MEAT    肉

FLESH of DEAD ANIMALS USED as FOOD.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for meat as something edible is ròu 肉. 2. Xīng 腥 refers to raw meat. 3. Niú 牛 is sometimes used to refer to beef. 4. Yáng 羊 is sometimes used to refer to mutton.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 FOOD 39. 腊，整體乾縮的大塊、段乾肉，其法也可用於魚類、瓜果等。 脩，上古、秦漢切成條狀，調味搗堅的乾肉，作菜餚。 脯，切成薄片、加鹽製成的乾肉，作酒餚。漢以後，主要稱 “ 脯 ” ，脯賅脩。除了豬肉，其他家禽、魚類、果類均可作脯。 FOOD 40. 臠，大塊肉。 胾，小塊肉。 “[U+4411]” ，小片肉。 膾，細薄片肉。 軒，大片肉。 FOOD 41. 胙，祭肉通稱。脤，古代帝王祭祀社稷時的生肉。膰，祭祀時烤熟之肉。膴，祭祀用的去骨大片乾; 幹肉。 胖，祭祀所用切成薄片的生肉。
Modern Chinese Criteria
肉 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • SLICED MEAT　MEAT that has been CUT into SMALL PARTS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • DRIED MEAT　MEAT that has been CAUSED TO BECOME DRY. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • SACRIFICIAL MEAT　MEAT USED IN SACRIFICE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • PICKLED MEAT　MEAT that has been CAUSED NOT TO ROT USING SALT AND LIQUIDS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • SAUSAGE　FINELY CUT MEAT WRAPPED IN INTESTINE ETC.. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • FLESH　MUSCLES AND SINEWS of a ANIMAL OR HUMAN. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • BODY TISSUE　IMPORTANT NOT LIQUID SUBSTANCES IN THE BODY. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 5.61

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 62

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1871

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 988

    肉，肌

    1. WL claims that ro4u 肉 refers to the flesh of animals, while ji1 肌 refers to the flesh of men. This is a misunderstanding. Re2n ro4u 人肉 is common in the literature. The salient feature in ro4u 肉 is not whose flesh it is, but whether this flesh is regarded under the aspect of edibility: 子肉也。我肉也。 is a famous statement by people who are about to eat each other. WL quotes Dua4n Yu4ca2i: 人曰肌，鳥獸曰肉, but whereas he was on the right track, he has not got things straight. And WL's repeated emphatic statement: 漢以後“肉”也可用於人 is manifestly wrong.

    2. Ji1 肌 cannot be used for the meat of animals, but the word does get used to refer to the flesh of gourds and the like, and the word is also commonly used to refer to the skin only. The Tang reference for this usage in WL 989 is 1000 years too late.

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.368

    • Words (16 items)

    肉  ròu OC: njuɡ MC: ȵuk 32 Attributions

    The current general word for meat as something edible is ròu 肉.

      Word relations
    • Object: 嗜 / 耆/DESIRE Shì 嗜 (ant. wù 惡 "dislike") refers to a stable and deeply ingrained constant desire for something.
    • Object: 食/EAT The general word is shí 食 which refers to any form of taking in food, but the word is probably primarily a noun meaning "food". Cf. 飯疏食 "dine on coarse food".
    • Epithet: 肥/FAT The current general word for sleekness or obesity is féi 肥 (ant. qū 臞 "emaciated", jí 瘠 "thin") , and it must be noted that the term has positive connotations in ancient China.
    • Assoc: 肌/FLESH
    • Assoc: 骨/BONE By far the most general and current word for all kinds of bones is gǔ 骨. [GENERAL]; [[CURRENT+]]

    • Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine ( HSU 2010) p. 394

      Syntactic words
    • nadVobjectaiming for meat, having meat as an object
    • nmspecifically: flesh or meat of animals or humans in so far as this is regarded as edible
    • nmadNconsisting of flesh
    • nmhumanhuman flesh
    • vtoNcausativeput meat on
    炙  zhì OC: tjaɡ MC: tɕiɛk 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmroasted meat
    芻豢  chú huàn MC: tsrhju hwaenH OC: tshro ɡroons 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]N=meatmeat of domestic animals (lit. fed on hey and grain)LZ
    殽  xiáo OC: ɡraaw MC: ɦɣɛu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmmeat on the bone
    羊  yáng OC: k-laŋ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions

    Yáng 羊 is sometimes used to refer to mutton.

      Syntactic words
    • nmmutton
    腥  xīng OC: seeŋ MC: seŋ 2 Attributions

    Xīng 腥 refers to raw meat.

      Syntactic words
    • nmraw meat
    牛  niú OC: ŋɯ MC: ŋɨu 2 Attributions

    Niú 牛 is sometimes used to refer to beef.

      Syntactic words
    • nmbeef
    胖  pàn OC: phaans MC: phʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmflesh on the side of an animal, rib
    彘  zhì OC: deds MC: ɖiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmpork
    肉味  ròu wèi OC: njuɡ mɯds MC: ȵuk mɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturethe flavour of meat
    燔  fán OC: ban MC: bi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nm(sacrificial) roasted meat
    肯  kěn OC: khɯɯŋʔ MC: khəŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmmeat sticking to the bones (ZHUANG)
    脄  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmmeat on sides of spine ?? (LI)
    膘  piǎo OC: phewʔ MC: phiɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmrib meat
    劌  guì OC: kʷrads MC: kiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmsacrificial meat
    祭  jì OC: skeds MC: tsiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmOBI: sacrificial meat [KT]