HIGH    高高

BIG VERTICALLY.
TALLLOFTYTOWERINGSOARINGELEVATEDGIANTBIGMULTISTORYHIGH-RISE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高 (ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation. 2. Shàng 上 (ant. xià 下 "lower") refers to the relatively high position of something, both abstractly and concretely. 3. Chóng 崇 (ant. bēi 卑 "lowly") and lóng 隆 (ant. wū 污 ) adds the notion of impressiveness to that of high elevation. 4. Qiáo 喬 refers specifically to the imposing tallness of trees. 5. Jùn 峻, wéi 巍, yán 巖, é 峨 are among the large number of poetic words referring to the imposing height of mountains. 6. Wēi 危 adds to the notion of the imposing (almost threatening) hight of something that of steepness of the slope, and the difficulty of access. 7. Lóng 隆 refers to imposing and impressive height, typically - but not always - of something artificial.
Modern Chinese Criteria
高 高級 is always figurative referring to a high level. 高矮 高低 高度 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CRAGGYnew-c69f8977-a165-432d-9f89-77a165032d8f　HIGH AND STEEP. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • BELOWPLACE that is LOW IN-RELATION-TO something OTHER.
  • LOWSMALL VERTICALLY.
See also
  • STEEPINTENSELY SLANTED so as to be DIFFICULT TO ASCEND OR DESCEND on it.
Hypernym
  • BIG　OF INTENSE SIZE OR DEGREE IN-RELATION-TO a STANDARD, OR IN-RELATION-TO the SIZE of a HUMAN. (anc: 7/0, child: 15)
  • SIZE　QUANTITY of a DIMENSION. (anc: 6/0, child: 2)
  • QUANTITY　DEGREE of being MANY OR FEW that CAN be MEASURED OR COUNTED. (anc: 5/0, child: 3)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.31

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 191

    ALTUS, EXCELSUS, SUBLIMIS, ARDUUS

    14. Inter Altum et excelsum, sublime et arduum. Altum ex superiori parte et inferiori est, excelsum ex superiori tantum; sublime excelsum est cum aliqua dignitate; arduum, excelsum est 4 cum aliqua [col. 12A] difficultate. Item altus puteus, murus excelsus. Summa videbis in excelso, ima in alto.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    HIGH/DEEP

    altus refers to height or depth as opposed to breadth

    editurs "elevated" refers to high elevation as opposed to levelledness.

    procerus "tall" refers to height or length as a result of growth.

    arduus refers to height as associated with steepness and difficulty of access.

    altitudo refers abstractly to height as such.

    editum "something high" refers to height as associated with bulk"

    proceritas "abundant height" refers to natural height associated with natural bulk and luxurious growth.

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 237

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 242

    vysota "height"

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 334

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    altus 'high' [adj. o/a] (Andr.+; 'old' in Acc.)

    Derivatives: altitudo 'height, depth' (Cato+).

    • Words (51 items)

    高  gāo OC: koow MC: kɑu 43 Attributions

    The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 下/BELOW The standard term referring to the relatively low position of something vis-a-vis something else is xià 下 (ant. shàng 上 "above"). [GENERAL]; [[COMMON]]
    • Ant: 下/HUMBLE Xià 下 refers to low status in absolute terms.
    • Ant: 卑/LOW The standard word for something small in extension upwards is bēi 卑. NB: For spatial position below something else see BELOW.
    • Ant: 深 / 深/DEEP The dominant current general word for anything deep in any sense is shēn 深 (ant. qiǎn 淺"shallow").
    • Object: 極/REACH
    • Epithet: 山/MOUNTAIN The general term for a mountain of any kind, large or small, is shān 山.
    • Epithet: 岡 / 岡/MOUNTAIN
    • Epithet: 臺/TOWER The most current general word for an elevated building erected for pleasure is tái 臺, and the word refers originally to a raised platform with stairs leading up to it, and with balustrades. In ancient China, most of important building were raised on platforms built of rammed earth. This custom spread already in the third millenium B.C. Since these times, large platforms without substantial buildings on it were also known, and they probably served to important public purposes. In the Chunqiu period, tái 臺 were often part of palaces. The period during which raised platforms - built for pleasure - most flourished was nevertheless the Warring States and Han. [HUANG 1995: 1116 - 1117]
    • Epithet: 闕/TOWER Què 闕 refers to the towers built by the city gates or close to other main entrances, part of the function of which was to guard against evil spirits. Representations of these are extremely common throughout Han reliefs.
    • Epithet: 天/SKY The current word for the sky, and for Heaven, is tiān 天 (ant. dì 地 "earth").
    • Contrast: 大/BIG The general word is dà 大 (ant. xiǎo 小 "small").
    • Assoc: 崇/HIGH Chóng 崇 (ant. bēi 卑 "lowly") and lóng 隆 (ant. wū 污) adds the notion of impressiveness to that of high elevation.
    • Assoc: 遠/DISTANT The clearly dominant term for distance in general is yuǎn 遠 (ant. jìn 近 "close").
    • Oppos: 深 / 深/DEEP The dominant current general word for anything deep in any sense is shēn 深 (ant. qiǎn 淺"shallow").

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Nstativegreat height; highness
    • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • v[adN]that which is high; the high thing; high point, elevation
    • vadNhigh; tall; sticking out high
    • vadNhighest, utmostCH
    • vadNelevatedelevated
    • vadVhigh up in the air
    • vadVhigh up (on a tree etc)CH
    • vibe high
    • vi-Nreach the height of (so-and-so many 仞)
    • vi.red:adNREDUP: high, very high
    • vichangerise higher
    • vifigurativebe elevated; be of a high degree; be on a high abstract level
    • vigradedbe high, be elevated
    • vtoNcausativemake higher, cause to become higher, heighten
    • vtoNfigurative, causativeelevate (abstractly) (one's rank etc)CH
    上  shàng OC: ɡljaŋs MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 10 Attributions

    Shàng 上(ant. xià 下 "lower") refers to the relatively high position of something, both abstractly and concretely.

      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]high [rank]> leading positionCH
    • nabfigurativehighness of musical pitch
    • nadNhigh 上天
    • nadNfigurativebelonging to a superior or higher sphere of reality; belonging to a higher moral sphere; supreme, uttermost
    • nadVfigurativeoperating on a higher metaphysical or moral levelCH
    • vadVup to the highest level, to its utmost
    崇  chóng OC: dzruŋ MC: ɖʐuŋ 5 Attributions

    Chóng 崇 (ant. bēi 卑 "lowly") and lóng 隆 (ant. wū 污) adds the notion of impressiveness to that of high elevation.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 高/NOBLE Gāo 高 (ant. xià 下 "of lowly status") refers to objective high position in a hierarchy. [OBJECTIVE], [PUBLIC], [HIGH-DEGREE]
    • Assoc: 高/HIGH The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh and impressive, imposing (of mountains or buildings)
    • vi.redintensitivebe very high, be imposinly high: Yang Xiong, 甘泉賦
    • vigradedbe high and impressive, imposing (of mountains or buildings); [be higher than][CA]
    • vtoNgradedhave a hight of
    巍  wéi OC: ŋɡul MC: ŋɨi 4 Attributions

    Jùn 峻, wéi 巍, yán 巖, é 峨 are among the large number of poetic words referring to the imposing height of mountains.

      Syntactic words
    • vihigh and impressive (of mountains)
    • vi.red:adNhigh and lofty, towering
    • vi.redfigurativebe high and lofty
    高下  gāo xià OC: koow ɢraaʔ MC: kɑu ɦɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturerelative height
    • NPabfigurativeelevation of character, moral elevation; moral distinction
    高卑  gāo bēi OC: koow pe MC: kɑu piɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featurerelative height
    喬  qiáo OC: ɡrew MC: giɛu 3 Attributions

    Qiáo 喬refers specifically to the imposing tallness of trees.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 岳 / 嶽/MOUNTAIN Yuè 岳／嶽 refers is a positive way to one of the great mountains of China. (Note that obviously in proper names and designations of titles (e.g. the title sì yuè 四岳) the two characters are not interchangeable.)
    • Epithet: 木/TREE The current word for a tree is mù 木. In Shang times times this word was a count noun for trees, later it also referred to felled trees and in particular to timber as a material. Thus in Warring States times the special feature of this word is that it is a mass noun as well as a count noun.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh and impressive (primarily of trees)
    • vibe high and impressive (primarily of trees)
    峻  jùn OC: sqluns MC: sʷin 3 Attributions

    Jùn 峻, wéi 巍, yán 巖, é 峨 are among the large number of poetic words referring to the imposing height of mountains.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh, outstanding and dangerous (as of mountains)
    • vibe high, outstanding and dangerous (as of mountains)
    翹  qiáo OC: ɡew MC: giɛu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe high up; distant; tall-rising
    • vi.redbe piled up very high
    隆  lóng OC: ɡ-rum MC: luŋ 2 Attributions

    Lóng 隆 refers to imposing and impressive height, typically - but not always - of something artificial.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh and imposing
    • vibe high and imposing
    巖  yán OC: ŋɡraam MC: ŋɣam 2 Attributions

    Jùn 峻, wéi 巍, yán 巖, é 峨 are among the large number of poetic words referring to the imposing height of mountains.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh and craggy
    • vibe high and craggy
    堂堂  táng táng OC: daaŋ daaŋ MC: dɑŋ dɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPifigurativebe elevated and dignified
    險  xiǎn OC: qhromʔ MC: hiɛm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]precariously high and inaccessible terrain, or mountains
    • vadNprecariously high
    霄  xiāo OC: smew MC: siɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPelevated and deserted places
    高峻  gāo jùn OC: koow sqluns MC: kɑu sʷin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPifigurativehigh > outstanding
    卑高  bēi gāo OC: pe koow MC: piɛ kɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}conceptrelative status, relative elevatedness; the dimension of being high or lowly
    巍巍  wéi wēi wéi wēi MC: ngjw+j ngjw+j OC: ŋɡul ŋɡul 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi.redbe high and loftyDS
    仰  yǎng 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • visubject=inanimatestand highCH
    卓  zhuō OC: rteewɡ MC: ʈɣɔk 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 高/NOBLE Gāo 高 (ant. xià 下 "of lowly status") refers to objective high position in a hierarchy. [OBJECTIVE], [PUBLIC], [HIGH-DEGREE]

      Syntactic words
    • vihigh; tall (LUNYU)
    • vifigurativetower high above one (morally)
    塏  kǎi OC: khɯɯlʔ MC: khəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vihigh and dry (place)
    尊  zūn OC: tsuun MC: tsuo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vigradedbe high and imposing 益尊
    崔  cuí OC: sɡluul MC: dzuo̝i 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh and craggy
    • vibe high
    崢  chéng OC: sɡraaŋ MC: ɖʐɣaŋ
    崢  zhēng OC: sɡreeŋ MC: ɖʐɣɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe high; lofty ??
    嶸  róng OC: ɢʷeŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe high; steep; lofty ??
    崇高  chóng gāo OC: dzruŋ koow MC: ɖʐuŋ kɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]what is elevated
    拔  bá OC: breed MC: bɣɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nstativestand (above something or somebody); protrude (among something or somebody)
    聳  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vielevated, sticking out (of mountains)
    股  gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    頎  qí OC: ɡɯl MC: gɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virare, archaic, poetic: (of a person) tall and handsome
    顤  xiāo OC: qhreew MC: hɣɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vihigh (of the head; mostly in connection with 胡人)
    飛  fēi OC: pɯl MC: pɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNhigh up in the air
    危  wēi OC: ŋɡrol MC: ŋiɛ 0 Attributions

    Wēi 危adds to the notion of the imposing (almost threatening) hight of something that of steepness of the slope, and the difficulty of access.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNprecariously high, high and precipitous, liable to collapse, or liable to cause people to fall down (of mountains)
    • vibe precariously high, high and precipitous, liable to collapse, or liable to cause people to fall down (of mountains)
    屹  yì OC: ŋɡɯd MC: ŋɨt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vistand high, majestically and alone
    岌  jí OC: ŋɡrɯb MC: ŋip 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viCC: lofty (as a hat); precipitous and high
    岑  cén OC: sɡrɯm MC: ɖʐim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNhigh
    峨  é OC: ŋaal MC: ŋɑ 0 Attributions

    Jùn 峻, wéi 巍, yán 巖, é 峨 are among the large number of poetic words referring to the imposing height of mountains.

      Syntactic words
    • vi(mountains) be high and lofty
    崒  zú OC: sɡud MC: dzʷin 0 Attributions

    "high and precipitous"

      Syntactic words
    • vihigh and precipitous
    崛  jué OC: ɡlud MC: gi̯ut 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virise high, abruptly
    崴  wēi OC: qruul MC: ʔɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vihigh; lofty
    嵩  sōng OC: suŋ MC: suŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe large and high
    嵩  sōng OC: suŋ MC: suŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe high; lofty
    嵬  wéi OC: ŋɡuul MC: ŋuo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe high
    嵯  cuó OC: sɡaal MC: dzɑ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi(mountains) be high and craggy
    嵷  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    sǒng

      Syntactic words
    • vi(mountain) be high and lofty
    嶄  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vihigh [and craggy][CA]
    嶢  yáo OC: ŋɡeew MC: ŋeu
    堯  yáo OC: ŋɡeew MC: ŋeu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vilofty, imposingly high
    巃  lǒng OC: b-rooŋʔ MC: luŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vi(mountain) be high; lofty
    巋  kuǐ OC: khrulʔ MC: khi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vihigh
    正廣  zhèng guǎng OC: tjeŋs kʷaaŋʔ MC: tɕiɛŋ kɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    正從  zhèng zòng OC: tjeŋs dzoŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ dzi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    矗  chù OC: tshruɡ MC: ʈʂhuk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viabruptly high