EAT  進食食

PUT into one's MOUTH so as to SWALLOW.
CONSUMEDEVOURINGESTPARTAKE OFGOBBLE (UP/DOWN)BOLT (DOWN)WOLF (DOWN)SWALLOWCHEWMUNCHCHOMPINFORMAL GUZZLENOSHPUT AWAYCHOW DOWN ONTUCK INTODEMOLISHDISPOSE OFPOLISH OFFPIG OUT ONSCARF (DOWN)HAVE A MEALCONSUME FOODFEEDSNACKBREAKFASTLUNCHDINEFEASTBANQUETINFORMAL GRAZENOSHDATED SUP
Hypernym
  • PUTDISPLACE IN ORDER TO CAUSE TO BE-IN a PLACE.
    • DISPLACECAUSE to MOVE.
      • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
        • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2....
  • CHEWBITE so as to CAUSE TO BECOME TENUOUS, OFTEN:typically INTENDing to EAT. 
    See also
    • FOODSUBSTANCE USED by CREATURES.
      Hyponym
      • DRINK　EAT LIQUID.
        • DRUNK　DRINK EXCESSIVELY MUCH LIQUOR so as to BECOME INTOXICATED.
        • SUCK　SEEM to DRINK by CAUSING to ENTER ONE'S MOUTH by BREATHING IN.
        • TOAST　DRINK TOGETHER with OTHERS AND SAY that one CONGRATULATES someone OR CELEBRATES SOMETHING.
      • MEAL　EATING TOGETHER, OR FOOD EATEN at ONE TIME.
        • FEAST　MEETING of a GROUP of HUMANS:people FOR:in-order-to ENJOY OFTEN:typically FOOD, DIALOGUE AND ENTERTAINMENT....
        • DINNER　MOST IMPORTANT MEAL of the DAY OR EVENING MEAL.
        • LUNCH　MEAL EATEN IN the MIDDLE of the DAY.
        • BREAKFAST　MORNING MEAL.
      • GLUTTONY　VICE of EATing EXCESSIVELY.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        1. The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

        2. Gān 甘 is to enjoy a meal or to enjoy food on a given occasion.

        3. Rú 茹 is to eat a routine meal in order to still one's hunger.

        4. Fú 服 ingest or imbibe for a purpose, typical a medical purpose.

        5. Dàn 啖 is to eat quickly oneself and dàn 啗 is to cause someone to swallow.

        6. Fàn 飯 is to dine on some basic foodstuff, and the word is secondarily a noun meaning "foodstuff, staple food".

        7. Cháng 嘗 is to eat something for the purpose of experiencing the taste of it, rather than for the purpose of filling one's stomach.

        8. Bǎo 飽 refers specifically to eating enough or having eaten enough and is most current as an intransitive verb.

        9. Yàn 厭 / 饜 refers to eating more than enough is mostly used transitively.

        10. Cān 餐 is a formal or poetic word referring to the eating of a desirable meal.

        黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
        HUANG JINGUI 2006

        FOOD 6. 進食。

        食，通稱。

        喫，唐宋後口語中的通稱。

        啖，自己吃。

        啗，使人吃。

        茹，吃粗劣食物。

        吞，進食不嚼，側重包容。

        咽，進食而下肚，側重在下。

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        吃

        用餐

        就餐

        進餐

        吃飯

        進食

        用飯

        用

        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 5.11

        • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 517

          EDERE alimentum solidum assumere. Qvod si fiat lente, dicitur Manducare, si avide rapaciter, Vorare; si lingva exserta, Lingere.

        • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 314

        • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 108

        • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 333

        • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 263-277

        • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 194

        • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 179ff

        • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 1.1447

        • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

          NUTRITION

        • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.228

        Words

        食  shí OC: ɢljɯɡ MC: ʑɨk 120 AttributionsWD

        The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

          Word relations
        • Result: 飽/EAT Bǎo 飽 refers specifically to eating enough or having eaten enough and is most current as an intransitive verb.
        • Ant: 吐/VOMIT The most current general term for emitting anything from the mouth is tù 吐. See also SPIT
        • Object: 肉/MEAT The current general word for meat as something edible is ròu 肉.
        • Contrast: 啖/EAT Dàn 啖 is to eat quickly oneself and dàn 啗 is to cause someone to swallow.
        • Contrast: 服/EAT Fú 服 ingest or imbibe for a purpose, typical a medical purpose.
        • Assoc: 吞/EAT
        • Assoc: 啄/BITE Zhuó 啄 is the biting or pecking of birds.
        • Assoc: 飲/DRINK The dominant word for imbibing any liquid, alcoholic or non-alcoholic is yǐn 飲.
        • Synon: 甘/EAT Gān 甘 is to enjoy a meal or to enjoy food on a given occasion.
        • Synon: 畜 / 蓄/ACCUMULATE Xù 畜/蓄 refers specifically to accumulation and continuous storage of things for the purpose of sustenance of life or the rearing of domestic animals. [CONCRETE], [SMALL-SCALE] [TRANSITORY]
        • Synon: 飯/EAT Fàn 飯 is to dine on some basic foodstuff, and the word is secondarily a noun meaning "foodstuff, staple food".

          Syntactic words
        • nabacteating regime, diet; food consumption
        • nabactact of eating; meal; time of a meal
        • vadNfor eating 食器 "eating utensils"
        • vadVwhen eatingLZ
        • vt(oN)eat the contextually determinate substance
        • vt(oN)start eating the food/meal offeredCH
        • vt(oN)partlyeat any ofCH
        • vt(oNm)feed on the contextually determinate kind of substances Nm
        • vt+prep+Nfigurativefeed on, live by
        • vt[oN]eat food, eat a meal; have a meal
        • vt[oN]inchoativestart eatingLZ
        • vtoNeat; feed on; live on
        • vtoNconativetry to eat NLZ
        • vtoNderiveddine onCH
        • vtoNimperativeeat N!CH
        • vtoNmdurativefeed on
        • vtoNmetonymyto eat food characterised by N (e.g. taste)LZ
        • vtoNpassivebe eaten; be eaten up
        • vtoNperfectiveeat upCH
        • vtoNsubj=nonhumanfeed on, eat (of animals); live on
        • vtpostN{OBJ}feed regularly on N
        • vttoN1.+N2permissiveallow N1 to live on/eat N2CH
        飽  bǎo OC: pruuʔ MC: pɣɛu 13 AttributionsWD

        Bǎo 飽 refers specifically to eating enough or having eaten enough and is most current as an intransitive verb.

          Word relations
        • Result: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".
        • Ant: 飢/HUNGRY The most common current and general word for insufficiency of food supplies is probably jī 飢 (ant. bǎo 飽 "have eaten enough"), and this word refers to any such insufficiency, temporary or lasting, serious or minor. Presumably, the word can also refer to insufficiency of food among animals.

          Syntactic words
        • nabstative(state of) saturation, surfeit
        • vadV(eat) to one's heart's content
        • vt[oN]eat to one's heart's content; eat enough
        飯  fàn OC: bonʔ MC: bi̯ɐn 12 AttributionsWD

        Fàn 飯 is to dine on some basic foodstuff, and the word is secondarily a noun meaning "foodstuff, staple food".

          Word relations
        • Synon: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".
        • Synon: 餐/EAT Cān 餐 is a formal or poetic word referring to the eating of a desirable meal.
        • Synon: 餐/EAT Cān 餐 is a formal or poetic word referring to the eating of a desirable meal.
        • Oppos: 飲/DRINK The dominant word for imbibing any liquid, alcoholic or non-alcoholic is yǐn 飲.

          Syntactic words
        • DELETEeat a meal
        • nmeal, basic meal
        • vt+prep+Neat from
        • vt[oN]eat a meal; eat one's meals
        • vtoNLIJI: dine on (certain dishes); eat from
        餐  cān OC: tshaan MC: tshɑn 9 AttributionsWD

        Cān 餐 is a formal or poetic word referring to the eating of a desirable meal.

          Word relations
        • Synon: 飯/EAT Fàn 飯 is to dine on some basic foodstuff, and the word is secondarily a noun meaning "foodstuff, staple food".
        • Synon: 飯/EAT Fàn 飯 is to dine on some basic foodstuff, and the word is secondarily a noun meaning "foodstuff, staple food".

          Syntactic words
        • vt[oN]SHI: have a meal
        • vtoNeat; eat from
        • vtoNcausativecause someone to eat a regular meal> treat to a regular meal
        服  fú OC: bɯɡ MC: buk 7 AttributionsWD

        Fú 服 ingest or imbibe for a purpose, typical a medical purpose.

          Word relations
        • Contrast: 吞/EAT
        • Contrast: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

          Syntactic words
        • vt(oN)eat the contextually determinate N
        • vtoNeat or imbibe for a purpose
        • vtoNiussivemake the contextually determinate PIVOT eat N
        吞  tūn OC: lʰɯɯn MC: thən 6 AttributionsWD

          Word relations
        • Contrast: 服/EAT Fú 服 ingest or imbibe for a purpose, typical a medical purpose.
        • Assoc: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat raw, eat uncooked
        喫  chī OC: kheeɡ MC: khek 6 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNpost-Han: eat noisilyneutrally: to eat
        嘗  cháng OC: djaŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ
        嘗甞  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 6 AttributionsWD

        Cháng 嘗 is to eat something for the purpose of experiencing the taste of it, rather than for the purpose of filling one's stomach.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNTASTE> have as food, have to eat, take as food
        • vtoNmedicaltake as medicine
        • vtoNpassivebe tastedCH
        味  wèi OC: mɯds MC: mɨi 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNget to savour, taste, appreciate the eating of 味甘味
        • vtoNfigurativetest and "taste"CH
        飲食  yǐn shí OC: qrɯmʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: ʔim ʑɨk 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabactdrinking and eating; consumption of drink and food
        • VPadNaiming for eating and drinkingCH
        • VPitake a meal; eat and drinkCH
        甘  gān OC: kaam MC: kɑm 4 AttributionsWD

        Gān 甘 is to enjoy a meal or to enjoy food on a given occasion.

          Word relations
        • Synon: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

          Syntactic words
        • vt[oN]eat well
        • vtoNsavour, appreciate gastronomically
        茹  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 4 AttributionsWD

        Rú 茹 is to eat a routine meal in order to still one's hunger.

          Word relations
        • Oppos: 吐/SPIT NB: Tǔ 吐"to spit" is post-Buddhist.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNSHI 260: take in, eat (typically something undistinguished)
        含  hán OC: ɡlɯɯm MC: ɦəm 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat/drink
        • vtoNfigurativeimbibe (mysteries etc)
        啖  dàn OC: ɡ-laamʔ MC: dɑm 3 AttributionsWD

        Dàn 啖 is to eat quickly oneself and dàn 啗 is to cause someone to swallow.

          Word relations
        • Contrast: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat
        啖  dàn OC: ɡ-laamʔ MC: dɑm 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNput in one's mouth so as to eat; gulp down
        餔  bū OC: paa MC: puo̝ 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt[oN](of human subjects) eat a meal, have something (not necessarily anything distinguished) to eat, get something to eat, fill one's stomach
        • vtoNeat; fill one's stomach with
        啖  dàn OC: ɡ-laamʔ MC: dɑm 2 AttributionsWD

        Dàn 啖 is to eat quickly oneself and dàn 啗 is to cause someone to swallow.

          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat (GUOYU)
        嘬  chuài OC: skhroods MC: ʈʂhɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat greedily from
        御  yù OC: ŋas MC: ŋi̯ɤ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadNpassivewhat is not eaten (on formal occasions)
        • vt(oN)eat the contextually determinate thing (on formal occasions)
        餌  ěr OC: mljɯs MC: ȵɨ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNtake (unusual things, medicines etc.) as food
        • vtoNcausativecause somebody to eat something; to feed somebody with something
        饗  xiǎng OC: qhaŋʔ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD

        Xiǎng 饗 refers to enjoying a festive meal, or in a transferred sense enjoying anything else in the way one might enjoy a festive meal. (NB: This is a different word and certainly not a variant character for xiǎng 享.)

          Syntactic words
        • vt[oN]eat a good meal
        • vtoNfeast on; eat with enjoyment
        饜  yàn OC: qems MC: ʔiɛm 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vadVto one's heart's content
        啖食  dàn shí OC: ɡ-laamʔ ɢljɯɡ MC: dɑm ʑɨk 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPtoNeat
        食啖  shí dàn OC: ɢljɯɡ ɡ-laamʔ MC: ʑɨk dɑm 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt(oN)omeat (a contextually determinate N)
        • VPtoNeat
        食飲  shí yǐn OC: ɢljɯɡ qrɯmʔ MC: ʑɨk ʔim 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • NPabactnutrition, eating and drinking
        盡  jìn MC: dzinX  OC: dzinʔ CH 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt(oN)eat up the contextually determinate objectDS
        • vtoNeat upCH
        嚌  jì OC: dziils MC: dzei 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNtake into one's mouth in order to eat
        用  yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt(oN)polite: eat the contextually determinate edible thing N
        識  shí OC: qhljɯɡ MC: ɕɨk 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNget to eat or drink
        餉  xiǎng OC: qhjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ
        饟  shàng OC: hnjaŋs MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • viget a proper meal, get to eat properly; get the best pieces of food
        饌  zhuàn OC: sɡrons MC: ɖʐiɛn 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • nrepast
        • viacteat lavishly, eat one's fill
        • vtoNenjoy the eating of (a meal, food and drink)
        捉食  zhuō shí OC: tsrooɡ ɢljɯɡ MC: ʈʂɣɔk ʑɨk 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt(oN)resultativecatch so as to eat
        囓  niè MC: -- OC: --CH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNgnaw atCH
        飧  sūn MC: swon OC: squunCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vieat breakfastCH
        飡  cān MC: -- OC: --LZ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat from (a vessel) (XUN, for 餐, contested)LZ
        厭  yàn OC: qems MC: ʔiɛm
        饜  yàn OC: qems MC: ʔiɛm 0 AttributionsWD

        Yàn 厭/饜 refers to eating more than enough is mostly used transitively.

          Syntactic words
        • nab=饜 surfeit
        • vtoN=饜 indulge oneself in; eat more of than is right; more than satisfy one's desires for eating and drinking to the full
        咀  jǔ OC: sɡaʔ MC: dzi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • viacttaste by chewing and keeping in the mouth
        嚼  jiáo OC: dzewɡ MC: dzi̯ɐk 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNchew and eat
        肴  yáo OC: ɡraaw MC: ɦɣɛu 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • viacthave a meal including meat
        試  shì OC: lʰɯɡs MC: ɕɨ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNtry the taste of; taste
        齧  niè OC: ŋɡeed MC: ŋet 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat
        食盡  shí jìn OC: ɢljɯɡ dzinʔ MC: ʑɨk dzin 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPtoNresultativeeat up
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNgnaw atCH
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vieat breakfastCH
          Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vtoNeat upCH

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