RIVER    河流水

MUCH ASSEMBLED FLOWING WATER as PART OF LANDSCAPE.
WATERCOURSEWATERWAYTRIBUTARYSTREAMRIVULETBROOKINLETRILLRUNNELFRESHETBOURNCREEK
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for a river is shuǐ 水. 2. Jiāng 江 can refer not only to the Yangtse River, but also to its system of tributaries, similarly for hé 河. 3. Chuān 川 is a general term for rivers, streams and streamlets which normally has a generic reference. 4. Dú 瀆 is a special term for the Four Great Rivers, the sì dú 四瀆 : 江，淮，河，濟 NB: Hé 河 is normally a proper name of Yellow River and its tributaries. [The term Huánghé 黃河 was in use since Han times. The river flows through the following provinces Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong. In the northeastern part of the Shandong province, it flows into the Bohai gulf.] Jiāng 江 is a proper name for the Yangtse River and its tributaries. [The greatest river of China. It flows through the following provinces and areas Xizang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu. Overall length 6300 km.]
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GEOGRAPHY 9. 水，河流，常附著於河流專名後，作共名類稱。 瀆，專指 “ 江 ” 、 “ 河 ” 、 “ 淮 ” 、 “ 濟 ” 四大河流。 江、河，指稱長江、黃河（本是 “ 江 ” 、 “ 河 ” 的本義）各自的支流，并分別作南、北方河流的通稱。 川，河流的總稱，相當於現在所說的 “ 河 ” 。
Modern Chinese Criteria
江河 江 河 川 水 河流 水流 河川 長河 滄江 小河 河濱 濱 河渠 天塹 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • RIVERS　Individual RIVER. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • MOUNTAIN BROOK　SMALL RIVER IN VALLEY. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • CANAL　ARTEFACT:artificial RIVER. (anc: 8/0, child: 1)
Part of
Hypernym
  • WATER　INTENSELY COMMON TRANSPARENT LIQUID LACKING TASTE which FILLS RIVERS AND the SEA. (anc: 6/0, child: 10)
  • LIQUID　SUBSTANCE which CAN FLOW. (anc: 5/0, child: 9)
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 1.36

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 436

    244. C. Fronto contra: Flumen idem fluit, et manet; fluvius temporibus siccatur. Est autem totus fere hic locus ex lib. XIII Etymolog., cap. 21. Ex quo verba fluvius cujus aqua in fluvius decursus aquae, mutanda videntur.

    -- Pacuvius... Fest., dict. Torrens, ex Antiopa citat; porro dictio torret, et hic et in Etymolog. in terrae mutanda, legendumque: flammeo vapore torrens terrae fetum exusserit.

    -- Fons autem. Varr., lib. IV Ling. Lat., dict. Fons, et Festus a fundendo.

    [col. 36C] -- Et ex ipsa... Varr. et Fest., melius, a circumeundo, aut circumnando.

    Ibid. In Etymologiis legitur nunc fluvius cursus aquae, non decursus, ut Pantinus exhibet; sed infra, n. 499, legitur decursus. [BREV.]

    ]

    244. Inter Flumen et fluvium, flumen, torrentem, etc. Fluvius, perennis aquarum decursus generaliter, a fluendo dictus. Et proprie flumen ipsa aqua; fluvius, cujus aqua; torrens autem inde dictus, quia pluvia crescit, siccitate torrescit, id est, arescit. Unde et Pacuvius: Flammeo vapore torrens torret. Porro rivus vocatur 33 qui subito ex pluvia fit, celeriterque decurrit ac deficit, fons autem est [col. 35C] caput [ Al., corpus] aquae nascentis. Amnis autem fluvius est nemore et [ Al., ex] frondibus redimitus, et ex ipsa amoenitate amnis vocatur.

    494. De hac differentia, vide n. 244. [AREV.]

    ]

    494. Inter Rivum, fontem, torrentem, et flumen. Rivus subito fit: fons est caput atque decursus in quem naturalis manat aqua, torrens pluviae fluctus praeceps [ Al., pluvia fluctus et praeceps], fluvius aquae decursus generaliter.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    RIVER

    fluvius refers to an ordinary stream of any size.

    flumen refers to an ordinary stream of any size.

    amnis refers to a great and mighty river.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 36

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 40

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 245

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.362

  • 同源字典 Tongyuan zidian ( Wang Li 1982) p.

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 48

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 194

    • Words (15 items)

    水  shuǐ OC: qhjulʔ MC: ɕi 24 Attributions

    The general word for a river is shuǐ 水.

      Syntactic words
    • nwaterway; river
    • nmwaters of a riverCH
    • npost=Nprthe River X
    川  chuān OC: khjon MC: tɕhiɛn 18 Attributions

    Chuān 川 is a general term for rivers, streams and streamlets which normally has a generic reference.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 瀆/RIVER Dú 瀆 is a special term for the Four Great Rivers, the sì dú 四瀆: 江，淮，河，濟
    • Assoc: 山/MOUNTAIN The general term for a mountain of any kind, large or small, is shān 山.
    • Assoc: 澤/MARSH The general term for marshland is zé 澤 refers specifically to large marhes and bogs, often including lakes.
    • Assoc: 谷/VALLEY The standard word for a valley is gǔ 谷 (ant. shān 山 "mountain"), and the word presupposes a certain size without emphasising large size.

      Syntactic words
    • n(major) river
    • nadVacross the river, over the river 巖居川觀 "live up among the rocks and look over the rivers, i.e. live in hiding"
    • npluralrivers; streams
    流  liú OC: ru MC: lɨu 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nbrook, rivulet
    • nriver bedCH
    瀆  dú OC: ɡ-looɡ MC: duk 6 Attributions

    Dú 瀆 is a special term for the Four Great Rivers, the sì dú 四瀆: 江，淮，河，濟

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 川/RIVER Chuān 川 is a general term for rivers, streams and streamlets which normally has a generic reference.

      Syntactic words
    • nlarge stream that runs not into another stream but into the sea, refers to Yellow River, Yangzi, Huai and River Ji;
    川澤  chuān zé OC: khjon ɡrlaaɡ MC: tɕhiɛn ɖɣɛk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialrivers, waterways, and marshes
    河  hé OC: ɡlaal MC: ɦɑ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nriver
    江河  jiāng hé OC: krooŋ ɡlaal MC: kɣɔŋ ɦɑ 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe major rivers of the Empire; the Yangtse and the Yellow River
    江  jiāng OC: krooŋ MC: kɣɔŋ 2 Attributions

    Jiāng 江 can refer not only to the Yangtse River, but also to its system of tributaries, similarly for hé 河.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 三/THREE The general word for "three" is sān 三 and this word has great syntactic flexibility, and only in a small minority of such usages can the graph be replaced by 參.
    • Assoc: 海/SEA The dominant word for the sea is hǎi 海.
    • Assoc: 湖/LAKE The current general word for a lake of any shape or kind is hú 湖, but that term does exclude the ocean.

      Syntactic words
    • nccriver; rivers
    • nnonreferentialrivers, streams
    灰河  huī hé OC: qhʷɯɯ ɡlaal MC: huo̝i ɦɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurative[Buddh] River of Ashes
    河水  hé shuǐ OC: ɡlaal qhjulʔ MC: ɦɑ ɕi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPriver
    靈波  líng bō MC: leng pa OC: reeŋ paal 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpoetic: rivers, waterways, brooksCH
    涓流  juān liú OC: kʷleen ru MC: ken lɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPrivulet; small shallow stream
    上流  shàng liú OC: ɡljaŋs ru MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ lɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)upper reach of the river N
    中流  zhōng liú OC: krluŋ ru MC: ʈuŋ lɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmidstream
    涓  juān OC: kʷleen MC: ken 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nvery small river or brook