MOUNTAIN 山山
INTENSELY HIGH PART of a LANDSCAPE, TYPICALLY WITH STEEP SIDES.
MOUNDPEAKHEIGHTMOUNTPROMINENCESUMMITPINNACLEALP(MOUNTAINS) RANGESIERRACORDILLERAMASSIF
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general term for a mountain of any kind, large or small, is shān 山.
2. Yuè 岳／嶽 refers is a positive way to one of the great mountains of China, and the word typically functions as the head word in a noun phrase, as in 五岳. (Note that obviously in proper names and designations of titles (e.g. the title sì yuè 四岳 ) the two characters are not interchangeable.)
3. Fù 阜 refers to a large non-rocky mountain with an elevated plain on top.
4. Ā 阿 refers to a very large non-rocky mountan with an elevated plain on top.
5. Qiū 丘 refers to a small non-rocky earth mound.
6. Yuán 原 can refer to the highlands and is marginal in this group.
7. Lǐng 嶺, later sometimes written 領, is not a post-Han word, as many dictionaries might lead one to suppose, but the word is very rare in pre-Han times. The word refers to mountains as forming a series, often connoting a road along the ridge.
2. Yuè 岳／嶽 refers is a positive way to one of the great mountains of China, and the word typically functions as the head word in a noun phrase, as in 五岳. (Note that obviously in proper names and designations of titles (e.g. the title sì yuè 四岳 ) the two characters are not interchangeable.)
3. Fù 阜 refers to a large non-rocky mountain with an elevated plain on top.
4. Ā 阿 refers to a very large non-rocky mountan with an elevated plain on top.
5. Qiū 丘 refers to a small non-rocky earth mound.
6. Yuán 原 can refer to the highlands and is marginal in this group.
7. Lǐng 嶺, later sometimes written 領, is not a post-Han word, as many dictionaries might lead one to suppose, but the word is very rare in pre-Han times. The word refers to mountains as forming a series, often connoting a road along the ridge.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
GEOGRAPHY 6. 地面上由土石構成的隆起部分。
山，總稱；可特指五岳。
巒，小而易登之山，漢代起可泛指山，使用頻率較低。
岳，專稱 “ 四岳 ” 或 “ 五岳 ” ，後作高山通稱。
GEOGRAPHY 7. 巒，迂回連綿的山。
領，山體有道路回繞的山。
岑，小而高的山。
巘，形狀如甑的山。
嵕，數峰并峙的山。
嵩，高大的山。
嶠，山頂尖而長的高山。
GEOGRAPHY 6. 地面上由土石構成的隆起部分。
山，總稱；可特指五岳。
巒，小而易登之山，漢代起可泛指山，使用頻率較低。
岳，專稱 “ 四岳 ” 或 “ 五岳 ” ，後作高山通稱。
GEOGRAPHY 7. 巒，迂回連綿的山。
領，山體有道路回繞的山。
岑，小而高的山。
巘，形狀如甑的山。
嵕，數峰并峙的山。
嵩，高大的山。
嶠，山頂尖而長的高山。
Modern Chinese Criteria
山
地脊
山脈
山峰
嶺
岩
青山
蒼山
翠微
高山
岳
山岳
嶠岳
山陵
崇山峻嶺
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
地脊
山脈
山峰
嶺
岩
青山
蒼山
翠微
高山
岳
山岳
嶠岳
山陵
崇山峻嶺
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
1.22 - 《說文段注》“渾言”“析言”在漢語詞義研究中的意義 "Shuowen Duan zhu" "hun yan" "xi yan" zai Hanyu ci yi yanjiu zhong de yiyi 杭州大學學報 Hangzhou daxue xuebao
(
CHI CHANGHAI 1991)
p.
164 - Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
MOUND
collis is an elevation in opposition to a surrounding plain.
clivus is a sloping plain forming a gentle elevation.
tumulus refers to a typically striking natural or artificial elevation.
grumus can only refer to an artificial elevation.
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 1966)
p.
202 Berge; Berggipfel:
- Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen
(
FINSTERBUSCH 2000)
p.
726 Berg/Berge
- 韓非子同義詞研究
(
HANFEI TONGYI 2004)
p.
37 - 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao
(
HUANG JINGUI 1995)
p.
34 - 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
84 - 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
44 - 王力古漢語字典
(
WANG LI 2000)
p.
244 岳，嶽
- 王力古漢語字典
(
WANG LI 2000)
p.
256 山，嶺
1. Li3ng 嶺 is indeed the uppermost part of a sha1n 山.
- Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
2.311:207 MONT.MONTAGNE
Words
山 shān OC: sreen MC: ʂɣɛn 37 AttributionsWD
The general term for a mountain of any kind, large or small, is shān 山.
- Word relations
- Ant: 淵/ABYSS
The general poetic word for a deep and threatening abyss is yuān 淵. >>POETIC - Ant: 溪 / 谿/VALLEY
Xī 谿(later also written 溪) refers to a deep valley, preferably with a stream in it. - Epithet: 高/HIGH
The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation. - Epithet: 林/FOREST
The standard word for a copse or forest of any kind is lín 林. - Assoc: 丘 / 邱/MOUND
Qiū 丘 refers to a small non-rocky earth mound. - Assoc: 陵/MOUNTAIN
- Assoc: 川/RIVER
Chuān 川 is a general term for rivers, streams and streamlets which normally has a generic reference. - Assoc: 水/WATER
- Oppos: 垤/HEAP
Dié 垤 refers specifically to an anthill, and then more generally to any small heap of earth. - Oppos: 水/RIVER
The general word for a river is shuǐ 水.
- Syntactic words
- nmountain of rock; mountain (occasionally not of rock, and even man-made)
- n[post=npro2]you, the mountain
- nabthe mountain (as such)
- nadNof/from mountainsLZ
- nadVplacein the mountains
- npost=NprN=placethe Mountain XTC
岳 yuè OC: ŋruuɡ MC: ŋɣɔk
嶽 yuè OC: ŋrooɡ MC: ŋɣɔk 28 AttributionsWD
Yuè 岳／嶽 refers is a positive way to one of the great mountains of China. (Note that obviously in proper names and designations of titles (e.g. the title sì yuè 四岳) the two characters are not interchangeable.)
- Syntactic words
- ngreat mountain, also written 嶽
岡 gāng OC: kaaŋ MC: kɑŋ
岡 gāng OC: kaaŋ MC: kɑŋ 15 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Epithet: 高/HIGH
The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.
- Syntactic words
- nlevel mountain ridge ERYA: 山脊岡 The spine of a hill
- npost=NprMount N
- nprMount Gang
陵 líng OC: b-rɯŋ MC: lɨŋ 7 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Ant: 溪 / 谿/VALLEY
Xī 谿(later also written 溪) refers to a deep valley, preferably with a stream in it. - Assoc: 丘 / 邱/MOUND
Qiū 丘 refers to a small non-rocky earth mound. - Assoc: 山/MOUNTAIN
The general term for a mountain of any kind, large or small, is shān 山. - Oppos: 垤/HEAP
Dié 垤 refers specifically to an anthill, and then more generally to any small heap of earth.
- Syntactic words
- nlarge mountain
京 jīng OC: kraŋ MC: kɣaŋ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n(artificial) hill or pile (even of corpses) 京丘
阿 ā OC: qlaal MC: ʔɑ 6 AttributionsWD
Ā 阿 refers to a very large non-rocky mountan with an elevated plain on top.
- Syntactic words
- nwinding mountain ridge; sloping hill???
巖 yán OC: ŋɡraam MC: ŋɣam
巖岩喦 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC:
巖岩喦 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ncraggy high mountain
- n{PLACE}adV(live) in the (craggy) mountains or among the cliffs
丘山 qiū shān MC: khjuw srean OC: khɯ sreenLZ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialhills and mountains generallyLZ
嶺 lǐng OC: ɡ-reŋʔ MC: liɛŋ 3 AttributionsWD
Lǐng 嶺, later sometimes written 領, is not a post-Han word, as many dictionaries might lead one to suppose, but the word is very rare in pre-Han times. The word refers to mountains as forming a series, often connoting a road along the ridge.
- Syntactic words
- nccmountain 五嶺 refers to a place characterised by five interleinkted mountain peaks
- npost=Nprmountain ridge NprDS
邛 qióng OC: ɡoŋ MC: gi̯oŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmound; hill
太山 tài shān OC: thaads sreen MC: thɑi ʂɣɛn 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPprMt. Tai
堙 yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nmound, artificial small mountain;
岑 cén OC: sɡrɯm MC: ɖʐim 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nsubstantial mountain, but not one of the five big ones
岫 xiù OC: ljiwɡs MC: zɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain peak, cliff
嵬 wéi OC: ŋɡuul MC: ŋuo̝i 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain
巘 yǎn OC: ŋranʔ MC: ŋiɛn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain with large top and without a very large base
弅 fèn OC: bɯnʔ MC: bi̯un 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nhill
阰 pí OC: bi MC: bi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nhillside
阪 bǎn OC: braanʔ MC: bɣan 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nhilly terrain
京丘 jīng qiū OC: kraŋ khɯ MC: kɣaŋ khɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP(artificial) hill
山丘 shān qiū OC: sreen khɯ MC: ʂɣɛn khɨu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmountains
山岳 shān yuè OC: sreen ŋruuɡ MC: ʂɣɛn ŋɣɔk
山嶽 shān yuè OC: sreen ŋrooɡ MC: ʂɣɛn ŋɣɔk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialmountains
崤塞 xiáo sài OC: ɡraaw sɯɯɡs MC: ɦɣɛu səi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmountainous impassable area
部婁 pòu lóu OC: bɯʔ ɡ-roo MC: bu lu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPsmall hillock
阜 fù MC: bjuwX OC: buʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
嵼 chǎn MC: -- OC: --CH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nhigh mountainCH
上地 shàng dì MC: dzyangH dijH OC: ɡljaŋs lilsCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralthe highlandsCH
原 yuán OC: ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
Yuán 原 can refer to the highlands and is marginal in this group.
- Syntactic words
部 pòu OC: bɯʔ MC: bu
培 pǒu OC: bɯʔ MC: bu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhillock; in 部婁
屺 qǐ OC: khɯʔ MC: khɨ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nhill without vegetation ??
岐 qí OC: ɡe MC: giɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ntwin-topped mountain
岵 hù OC: ɡaaʔ MC: ɦuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nwooded hill
岨 qū OC: skha MC: tshi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nearth-clad mountain
岱 dài OC: lɯɯɡs MC: dəi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproper namename of one of the five sacred mountains
崑 kūn OC: kuun MC: kuo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproper namename of a mountain; in 崑崙
崙 lún OC: ɡ-ruun MC: luo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproper namename of a mountain; in:崑崙
嵎 yú OC: ŋo MC: ŋi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain recess; corner or bend of a hill
嶂 zhàng OC: kjaŋs MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nridge, mountain peak
嵾 cēn OC: tshrum MC: ʈʂhim 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nsteep high mountain
嶞 duò OC: ɡ-loolʔ MC: dʷɑ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nlong and narrow mountain; ridge ?????
巒 luán OC: b-roon MC: lʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain ridge; also: sharp pointed mountain
巓 dian MC: -- OC: -- 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain top; summit of mountain (SHI): 巔
石 shí OC: djaɡ MC: dʑiɛk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npluralrocky mountains (lexicalised synekdoche!)
磿 lì OC: reeɡ MC: lek 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproper namename of a mountain
華 huà MC: hwaeH OC: ɢʷraals 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproper namename of a mountain
領 lǐng OC: ɡ-reŋʔ MC: liɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain range which may be passed by a regular road. (Standardly written 嶺)
五獄 wǔ yù OC: ŋaaʔ ŋoɡ MC: ŋuo̝ ŋi̯ok
五嶽 wǔ yuè OC: ŋaaʔ ŋrooɡ MC: ŋuo̝ ŋɣɔk
五岳 wǔ yuè OC: ŋaaʔ ŋruuɡ MC: ŋuo̝ ŋɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe Five Mountains 指東岳 泰山 、南岳 衡山 、西岳 華山 、北岳 恒山 、中岳 嵩山 。
五嶽 wǔ yuè OC: ŋaaʔ ŋrooɡ MC: ŋuo̝ ŋɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPthe Five Mountains
山嶽 shān yuè OC: sreen ŋrooɡ MC: ʂɣɛn ŋɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
山野 shān yě OC: sreen laʔ MC: ʂɣɛn jɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmountainous wilderness
山阜 shān fù OC: sreen buʔ MC: ʂɣɛn bɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP(small) mountains
山陵 shān líng OC: sreen b-rɯŋ MC: ʂɣɛn lɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPhill
眾山 zhòng shān OC: tjuŋs sreen MC: tɕuŋ ʂɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPdefiniteall the mountains (of the empire)
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nmountain (large like Kunlun)CH
Existing SW for
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