Taxonomy of meanings for 治:　　

  • 治 chí (OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ) 直之切 平 廣韻：【水名出東萊亦理也直之切三 】
    • GOVERN
      • vttoN.+prep+Nab{S}inchoativestart putting N into order at the stage of S
      • nsubjectthat which is functioning well, that which is well-ordered and well-governed
      • nab.post-Npassive: the government of N
      • nabactproper governance, good government; proper government; matters of proper government
      • vt[oN]govern others; conduct government
      • vt+prep+Nconduct government in relation to
      • vtoNperfectiveto reduce to order; to put in order (the administration etc); to be in administrative charge of, to deal with, take care of; to be in charge of, take administrative responsibility for; to regulate, make regular, control (as breath)
      • vtoNpositivegovern N properly
      • vtoNpassivebe governed; be reduced to proper order
      • vtoNreflexive.自figurative: govern (oneself) properly
      • vidispositionbe talented for government; be interested in government; be government-minded (治於 be more govt-minded than...)
      • vt(oN)govern the contextually determinate N (properly)CH
      • vt[oN]perfectivegovern one's people successfullyCH
      • nabautonymthe word chí "governing, reducing to order"LZ
      • nab.adNfor governance, governing (methods etc.)LZ
      • nab.post-Nactthe governing of NCH
      • nabstandardgovernance; good governmentCH
      • vadNwell-governed; in order thanks to good governmentLZ
      • vi0there is orderLZ
      • medical> CURE
        • vtoNto treat a disease successfully; to treat a disease effectively
        • vtoNconativetreat (disease)
        • vtoNpassivebe cured
        • vtoNreflexive.自cure [oneself]
      • aesthetic> EMBELLISH
        • vt(oN)get the contextually determinate thing N into proper shape
        • vtoNget into proper shape, set to work properly on
      • conative, intellectual> STUDY
        • vt(oN)study a contextually determinate text N
        • vtoNspecialise in (a text)
        • general> CONTROL
          • vt(oN)keep good control (in a place)
          • vtoNcontrol (perhaps prototypically water and rivers; breath, emotions, or the mind), order properly, deal with efficiently
          • vtoNchangetake political charge of; get to deal with
          • by punitive means> PUNISH
            • vtoNdeal with according to the law (and punish)
            • vtoNpassivebe properly sentenced and punished; be legally dealt with in connection with a crime committed
            • vt(oN)deal with the contextually determinate N according to lawDS
      • generalised> ACT
        • vt(oN)work successfully on a contextually determinate object
        • vtoNwork on, deal with, handle properly, carry out properly; LH 2 work for, work at
        • vtoNpassivebe worked on properly, be carried out properly
        • paid, sustained> WORK
          • vtoNwork at, work professionally with; deal with properly
          • to produce> BUILD
            • vtoNorganise the production of
          • causative> DEPLOY
            • vtoNdeploy (weapons)
    • =?> CUP
      • nmagnificently decorated very large bronze or earthenware, sometimes even wooden wine beaker with round base (is illustrated CD 10.1385);
      • ncc(post-V{NUM}.)+Nclassifiera beaker of nm
  • 治 zhì (OC: rlils MC: ɖɯi) 直利切 去 廣韻：【理也又直之切 】
  • 治 zhì (OC: rlɯs MC: ɖɨ) 直吏切 去 廣韻：【理也又丈之切 】
    • ORDERLY
      • vtoNtake care of properly
      • vtoNcausativemake orderly, sort out properly
      • vipassiveto be in order, to be well taken care ofVK
      • nabzhì: proper order of thingsDS
      • nabstativeruliness, state of proper government; orderly state of affairs
      • vadNwell-governed; characterised by good government
      • vimiddle voicebe in good order; be well-governed, be well-ordered; of persons: be in good shape
      • vi0there is good order
      • vtoNpassivebe well governed
      • vtoNread chí: get into working order, cause to be in working order
      • vt(oN)causativeread chí: reduce the contextually determinate N to orderCH
      • vadNV=activeengaged in good government, governing well, "politically" decent; also: conducive to good governmentCH
      • v[adN]what is polictically decent; what is conducive to good governmentLZ

    Additional information about 治

    說文解字:

      Criteria
    • WORK

      1. The current general term for work is gōng 工 (ant. xiū 休 "rest"), but the word refers specifically to skilled work.

      2. Shì 事 (ant. xián 閒 "be at leisure") refers primarily to an official or regular working effort made on behalf of and in the service of an employer or a ruler.

      3. Zuò 作 (ant. xí 息 "take a rest from work") refers to manual work.

      4. Chǎn 產 refers to the pursuance of a traditional family trade.

      5. Yè 業 refers to the pursuance of one's own professional career or one's career as a skilled artisan, farmer etc..

      6. Wù 務 refers to work imposed on one because of one's public employment.

      7. Shēng 生 can occasionally come to refer to something like one's daily work.

      8. Zhì 治 is mostly used verbally and refers to putting a coherent organised effort into something or work at something.

      9. Gān 干 is only used verbally and refers to the concerted effort or working towards an end.

    • CHAOS

      1. The very dominant word in this group is luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "state of good government, state of good order") which refers to all kinds of reprehensible lack of order.

      2. Èr 二 / 貳 "disunited" (ant. yī 一 "be properly united in attitude") refers to political dissension or duplicity.

      3. Fēn 紛 describes a mild form of physical disorder. See CONFUSED.

      4. Fén 棼 describes something as unprincipled and disorganised.

      5. Wèn 紊 is often inchoative and describes the process by which something concrete or abstract enters a disorderly state.

      6. Hún 混 refers to a kind of chaos that is close to objective confusion. See CONFUSED.

    • WORRY

      1. The current general term for all sorts of troubled states of mind, as well as reasons for such states of mind, is yōu 憂 (ant. xǐ 喜 "be well pleased" and lè 樂 "feel deep joy"), and this word may freely refer to troublesome matters of the present or of the future, and the word typiccally refers to a termporary state of hightened awareness of what is troublesome and concern about what should be done about it.

      2. Lu �慮 (ant. wàng 忘 "refuse to think about, ignore") refers to active reflection upon what one is worried about.

      3. Fán 煩 (ant. jìng 靜 "feel completely at peace") refers to a passive reaction of unsettled anxiousness about something other than oneself.

      4. Zào 躁 (ant. dìng 定 "be well-settled and unruffled") refers to the state of being flustered, restless and upset by worries.

      5. Jí 急 (ant. ān 安 "feel comfortable") refers to urgent and particularly acute temporary worries about something present or immediately imminent.

      6. Jí 疾 (ant. níng 寧 "feel at peace") refers to intense and profound worries about something present (and these worries may or may not be lasting).

      7. Huàn 患 (ant. lè 樂 "feel deeply happy with") refers to intense worry or concern about the possible future effects of something or the possibility of events in the future.

      8. Āi 哀 (ant. lè 樂 "feel perfectly happy with"), when it refers to intense worry rather than grief, connotes despondency and hopelessness and not just worry over possibilities.

      9. Chóu 愁 (ant. yuè 說／悅 "feel pleased"), and the rarer poetic sāo 騷, qiǎo 悄, tì 惕 refer to various shades and degrees of poetically conceived anxiousness.

      10. Shì 事 (ant. zhì 治 "well-ordered situation") can refer to the kinds of matters or affairs that cause one to be anxious or worried.

    • CONTROL

      1. The most current general word in this group is zhì 制 (ant. zòng 縱 "give free rein to"), which refers to all kinds of control, political, physical, as well as psychological.

      2. Zhì 治 refers to the orderly and principled long-term control of something.

      3. Yù 御 refers to the exercise of sovereign unchallenged control over.

      4. Guǎn 管 and zhǎng 掌 refer to the concrete practical control over something large or small.

      5. Shàn 擅 refers to gaining or having unlegitimised sole control of something. See MONOPOLISE

      6. Zhuān 專 refers to having sole control, typically of some administrative function. See MONOPOLISE

      7. Bà 霸 refers to dominating and controlling something through a supreme display of power. See also RULER

    • REVOLT

      1. The current general word for staging a revolt against authorities is pàn 叛 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal").

      2. Luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "regularly political government") refers to a major political upheaval designed to topple the reigning government.

      3. Biàn 變 (ant. cóng 從 "remain politically obedient") refers rather abstractly and neutrally to large scale or comprehensive political unrest of an unspecified character without the negative evaluation of such action which is inherent in luàn 亂.

      4. Fǎn 反 (ant. zhōng 忠 "show proper loyalty") refers to a political revolt on a lesser scale than luàn 亂, and this word always has negative overtones.

      5. Bèi 背 and bèi 倍 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal") refer to a defiant act of disobedience and turning against one's superiors without a necessary intention to topple these authorities.

      6. Nàn 難 (ant. xiào 效 "loyal positive effort") refers rather abstractly to political unrest of an unspecified character and focusses on this as being a threat to the ruler's authority and position.

      7. Nì 逆 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal") refers to political disobedience and revolt in a disapproving way.

    • GOVERN

      1. The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.

      2. Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.

      3. Nán miàn 南面, tīng zhèng 聽政, and the late jiàn zuò 踐祚 "ascend the throne and hold control" are polite ways of referring to the occupation of ruler's position by a legitimate incumbent.

      4. Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.

      5. Shù 術 refers to the "philosophical" and political art of statecraft.

      6. Xiǎng 享 refers to government of a state as a privilege enjoyed by the legitimate ruler.

      7. Wàng 王 is the proper government of a state by its legitimate ruler, and term often has "idealising" nuances.

      8. Jūn 君 refers to de-facto government by a ruler without any idealising or approving nuances being implied.

      9. Zhuān 專 refers to the (often illegal or not entirely law-based) monopolising of power, and the word often has negative connotations.

      10. Xiàng 相 refers to senior roles in government bureaucracy other than those of the ruler.

      11. Sī 司 refers to administration on a scale below that of a state.

      12. Shǐ 使 refers to leadership, typically of the people.

      13. Mù 牧 refers to government as a paternalistic responsibility of the ruler.

    • PRODUCE

      1. The most common word for producing something is wéi 為.

      2. Chéng 成 focusses on the completion of the process and its success.

      3. Zhì 治 focusses on the orderliness of the result.

      4. Chǎn 產 focusses on the act of production as typically informed by professionalism.

      5. Zào 造 refers to the production of something like a carriage through craftsmanship.

      6. Zhì 制 refers primarily to the production of clothes, but the word later came to refer to all manner of production of artifacts.

    • CURE

      1. The general-use current word for curing patients of illnesses is zhì/chí 治.

      2. Chōu 瘳 refers to a cure taking effect, and this word is often used in nominalised ways.

      3. The result of successful therapy is standardly yù 愈 / 瘉, yǐ 已.

      4. Chú 除 refers to getting rid of the disease.

      5. Gōng 攻 is the standard word describing an attempt at curing a disease.

      6. Jiǔ 灸 is a specific ancient medical technique, that of cauterisation.

      7. Tán 彈 is to prick open with a needle.

      8. Zhēn 針 / 鍼 is needle therapy which is not necessarily to be identified with anything like acupuncture as we know it today.

      9. Yī 醫 focusses on the professional aspect of medical treatment as depending on trained specialisation.

    • STUDY

      1. The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers to the acquisition of existing knowledge or virtues, typically under another person. Often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.

      2. Shī 師 and cóng 從 refer to deciding to study under someone and treating him as one's teacher.

      3. Kǎo 考 refers to an investigation of a subject in a "scientific" spirit with the aim of finding the truth about something.

      4. Jiū 究 and yán 研 refers to an in-depth study of a subject, typically involving a fair amount of reflection.

      5. Zhì 治 and gōng 攻 refer to the systematic and specialised study, typically of a certain text.

      6. Xí 習 refers to rehearsing and application in practice of what one has learnt, through repetition of text and/or through enactment in practice.

      Word relations
    • Conv: (GOVERN)治於/GOVERN
    • Subject: (ORDERLY)國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Ant: (ORDERLY)亂/CHAOS The very dominant word in this group is luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "state of good government, state of good order") which refers to all kinds of reprehensible lack of order.
    • Ant: (ORDERLY)危/DANGER The current standard general word for real objective as well as perceived imminent danger is wēi 危 (ant. ān 安 "peace").
    • Ant: (ORDERLY)濁/WICKED
    • Object: (GOVERN)國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Object: (GOVERN)天下/WORLD The current term for the inhabited earth is tiān xià 天下 "All under Heaven", the Greek oikoumenē.
    • Object: (GOVERN)身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Object: (GOVERN)產/ASSET Yè 業 refers to permanent assets of significant proportions. [ELEVATED?], [LASTING]
    • Object: (CONTROL)氣/ENERGY The most general current word for material vital cosmic energies of any kind is qì 氣.
    • Object: (CONTROL)氣/BREATHE
    • Object: (GOVERN)民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
    • Epithet: (ORDERLY)世/GENERATION The dominant general word for a generation is shì 世, and this word has strong temporal connotations referring to the period of one generation, and the word has a certain syntactic flexibility. Sān shì 三世 refers to three generations.
    • Epithet: (GOVERN)法/METHOD Fǎ 法 is a regular rule-governed procedure governing the proper exercise of a skill.
    • Epithet: (GOVERN)法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
    • Contrast: (GOVERN)化/TEACH Huà 化 refers to successful disciplining and teaching, typically on a large social scale. See INFLUENCE
    • Contrast: (GOVERN)愛/SAFEGUARD
    • Contrast: (GOVERN)政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
    • Assoc: (ORDERLY)安/PEACEFUL The dominant general word for peacefulness is ān 安 (wēi 危 "in imminent danger"), but in addition the word also often has considerable philosophical depth and commonly refers to a deep state of unruffled inner serenity in harmony with the outer world.
    • Synon: (GOVERN)政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
    • Synon: (GOVERN)臨/GOVERN Wéi 為, yǒu 有, yòng 用, lín 臨, lì 蒞, lǐ 理 are polite ways of referring to the government by a legitimate ruler.
    • Synon: (ORDERLY)修 / 脩/CULTIVATE The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of").