MOURNING    喪事喪

GRIEF RITUALLY SHOWN.
GRIEFGRIEVINGSORROWINGLAMENTATIONLAMENTKEENINGWAILINGWEEPING
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general current word is sāng 喪 which embraces all phases and aspects of complex process of mourning in ancient China. 2. Diào 弔 / 吊 (ant. qìng 慶 "congratulate") is to publicly express one's sorrow on the occasion of the death of someone outside one's own immedidate family. 3. Dào 悼 is to publicly bemoan any major disaster regarding a person, including serious disease or serious accidents. 4. Kū 哭 (ant. xiào 笑 "laugh with joy") is often used as a generalised verb referring to participation in all sorts of mourning rituals and activities. 5. Āi 哀 refers to engaging in mourning primarily for a near relative, but the word also has common extending meanings where it extends to any kind of grief. See GRIEF.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN AFFAIRS 56. 悼念死者。 吊，吊的對象是他家死者。 唁，慰問有喪之家。 哭，夾著話語、有一套喪禮規定的哭喪。 悼，對死者的追念。 哀，各種具體的喪祭形式。均與追念死者有關。 “ 喪 ” 是喪祭的總名。
Modern Chinese Criteria
悼念 追悼 哀悼 傷悼 悲悼 軫悼 傷逝 傷痛 悲傷 喪 悼 哀 挽 悼亡 人亡物在 睹物思人 人琴俱亡 百身何贖 室邇人遠 又弱一個 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • GRIEF　INTENSELY SAD IN-RELATION-TO a DEATH OR a BIG DISASTER. (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
  • SAD　DISTRESS ARISING from BAD THOUGHTS NOW IN ONE'S MIND which CAUSE one to LACK DELIGHT:joy.NB: The words I have chosen to include in this group pose special problems of contrastive analysis. There is something irretrievably diffuse about their usage, in many cases, and in many others the number of relevant examples in the early literature is so small that it is impossible to get anything like a firm grip on their precise semantics. Under these circumstances I have tried to compensate for lack of neat analysis with more quotation, especially from Chǔcí. Throughout this section I quote my teacher David Hawkes' translations, mindful of the fact that many of these were written in the third year of his study of Chinese... (anc: 13/0, child: 7)
  • DISTRESS　FEELING that one's SELF:own SITUATION IS INTENSELY BAD. (anc: 12/0, child: 5)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    GRIEF/MOURNING

    dolor is a psychological concept referring to the sentiments of grief as deeply felt.

    tristitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of grief in one's daily behaviour or comportment, including typically one's facial expression and bodily comportment, a morose - sometimes purly intellectual - gloominess of temporary disposition that does not necessarily invite sympathy.

    moestitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of lasting an highly emotional grief. The word is close in meaning to tristitia, but possibly stonger, and the word describes a state which clearly invites sympathy in those who witness it.

    moeror refers to the lively expression of dolor.

    luctus is the conventional and typically ritualised public expression of grief.

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 9

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.7

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.1455

    TRAUER

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 125

    • Words (20 items)

    喪  sāng OC: smaaŋ MC: sɑŋ 33 Attributions

    The most general current word is sāng 喪 which embraces all phases and aspects of complex process of mourning in ancient China.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 哀/GRIEF The current general word for deep sorrow is āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "profound joy"), and this word refers to an inner state of mind that typically finds expression in ritualised action.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.t:post-NN=objmourning on behalf of NDS
    • nabactmourning; burial; funeral arrangements
    • v[adN]those who are enaged in mourning> the bereavedCH
    • viactconduct mourning rites for someone
    • vtoNgo through the rituals of mourning for; wear mourning for
    • vtoNfigurativemourn the death of> have die on one
    哀  āi OC: qɯɯl MC: ʔəi 21 Attributions

    Āi 哀 refers to engaging in mourning primarily for a near relative, but the word also has common extending meanings where it extends to any kind of grief. See GRIEF.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 悲/SAD The general word for sadness of any kind is bēi 悲 (ant. huān 歡 "joyful" and xǐ 喜 "delighted").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactmourning
    • v[adN]person in mourning 一哀
    • vadNmourning (person) 哀子"mourning son"
    • viactgrieve demonstratively; show the proper grief of someone bereaved
    • vt(oN)grief for a contextually determinate person; vocally and publically display commendable and genuine grief about something other than death; feel and show commendable deep sadness
    • vtoNshow one's grief about something as a sign of mourning
    • vtoNpassivebe mourned for with genuine grief
    弔  diào OC: teewɡs MC: teu
    弔吊  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 8 Attributions

    Diào 弔/吊 (ant. qìng 慶 "congratulate") is to publicly express one's sorrow on the occasion of the death of someone outside one's own immedidate family.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 賀/CONGRATULATE Hè 賀 (ant. diào 弔 "condolence) is a formal act of felicitation usually accompanied with the giving of presents.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactmourning
    • vadNmourning
    • vt(oN)mourn for the contextually determinate person
    • vt(oN.)+prep+Ncondole for a contextually determinate person at N
    • vt+prep+Npay a visit of condolence to the place N
    • vtoNto bemoan the loss of (a person dear to one but not directly family-related to one), typically through a ritual visit of the bereaved family
    凶  xiōng OC: qhoŋ MC: hi̯oŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNpertaining to mourning 凶服，凶事"case of death"
    • vadVby way of mourning
    喪事  sāng shì OC: smaaŋ dzrɯs MC: sɑŋ ɖʐɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}definitethe mourning ceremonyDS
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentialthe matter of mourning
    傷  shāng OC: lʰaŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)mourn for the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNabbe distressed at; mourn forCH
    除喪  chú sāng OC: rla smaaŋ MC: ɖi̯ɤ sɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactchange into lighter mourning garment so as to declare the heavy mourning period over
    哀悼  āi dào MC: 'oj dawH OC: qɯɯl deewɡs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNmourn for NDS
    悼  dào OC: deewɡs MC: dɑu 1 Attribution

    Dào 悼 is to publicly bemoan any major disaster regarding a person, including serious disease or serious accidents.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]regret and bemoan that
    • vtoNpublicly express sorrow on the occasion of the death or injury of someone outside one's immediate family.
    • vtoNPab{S}regret and bemoan
    • vtoNpsychhave and express mournful thoughts about (oneself)
    憂  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe in mourning
    諒陰  liàng yīn OC: ɡ-raŋs qrɯm MC: li̯ɐŋ ʔim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPistay in the mourning hut next to a tomb
    服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • viactwear mourning robes
    哭  kū OC: ŋʰooɡ MC: khuk 0 Attributions

    Kū 哭 (ant. xiào 笑 "laugh with joy") is often used as a generalised verb referring to participation in all sorts of mourning rituals and activities.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmourn (a person, mainly, but not only through demonstrative lamentation)
    唁  yàn OC: ŋrans MC: ŋiɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viconsole the living
    • vtoNmourn over the loss of
    唏  xī OC: qhlɯlʔ MC: hɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactshow grief
    弔喪  diào sàng OC: teewɡs smaaŋs MC: teu sɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe in mourning
    悕  xī OC: qhlɯl MC: hɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactshow grief
    孝子  xiào zǐ OC: qhruus sklɯʔ MC: hɣɛu tsɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPagentthe bereaved
    絻  miǎn OC: mronʔ MC: miɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactread we4n: wear mourning cap
    緦  sī OC: snɯ MC: sɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nwear mourning dress> period of mourning