Taxonomy of meanings for 舉:　　

Additional information about 舉

說文解字:

Criteria
• WIN
  

  1. The current general word for winning or gaining the upper hand in any way, including warfare, is shèng 勝 (ant. bài 敗 "be defeated").

  2. Kè 克 (ant. shī 失 "lose in battle") refers to subduing an enemy force by military means, winning against an enemy so as to control him as a result.

  3. Qǔ 取 (ant. fù 負 "fail") refers to conquering a place so as to gain full control over it, and the word usually refers to a victory won easily.

  4. Bá 拔 and jǔ 舉 refers to conquering a place without necessarily keeping full control over it.

  5. Jié 劫 refers specifically to victory gained through ruse or indirect tactics.

• PROMOTE
  

  1. The specific general term for bureaucratic promotion is the not very common zhuó 擢 (ant. chù 黜 "demote").

  2. The most current general-use words for raising the status of someone are jǔ 舉 (ant. jiàng 降 "lower the rank of") and jìn 進 (ant. tuì 退 "demote").

  3. Bá 拔 (ant. miǎn 免 "dismiss without necessarily removing from the hierarchy altogether") and qiān 遷 (ant. chū 出 "remove and transfer to a lower position") are standard bureaucratic terms for promotion in office.

  4. Chāo 超 refers specifically to raising someone by more than one level at the time, and this bureaucratic term became current in Han times.

• RECOMMEND
  

  1. The current general word for recommending someone is jiàn 薦 (ant. yǐn 隱 "refuse to recommend and keep unknown").

  2. Tuī 推 (ant. xiàn 陷 "intrugue against") refers to the recommending someone and the pushing for his promotion.

  3. Jǔ 舉 and jìn 進 are both occasionally used not only for the act of promotion itself but for the attempt to get someone promoted through recommendation.

• ALL
  

  [ADNOMINAL/ADVERBIAL]

  [ARCHAIC/CURRENT]

  [COLLECTIVE/INDIVIDUAL]

  [[COMMON/RARE]]

  [OBJECT-BINDING/SUBJECT-BINDING]

  1. Jiē 皆 the most common and general colourless subject qunatifier which is also used, occasionally as an object quantifier.

  SUBJECT-BINDING!; [padV]

  2.Jìn 盡 is a universal object quantifier which indicates that the action the transitive verb it precedes applies to the whole lot of the objects of that verb indiscriminately.

  [OBJECT-BINDING!], [COLLECTIVE]; [vadVt]

  3. Gè 各 quantifies by emphasising the separate features of each item quantified over.

  [INDIVIDUAL], [SUBJECT-BINDING]; [n+Vt]

  4. Jiān 兼 is an object quantifier which says that the transitive verb it precedes applies to each of the objects in its own right.

  [OBJECT-BINDING], [INDIVIDUAL]; [vadVt]

  5. Qún 群 is a quantifier which indicates that the whole of the flock or group of items designated by the noun it precedes are referred to

  [COLLECTIVE]; [nadN]

  6. Zhū 諸 is an adjectival quantifier which indicates that the whole group of the things indicated by the noun it precedes is referred to.

  [COLLECTIVE]; [padN]

  7. Zhòng 眾 is an adnominal quantififier which says that the whole of the group of things designated by the noun it precedes are intended.

  [COLLECTIVE]; [nadN]

  8. Fán 凡 characterises a topic adnominally as forming the general subject or topic in a non-narrative statement of principle. The current gloss "in general" is misleading because it wrongly suggests that there are exceptions, and because it does not specify the non-narrative "theoretical" nature of the statements introduced by the word. "In principle" is much to be preferred.

  [SPECIFIC]; [vadN[TOPIC]]

  9. Jù 俱 / 具 is a collective subject quantifier which says that all the subjects are equally and together characterised by what is in the predicate.

  [SUBJECT-BINDING]; [vadV]

  10. Fàn 氾 quantifies generally over all objects of the verb it precedes.

  [COLLECTIVE], [OBJECT-BINDING]; [vadVt]

  11. Fàn 汎 says that a verb has a whole range of objects, indiscriminately, and without reference to their specific character.

  [COLLECTIVE], [OBJECT-BINDING]; [padVt]

  12. Měi 每 mostly adnominal and emphasises that a each and every new item quantified over is separately intended.

  [INDIVIDUAL]; [padN]

  13. Jūn 均 / 鈞 expresses universal quantification over all subjects equally, without any difference.

  [INDIVIDUAL], [SUBJECT-BINDING]; [vadN]

  14. Zhōu 周 is a rare object quantifier claiming that all the objects of a verb are intended, without exception.

  [COLLECTIVE], [OBJECT-BINDING]; [vadVt]

  15. Xī 悉 mass object qunatifier which says that the transitive verb it precedes applies to the whole of the objects indiscriminately.

  [COLLECTIVE], [OBJECT-BINDING]; [vadVt]

  16. Xián 咸 is an archaic subject quantifier which came to new life in Han times.

  [INDIVIDUAL], [SUBJECT-BINDING!]; [vadV]

  17. Bì 畢 a subject quantifier which says that the predicate applies to all subjects.

  [ADVERBIAL]; [SUBJECT-BINDING]; [RARE]

  18. Jǔ 舉 is an adjectival quantifier of limited idiomatic use indicating that all the things in a certain area are referred to.

  [ADNOMINAL]; [COLLECTIVE]

  19. Wú bù 無不 is a neutral subject and object quantifier.

  20. Mò bù 莫不 is a neutral subject quantifier.

  [PREVERBAL]; [SUBJECT-BINDING]

  21. Sì hǎi 四海 sometimes refers generally to all inhabitants of the inhabited world, like tiān xià 天下, and these are marginal in this group.

  [NOMINAL]; [COLLECTIVE]

• ACT
  

  [AD-HOC/SYSTEMATIC]

  [AIMLESS/PURPOSEFUL]

  [ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL]

  [BASE/NOBLE]

  [BASIC/MARGINAL]

  [COMMENDATORY/DEROGATORY]

  [CONATIVE/PERFECTIVE]

  [DELIBERATE/INVOLUNTARY]

  [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

  [HABITUAL/OCCASIONAL]

  [HUMBLE/NOBLE]

  [PHYSICAL/MENTAL]

  [PRESCRIBED/SPONTANEOUS]

  [PRIVATE/PUBLIC]

  [RESPONSIBLE/UNACCOUNTABLE]

  1. The current general word for any deliberate behaviour one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"), and this conduct is typically one engaged in on someone else's behalf.

  [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [PHYSICAL], [RESPONSIBLE]

  2. Wéi 為 (ant. wú wéi 無為 "not engage in purposeful and result-orientated self-assertive action") focusses not on the act itself but primarily on the results achieved or aimed for.

  [OCCASIONAL], [PURPOSEFUL]

  3. Jū 居, when used in this meaning, focusses not on the results of one's actions, or on the effect of one's actions on others, but on the moral character of one's behaviour as such.

  [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE], [SYSTEMATIC]

  4. Shì 事 (ant.* xián 閒 "take it easy") primarily focusses on action as part of the fulfilment of a duty imposed by one's station in life or a task one has set oneself.

  [PRESCRIBED], [PUBLIC!], [RESPONSIBLE]

  5. Gōng 躬 (ant.* shǐ rén 使人 "get others to...") focusses on a person of considerable social status engaging personally in a (typically public) action. See SELF.

  [MARGINAL], [NOBLE], [OCCASIONAL], [PUBLIC!]

  6. Wěi 偽 (ant. tiān 天 "natural") refers to artificial or faked human action. See PRETEND.

  [ARTIFICIAL], [DEROGATORY!]

  7. Dòng 動 (ant. jìng 靜 "decide to remain inactive") typically refers to spontaneous purposeful action and focusses almost philosophically on the autonomous decision of the agent to act.

  [OCCASIONAL], [DELIBERATE]

  8. Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "fail to take the initiative, fail to become active") refers to the taking of an initiative for an action which would not have occurred without such a deliberate initiative, and the word is naturally associated with the notion of creativity.

  SPONTANEOUS, OCCASIONAL, PERFECTIVE

  9. Jǔ 舉 refers specifically to the undertaking of a well-considered major act, particularly as part of a political strategy.

  [DELIBERATE], [PURPOSEFUL], [RESPONSIBLE]

  NB: Fēng 風 refers rather generally and abstractly to a person's or a group's way or pattern of behaviour, and the word is usually used as a noun. See CUSTOM

  10. Jiā 加 typically refers to action insofar as it affects others.

  11. Xí 習 refers to the habitual repeated practice of something in order to achieve proficiency in the kind of action concerned.

• MOBILISE
  

  1. The current general term for raising an army was qǐ 起. The army may be of any size, and the person raising the army may or may not be raising the army in an official capacity.

  2. Sōu 蒐 is current in CHUNQIU and ZUO and refers to a military review combined with a raising of an army.

  3. Xīng 興 refers to a large scale mobilisation of an armed force which may or may not be used in military action.

  4. Jǔ 舉 always refers to an administrative official act of raising an army of some size and/or deploying this force.

  5. Fā 發 refers to a political act of deploying a military force that is all ready to be deployed.

• WHOLE
  

  1. The most general word for the whole of something is yī 一.

  2. Quán 全 (ant. cán 殘 "impaired") indicates that what is referred to is being referred to in its entirety and in an undiminished state.

  3. Jǔ 舉 "the whole of" is frequent but limited to the the idiomatic phrase jǔ guó 舉國 "the whole state".

  4. Jī 期 "the whole of" is fairly frequent but limited to the idiomatic phrases jī nián 期年 "the whole year" and jī yuè 期月 "the whole month".

• RECORD
  

  1. The most current general word for noting something down so as to prevent it from being forgotten is jì 記.

  2. Zhì 志 as well as the late and rare lù 錄 refer to making a record of something for the inspiration of others.

  3. Zǎi 載 is a rare word and refers to making a due formal, sometimes even ritual record of something in the proper literary place.

  4. Jǔ 舉 refers to not omitting something from the record and bringing it up there as one should.

  5. Jì 紀 is sometimes used interchangeably with jì 記, but the specific force of jì 紀 is to focus not just on recording but on the compilation and redaction of a comprehensive record.

• LIFT
  

  1. The most general and the most current word for lifting up anything, in literal as well as figurative senses is jǔ 舉.

  2. Jiē 揭 refers to the lifting up or raising of something light like clothes or a banner.

  3. Qíng 擎 refers to the lifting up of something with considerable effort.

  4. Gāng 扛 refers to the lifting up of something as a feat of strength.

  5. Shè 攝 and the rarer xī 扱 refer specifically to the lifting up of one's clothes or one's dress to avoid soiling them or stepping on them.

  6. Yǎng 仰 can be used to refer specifically to the raising of one's head. See LOOK UP

• SPEAK
  

  1. The most colourless and general way of referring to any act of saying attributed to any subject, no matter whether animate or inanimate, something is yuē 曰, and the verb introduces what poses as direct but can often be the summarising of such speech and even the summarising of the subject's opinion.

  2. Yán 言 is to speak up, propose, typically in public, and on one's own initiative, to maintain something, and the word can indroduce direct speech as well as occasionally very limited indirect speech.

  3. Yǔ 語 is to say something as part of typically informal conversation. Contrast yù 語 "tell, inform" in REPORT.

  4. Tán 談 refers to informal communicative talk, sometimes but not always with some pejorative connotation.

  5. Yún 云 is used of books as well as persons and tends to refer to what are typically construed as authoritative acts of saying, and the word often has to be taken figuratively as "run as follows". (Note the perfectly regular contrast 曰 / 云 in MOUZI.)

  6. Wèi 謂 is to say or predicate something of someone. See also MEAN.

  7. Cí 辭 is primarily an act of careful articulation and rhetorical formulation.

  8. Dào 道 "speak of with authority, speak of adequately; quote" often involves quotation or especially serious discussion of important points, or the relating of important evidence.

  9. Jǔ 舉 is a technical term referring to the bringing up of a subject, and the subject of this verb is always a person, not a text.

  10. Chēng 稱 refers in a rather formal historian's style to the making of statements and the applying of terminology. See also NAME.

Word relations
• Ant: (LIFT)措 / 錯/PUT
• Ant: (LIFT)抑/SQUEEZE Yì 抑 refers specifically to a particularly vigourous action of pressing something down in any concrete or abstract way and preventing it from moving upwards while possibly allowing it to move sideways. 1 Attribution
• Ant: (APPOINT)錯/DISCARD1 Attribution
• Ant: (WIN)亡/LOSE Wà2ng 亡 (ant. yǒu 有 "have") refers to the the disappearance or loss of property, what one has control of or owns, not to the loss of e.g. parts of the body. 2 Attributions
• Object: (MOBILISE)兵/ARMY Bīng 兵 "armed force" focusses on the weapons ready for use and may refer to any military grouping. [GENERAL] 3 Attributions
• Contrast: (LIFT)持/HOLD The most current general and neutral word for holding something in any way concrete or abstract is chí 持 (ant. shī 失 "lose hold of").
• Contrast: (ALL)悉/ALL Xī 悉 mass object qunatifier which says that the transitive verb it precedes applies to the whole of the objects indiscriminately. [COLLECTIVE], [OBJECT-BINDING]; [vadVt]
• Contrast: (LIFT)拔/PULL
• Contrast: (LIFT)持/HOLD The most current general and neutral word for holding something in any way concrete or abstract is chí 持 (ant. shī 失 "lose hold of").
• Assoc: (LIFT)拔/UPROOT
• Assoc: (LIFT)動/DISPLACE The standard very general word for making something move or displacing something is dòng 動, and there is no general suggestion that the thing moved comes to rest anywhere.
• Assoc: (APPOINT)選/CHOOSE Xuǎn 選 and the rarer bá 拔 (ant. chì 斥 "set aside") is an administrative term referring to the choice of incumbents for a position to be filled according to given criteria of choice.
• Assoc: (ACT)動/ACT Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "fail to take the initiative, fail to become active") refers to the taking of an initiative for an action which would not have occurred without such a deliberate initiative, and the word is naturally associated with the notion of creativity. SPONTANEOUS, OCCASIONAL, PERFECTIVE 7 Attributions
• Synon: (WIN)拔/WIN Bá 拔 and jǔ 舉 refers to conquering a place without necessarily keeping full control over it. 1 Attribution
• Synon: (PRAISE)稱/PRAISE Chēng 稱 (ant. bang 謗"speak ill of behind his back") refers to "honourable mentioning" in public contexts and favourable public assessment of someone.
• Synon: (MOBILISE)悉/MOBILISE
• Synon: (LIFT)挈/LIFT
• Synon: (ACT)行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
• Synon: (RECOMMEND)薦/RECOMMEND The current general word for recommending someone is jiàn 薦 (ant. yǐn 隱 "refuse to recommend and keep unknown").
• Synon: (RISE)騰/RISE1 Attribution