CULTIVATE  修養

Be DILIGENT TRYING to BASICALLY IMPROVE ONESELF.
Antonym
  • NEGLECTDISREGARD what one SHOULD NOT DISREGARD.
    Hypernym
    • DILIGENTEAGER to ACHIEVE one's TASK USING APPROPRIATE EFFORT.
      • EAGERINTENSE DESIRE to ACT FOR A DEFINITE AIM.
        • DESIREGOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO ONESELF concerning the FUTURE HAVING, CONTROLLING, or ACTING:doing SOMETHING DEFINED.
          • FEELINGNATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND....
    See also
    Hyponym
    • BILDUNG　CULTIVATION of the SELF, TYPICALLY USING TEACHING.
      Old Chinese Criteria
      1. The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of").

      2. Yǎng 養 refers specifically to the systematic cultivation of higher psychosomatic competence.

      3. Lǐ 理 refers, occasionally, to a rather abstract way of cultivating a certain skill or technique.

      Modern Chinese Criteria
      修養

      涵養

      修身

      修己

      養氣

      存養

      存心養性

      修身養性

      卑以自牧

      修

      修習

      first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis 18.11.2003. CH

      Old Chinese Contrasts
      LEIBNIZ 6.4 P. 61: Ut Rhetores exercitia habent orationis et Grammatici exercitia styli, ita ego in pueris exercitia ingenii institui desidero.

      • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

        EXERCITATIO

      • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 30

        1. The well-defined one-sidedness of the confusion is very interesting: I have never seen xiu1 修 written for an intended xiu1 脩 "meat".

      • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 173

      • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 3.510

      Words

      修  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu
      脩  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 168 AttributionsWD

      The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of").

        Word relations
      • Object: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
      • Object: 道術/PHILOSOPHY
      • Contrast: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
      • Synon: 進/CULTIVATE
      • Synon: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
      • Synon: 治/ORDERLY

        Syntactic words
      • DELETEN=human
      • nabactpersonal cultivation
      • v[adN]pluralthe cultivated
      • vadNcultivated
      • viinchoativebecome cultivatedLZ
      • vt(oN)cultivate the contextually determinate N
      • vt+prep+Ncultivate N (Nuance difference with prep-less construction?)
      • vt[oN]cultivate [oneself]
      • vtoNcultivate (one's person, the ancients etc); apply oneself to; train and exercise (troops); occasionally also with negative objects: LH 2 修詐 "cultivate fraudulence"
      • vtoNmiddle voicebe well cultivatedCH
      • vtoNpassivebe well cultivated
      • vtoNpsychcultivate (oneself) 自修
      • vtoNpsychcultivate (oneself) 修己
      • vtoNreflexive.自cultivate oneselfCH
      • vtoNreflexive.身cultivate (one's own person)
      修行  xiū xíng OC: sqlɯw ɢraaŋ MC: sɨu ɦɣaŋ 32 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPab.post-Ncultivation of
      • NPabactBUDDH: Buddhist practice
      • VPadNengage in Buddhist practice and cultivation
      • VPicultivate one's behaviourCH
      • VPiactBUDDH: to engage in Buddhist practice
      • VPt(oN)BUDDH: put the contextually determinate N into cultivated practice
      • VPtoNcultivate
      養  yǎng OC: laŋʔ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 16 AttributionsWD

      Yǎng 養 refers specifically to the systematic cultivation of higher psychosomatic competence.

        Syntactic words
      • vadNpassivecultivatedCH
      • vtoNfigurativecultivate (a mentality, connections etc)
      自愛  zì ài MC: dzijH 'ojH OC: sblids qɯɯdsCH 6 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNreflexive.自psychological: take good personal and moral care of oneself> cultivate oneselfCH
      苦行  kǔ xíng OC: khaaʔ ɢraaŋ MC: khuo̝ ɦɣaŋ 5 AttributionsWD
      • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 3943

      • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 266a

        Syntactic words
      • NPabactBUDDH: cultivation of ascetic practices
      • VPiactBUDDH: to engage in ascetic practices, practice hardship (self-inflicted suffering in order to gain liberation; in the Buddhist context often used negatively since it can refer to excessive ascetic practices which do not conform to the 'Middle-way'); skr. dūkara-caryā; dhuta; vrata-tapa (see also toútuó 頭陀)
      持  chí OC: ɡrlɯ MC: ɖɨ 4 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNpersevere in and cultivate
      伸  shēn MC: syin OC: lʰinCH 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcause to develop well, elaborateCH
      練  liàn OC: ɡ-reens MC: len 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • viactcultivate; practice
      • vtoNcultivate properly
      • vtoNmiddle voicebe properly cultivated
      修學  xiū xué OC: sqlɯw ɡruuɡ MC: sɨu ɦɣɔk 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabactcultivation
      • VPiactengage in proper spiritual self-cultivation
      • VPtoNcultivate spiritually
      修心  xiū xīn OC: sqlɯw slɯm MC: sɨu sim 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactto engage in the cultivation of the mind, engage in spiritual practice
      修習  xiū xí OC: sqlɯw sɢlɯb MC: sɨu zip 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiengage in spiritual cultivation
      • VPtoNcultivate
      勤修  qín xiū OC: ɡlɯn sqlɯw MC: gɨn sɨu 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactcultivate Buddhist practice
      • VPtoNcultivate with great effort
      奉持  fèng chí OC: boŋʔ ɡrlɯ MC: bi̯oŋ ɖɨ 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNmaintain the cultivating practice of
      成身  chéng shēn OC: djeŋ qhjin MC: dʑiɛŋ ɕin 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactcultivate to perfection one's own personality/character> perfect one's person
      懋  mào OC: moos MC: mu 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcultivate diligently
      抱  bào OC: buuʔ MC: bɑu 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcultivate as basically important (the law)
      理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 1 AttributionWD

      Lǐ 理 refers, occasionally, to a rather abstract way of cultivating a certain skill or technique.

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNto cultivate and sort out properly, to practise systematically (a certain Way)
      • vtoNpassivebe properly sorted out and cultivated
      畜  xù OC: qhluɡ MC: huk 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNmore generally: figurative: foster (virtues etc)
      耕  gēng OC: kreeŋ MC: kɣɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNfigurativecultivate
      進  jìn OC: tsins MC: tsin 1 AttributionWD

        Word relations
      • Synon: 修 / 脩/CULTIVATE The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of").

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcultivate
      供養  gòng yǎng OC: koŋs laŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ ji̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNcultivate
      保護  bǎo hù OC: puuʔ ɢʷaaɡs MC: pɑu ɦuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPt+V[0]cultivate as a tradition to V
      • VPtoNcultivate as a tradition to be preserved
      修奉  xiū fèng OC: sqlɯw boŋʔ MC: sɨu bi̯oŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNcultivate
      修敬  xiū jìng OC: sqlɯw kreŋs MC: sɨu kɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNcultivate so as to show respect for
      修設  xiū shè OC: sqlɯw qhjed MC: sɨu ɕiɛt 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNachieve through cultivation
      心行  xīn xíng OC: slɯm ɢraaŋ MC: sim ɦɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      • 大乘心行論 Dàshèng xīnxíng lùn Treatise on the Practice of Mind in Mahāyāna Pelliot ( DASHENG XINXING LUN) p.

        Syntactic words
      • NPabactBUDDH: functional sphere of the mind > mental pratice (of a Bodhisattva)
      難行  nán xíng OC: mɢlaan ɢraaŋ MC: nɑn ɦɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • NPabacthard practice, cultivation of austerity
      十二頭陀  shí èr tóu tuó OC: ɡjub njis doo laal MC: dʑip ȵi du dɑ 1 AttributionWD
      • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 6326

        The practices comprise the following:

        (1) leaving densely populated places and settling at quiet place

        (2) obtain one's food through begging activities

        (3) when begging not to make a distinction between rich and poor families

        (4) only to eat once per day

        (5) not to eat exceedingly much

        (6) observing rules with regard to drinking liquids

        (7) observing rules about the kind of cloths one should wear

        (8) the number of cloths must not exceed three

        (9) one should occasionally stay in cemetaries

        (10) settling under treas

        (11) settling in the unprotected open during all kinds of weather conditions

        (12) only to sit and not lie down

        Syntactic words
      • NPabactBUDDH: the twelve kinds of practices for removing afflictions (such as the desire after food, fine clothing, sleep, etc.) (see also 頭陀)
      能  néng OC: nɯɯŋ MC: nəŋ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcause to become capable (XUN); cultivate the talents of; treat well
      脩身  xiū shēn MC: sjuw syin OC: sqlɯw qhjinCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabcultivation of one's personalityCH
      頤  yí MC: yi OC: k-lɯCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vttoN1. prep N2cultivate N1 (by drawing spiritual sustenance) from N2CH
      矜  jīn MC: king OC: klɯŋCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcultivateCH
      脩明  xiū míng MC: sjuw mjaeng OC: sqlɯw mraŋCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcultivate and promoteCH
      養心  yǎng xīn MC: yangX sim OC: laŋʔ slɯmCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabactmoral self-cultivation; cultivation of moral reflexivenessCH
      付  fù OC: pos MC: pi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNentrust oneself to> devote oneself to, cultivate
      修身  xiū shēn OC: sqlɯw qhjin MC: sɨu ɕin 0 AttributionsWD

        Syntactic words
      勤行  qín xíng OC: ɡlɯn ɢraaŋ MC: gɨn ɦɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactengage in cultivated practice
      立行  lì xíng OC: ɡ-rub ɢraaŋs MC: lip ɦɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPicultivate a proper conduct of life
      進求  jìn qiú OC: tsins ɡu MC: tsin gɨu 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactcultivate onself so as to seek spiritual progress
      養性  yǎng xìng OC: laŋʔ seŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ siɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPiactcultivate one's person (= 養生？？？—）
      長  zhǎng OC: krlaŋʔ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcultivate as a virtue 長儉 "cultivate frugality"

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