FRIGHTEN 嚇驚
CAUSE TO FEAR.
Old Chinese Criteria
2. Jù 懼 is used causatively to refer quite generally to striking fear into someone, and this state of fear is usually of short duration.
3. Kǒng 恐 is sometimes used causatively and intensitively to refer to terrifying someone.
4. Wèi 畏 is used causatively to refer to striking awe-struck fear into someone, and the word is sometimes used in a more general way for frightening.
5. Hè 赫 / 嚇 is probably a dialect word referring to the frightening of someone.
NB: Hǔ 唬 "frighten" is post-Han.
Modern Chinese Criteria
恫嚇
威嚇
嚇唬
驚嚇
嚇死
嚇
唬
FRIGHTENING
可怕
怕人
嚇人
可駭
駭然
駭人聽聞
人言可畏
寒毛直豎
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
terrere is the general word for frightening someone.
perterrere is strongly intensitive.
exterrere is slightly intensitive.
terrorem alicui affere and similar phrases are periphrastic and stylistically heavy.
TERRIFYING
atrox refers to the terrifying aspect of things.
trux refers to the terrifying aspect of persons in voice, aspect etc, often with an element of the heroic or impressive.
truculentus refers to a more "trivial" terrifying aspect of a person.
dirus refers to a dreadfulness naturally inherent in things.
saevus refers to terrifying often blood-thirsty dreadfulness.
- Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms
(
WEBSTER 1973)
p.
363 FRIGHTEN is the general word for causing someone to be frightened.
TERRIFY is intensitive and emphasises intensity of fear and agitation.
TERRORIZE refers to frightening someone and keeping that person in a constant state of intense fear.
STARTLE refers to frightening someone suddenly, and for a short period of time.
AFFRAY is an obsolete word close in meaning to TERRIFY.
AFFRIGHT is an obsolete word close in meaning to FRIGHTEN.
- Ästhetische Grundbegriffe
(
BARCK 2010)
p.
5.438
Attributions by syntactic funtion
Attributions by text
- 春秋左傳 : 11
- 韓非子 : 11
- 史記 : 6
- 淮南子 : 5
- 荀子 : 3
- 莊子 : 3
- 文子 : 3
- 說苑 : 2
- 賢愚經 : 2
- 戰國策 : 2
- 祖堂集 : 2
- 呂氏春秋 : 1
- 論衡 : 1
- 妙法蓮華經 : 1
- 韓詩外傳 : 1
Words
懼 jù OC: ɡʷas MC: gi̯o 13 AttributionsWD
Jù 懼 is used causatively to refer quite generally to striking fear into someone, and this state of fear is usually of short duration.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 誡 / 戒/WARN
Jiè 誡/戒 (ant. quàn 勸 "encourage") refers specifically to a warning against a certain explicitly specified course of action. The direction of this warning is downwards.
- Syntactic words
- vt prep Npassivebe frightened byCH
- vtoNcausativescare, frighten; inspire fear in; intimidate
- vtoNpassivebe frightenedLZ
驚 jīng OC: kreŋ MC: kɣaŋ 11 AttributionsWD
The current general word for frightening someone in a lasting way is jīng 驚.
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)scare the contextually determinate NCH
- vtoNfrighten
- vtoNfigurativefrighten so as to shake up
- vtoNpassivebe frightened, get frightened, get alerted and frightened
恐 kǒng OC: khoŋʔ MC: khi̯oŋ 6 AttributionsWD
Kǒng 恐 is sometimes used causatively and intensitively to refer to terrifying someone.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 脅/THREATEN
The current general word for threatening is xié 脅.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNcausative(cause to be frightened>) frighten, terrify; terrorise
- vtoNcausativebe frightened by
畏 wèi OC: quls MC: ʔɨi 4 AttributionsWD
Wèi 畏 is used causatively to refer to striking awe-struck fear into someone, and the word is sometimes used in a more general way for frightening.
- Syntactic words
- vi+HU1intensitivebe designed to strike fear into people; be awe-inspiring
- vtoNcausativecause to fear> overawe, strike respectful fear into;
驚駭 jīng hài OC: kreŋ ɡrɯɯʔ MC: kɣaŋ ɦɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt(oN)get scared of a contextually determinate thing
- VPtoNscare; scare out of their wits
振 zhèn MC: tsyinH OC: kljɯnsCH 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)shake up (in a frightening way)CH
- vtoNshake into intense fear> frighten intenselyCH
赫 hè OC: qhraaɡ MC: hɣɛk
嚇 xià OC: qhraaɡs MC: hɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
Hè 赫/嚇 is probably a dialect word referring to the frightening of someone.
- Syntactic words
- vadVfrighteningly
- vtoNSHI 257.14: (you) frighten (me), ZZ 17.633: shoo away, frighten away
駭 hài OC: ɡrɯɯʔ MC: ɦɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfrighten, scare away; overawe
戰慄 zhàn lì OC: tjans b-riɡ MC: tɕiɛn lit 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPibe struck with fear, tremble with fear
- VPtoNpsychinstill fear in (oneself)
寒 hán OC: ɡaan MC: ɦɑn 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNchill (and thus frighten) 寒心 "chill the heart> frighten"
可畏 kě wèi OC: khlaalʔ quls MC: khɑ ʔɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabfearfulness
怖畏 bù wèi OC: phaas quls MC: phuo̝ ʔɨi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNfrighten in any way
振恐 zhèn kǒng OC: kljɯns khoŋʔ MC: tɕin khi̯oŋ
振恐 zhēn kǒng OC: kljɯn khoŋʔ MC: tɕin khi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNresultativestrike fear into
振驚 zhèn jīng OC: kljɯns kreŋ MC: tɕin kɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPichangebe startled, become frightened, become terrified
驚動 jīng dòng OC: kreŋ dooŋʔ MC: kɣaŋ duŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoNresultativefrighten, startle
螴蜳 chén dūn MC: -- -- OC: -- --CH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNmiddle voicebe scared stiff, be scared out of one's witsCH
唬 Click here to add pinyin OC: MC: 0 AttributionsWD
Hǔ 唬 "frighten" is post-Han.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpost-Han, very late: to scare
迋 guàng OC: kʷaŋʔ MC: ki̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfrighten
服 fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNfrighten into submission
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNshake into intense fear, frightenCH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNshake into intense fear, frightenCH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNshake into intense fear, frightenCH
Existing SW for
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