status in the bureaucratic hierarchy.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]a person of lower status
    • vadNminor; of lowly status
    • vibe of lower status; be of junior standing
    恭儉  gōng jiǎn MC: kjowng gjemX  OC: koŋ ɡromʔ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabrespectful humility, reverential restraintLZ
    • VPibe reverentially decent and restrainedCH
    自下  zì xià OC: sblids ɢraaʔ MC: dzi ɦɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychhumility
    • VPiactshow humility
    降  jiàng OC: kruums MC: kɣɔŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vigradedbe lower (e.g. rank, as of a guest compared to a host); show proper humility
    • vtoNcausativecause to be humble and submissive
    卑者  bēi zhě OC: pe kljaʔ MC: piɛ tɕɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturehumbleness (or: the humble!)
    • NPcomparativethe humbler onesLZ
    謙下  qiān xià OC: khleem ɢraaʔ MC: khem ɦɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychhumility
    • VPadNhumble, non-arrogant
    百姓  bǎi xìng OC: praaɡ seŋs MC: pɣɛk siɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPsingularordinary member of the common people
    下意  xià yì OC: ɢraaʔ qɯɡs MC: ɦɣɛ ʔɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiacthumble oneself, condescend
    屈  qū OC: khlud MC: khi̯ut 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 勇/COURAGE The standard general word for courage is yǒng 勇 (ant. nuò 懦 "pusillanimousness, chicken-liveredness"), which refers to positive boldness evinced in the face of danger or risk. Cf. fortitudo

      Syntactic words
    • vibend> be humbly flexible
    • vtoNattitudinalhumble (oneself)
    • vtoNattitudinalregard (oneself as humble/undistinguished)
    • vtoNcausativecause to be humble
    下流  xià liú OC: ɢraaʔ ru MC: ɦɣɛ lɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialhumble social position; morally lower reaches of society
    卑溼  bēi shī MC: pjie syip OC: pe qhljɯb 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPisubmissiveLZ
    虛  xū OC: qhla MC: hi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVas a humble person would> humbly 虛受 “receive humbly"
    • vtoNcausative.reflex.自make (oneself) humble> humble (oneself) before others
    裨  pí OC: be MC: biɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • virare, technical usage: ceremonially slightly inferior
    自投  zì tóu MC: dzijH duw OC: sblids doo 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPihumble oneselfCH
    卑謙  bēi qiān OC: pe khleem MC: piɛ khem 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe humble
    眇小  miǎo xiǎo OC: mewʔ smewʔ MC: miɛu siɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNtiny > of little importance, insignificant, humble, lowly, of low status
    疏賤  shū jiàn OC: sqra dzens MC: ʂi̯ɤ dziɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]pluralbe humble and lacking in social connections to the leadership
    儑  è MC: ngomH OC: ŋɡlaab 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN{REFLEX}]= shi1 溼: debase oneselfLZ
    下心  xià xīn OC: ɢraaʔ slɯm MC: ɦɣɛ sim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVwith humble mind; with a humble attitude
    抑損  yì sǔn MC: 'ik swonX OC: qɯɡ squunʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcausativecause oneself to be politely humble> tone oneself down, i.e. cease to be arrogantCH
    嗛  qiǎn MC: khemX OC: khleemʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viact(= qian1 謙) behave in a humble mannerLZ
    少  shào OC: hmljews MC: ɕiɛu 1 Attribution

    Xiǎo 小and shào 少 (all ant. zhǎng 長 "senior") refers to relatively junior status in the bureaucratic hierarchy.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNjunior, minor, lowly
    • vibe junior, minor, lowly
    微  wēi OC: mɯl MC: mɨi 1 Attribution

    Wēi 微refers to a person being of low status so as to be of no substantial political or social importance. See UNIMPORTANT

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 賤/HUMBLE Jiàn 賤 (ant. 貴 "objectively of high standard, but also personally and subjectively judged to deserve this high status") typically adds to the notion of objectively judged low status that of subjectively appreciated moral decrepitude.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]nonreferentialperson of noble rank
    • vibe of low rank; have low prospects
    • vipsychbe unassuming, be humble
    府然  fǔ rán MC: pjuX nyen OC: poʔ njen 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadV(= fu3rán 俯然) evoking a self-debasing manner of action (XUN)LZ
    汙  wù OC: qʷlaas MC: ʔuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)N=humto rank (a contextually determine object) low; consider as low
    貶損  biǎn sǔn OC: promʔ squunʔ MC: piɛm suo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcausativehumiliate (oneself)
    謙下心  qiān xià xīn OC: khleem ɢraaʔ slɯm MC: khem ɦɣɛ sim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychhumility
    詬  gòu OC: kooʔ MC: ku 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactdisgrace; humilation
    幽仄  yōu zè OC: qriw tsrɯɡ MC: ʔi̯u ʈʂɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialobscure humble circumstances
    具  jù OC: ɡos MC: gi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNminor (ministers), passable, sufficient to fill in the numbers
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcausativecause oneself to be politely humble> tone oneself down, i.e. cease to be arrogantCH