CULTIVATE    修養

Be DILIGENT TRYING to BASICALLY IMPROVE ONESELF.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of"). 2. Yǎng 養 refers specifically to the systematic cultivation of higher psychosomatic competence. 3. Lǐ 理 refers, occasionally, to a rather abstract way of cultivating a certain skill or technique.
Modern Chinese Criteria
修養 涵養 修身 修己 養氣 存養 存心養性 修身養性 卑以自牧 修 修習 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
  • BILDUNG　CULTIVATION of the SELF, TYPICALLY USING TEACHING. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • NEGLECTDISREGARD what one SHOULD NOT DISREGARD.
See also
Hypernym
  • DILIGENT　EAGER to ACHIEVE one's TASK USING APPROPRIATE EFFORT. (anc: 14/0, child: 7)
  • EAGER　INTENSE DESIRE to ACT FOR A DEFINITE AIM. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
  • DESIRE　GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO ONESELF concerning the FUTURE HAVING, CONTROLLING, or ACTING:doing SOMETHING DEFINED. (anc: 12/0, child: 11)
  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    EXERCITATIO

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 30

    1. The well-defined one-sidedness of the confusion is very interesting: I have never seen xiu1 修 written for an intended xiu1 脩 "meat".

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 173

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 3.510

    • Words (41 items)

    修  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu
    脩  xiū OC: sqlɯw MC: sɨu 172 Attributions

    The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of").

      Word relations
    • Object: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Object: 道術/PHILOSOPHY
    • Contrast: 學/STUDY The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
    • Synon: 進/CULTIVATE
    • Synon: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Synon: 治/ORDERLY

      Syntactic words
    • DELETEN=human
    • nabactpersonal cultivation
    • v[adN]pluralthe cultivated
    • vadNcultivated
    • viinchoativebecome cultivated; enter proper self-cultivationLZ
    • vt(oN)cultivate the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Ncultivate N (Nuance difference with prep-less construction?)
    • vt[oN]cultivate [oneself]
    • vtoNcultivate (one's person, the ancients etc); apply oneself to; train and exercise (troops); occasionally also with negative objects: LH 2 修詐 "cultivate fraudulence"
    • vtoNcausativemake N more cultivatedLZ
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe well cultivatedCH
    • vtoNpassivebe well cultivated
    • vtoNpsychcultivate (oneself) 自修
    • vtoNpsychcultivate (oneself) 修己
    • vtoNreflexive.自cultivate oneselfCH
    • vtoNreflexive.身cultivate (one's own person)
    修行  xiū xíng OC: sqlɯw ɢraaŋ MC: sɨu ɦɣaŋ 32 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.post-Ncultivation of
    • NPabactBUDDH: Buddhist practice
    • VPadNengage in Buddhist practice and cultivation
    • VPicultivate one's behaviourCH
    • VPiactBUDDH: to engage in Buddhist practice
    • VPt(oN)BUDDH: put the contextually determinate N into cultivated practice
    • VPtoNcultivate
    養  yǎng OC: laŋʔ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 16 Attributions

    Yǎng 養 refers specifically to the systematic cultivation of higher psychosomatic competence.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNpassivecultivatedCH
    • vtoNfigurativecultivate (a mentality, connections etc)
    自愛  zì ài MC: dzijH 'ojH OC: sblids qɯɯds 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNreflexive.自psychological: take good personal and moral care of oneself> cultivate oneselfCH
    苦行  kǔ xíng OC: khaaʔ ɢraaŋ MC: khuo̝ ɦɣaŋ 5 Attributions
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 3943

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 266a

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: cultivation of ascetic practices
    • VPiactBUDDH: to engage in ascetic practices, practice hardship (self-inflicted suffering in order to gain liberation; in the Buddhist context often used negatively since it can refer to excessive ascetic practices which do not conform to the 'Middle-way'); skr. dūkara-caryā; dhuta; vrata-tapa (see also toútuó 頭陀)
    持  chí OC: ɡrlɯ MC: ɖɨ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpersevere in and cultivate
    伸  shēn MC: syin OC: lʰin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcause to develop well, elaborateCH
    修學  xiū xué OC: sqlɯw ɡruuɡ MC: sɨu ɦɣɔk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcultivation
    • VPiactengage in proper spiritual self-cultivation
    • VPtoNcultivate spiritually
    修心  xiū xīn OC: sqlɯw slɯm MC: sɨu sim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactto engage in the cultivation of the mind, engage in spiritual practice
    修習  xiū xí OC: sqlɯw sɢlɯb MC: sɨu zip 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiengage in spiritual cultivation
    • VPtoNcultivate
    奉持  fèng chí OC: boŋʔ ɡrlɯ MC: bi̯oŋ ɖɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNmaintain the cultivating practice of
    勤修  qín xiū OC: ɡlɯn sqlɯw MC: gɨn sɨu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactcultivate Buddhist practice
    • VPtoNcultivate with great effort
    成身  chéng shēn OC: djeŋ qhjin MC: dʑiɛŋ ɕin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactcultivate to perfection one's own personality/character> perfect one's person
    練  liàn OC: ɡ-reens MC: len 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactcultivate; practice
    • vtoNcultivate properly
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe properly cultivated
    耕  gēng OC: kreeŋ MC: kɣɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfigurativecultivate
    能  néng OC: nɯɯŋ MC: nəŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcause to become capable (XUN); cultivate the talents of; treat well
    修奉  xiū fèng OC: sqlɯw boŋʔ MC: sɨu bi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcultivate
    脩明  xiū míng MC: sjuw mjaeng OC: sqlɯw mraŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcultivate and promoteCH
    進  jìn OC: tsins MC: tsin 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Synon: 修 / 脩/CULTIVATE The current general term for cultivating something or refining it is xiū 修 (from Han times onwards sometimes also miswritten as xiū 脩, ant.* màn 慢 "neglect the cultivation of").

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcultivate
    修敬  xiū jìng OC: sqlɯw kreŋs MC: sɨu kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcultivate so as to show respect for
    頤  yí MC: yi OC: k-lɯ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN1. prep N2cultivate N1 (by drawing spiritual sustenance) from N2CH
    十二頭陀  shí èr tóu tuó OC: ɡjub njis doo laal MC: dʑip ȵi du dɑ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 6326

      The practices comprise the following:

      (1) leaving densely populated places and settling at quiet place

      (2) obtain one's food through begging activities

      (3) when begging not to make a distinction between rich and poor families

      (4) only to eat once per day

      (5) not to eat exceedingly much

      (6) observing rules with regard to drinking liquids

      (7) observing rules about the kind of cloths one should wear

      (8) the number of cloths must not exceed three

      (9) one should occasionally stay in cemetaries

      (10) settling under treas

      (11) settling in the unprotected open during all kinds of weather conditions

      (12) only to sit and not lie down

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: the twelve kinds of practices for removing afflictions (such as the desire after food, fine clothing, sleep, etc.) (see also 頭陀)
    心行  xīn xíng OC: slɯm ɢraaŋ MC: sim ɦɣaŋ 1 Attribution
    • 大乘心行論 Dàshèng xīnxíng lùn Treatise on the Practice of Mind in Mahāyāna Pelliot ( DASHENG XINXING LUN) p.

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: functional sphere of the mind > mental pratice (of a Bodhisattva)
    脩身  xiū shēn MC: sjuw syin OC: sqlɯw qhjin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabcultivation of one's personalityCH
    保護  bǎo hù OC: puuʔ ɢʷaaɡs MC: pɑu ɦuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]cultivate as a tradition to V
    • VPtoNcultivate as a tradition to be preserved
    修設  xiū shè OC: sqlɯw qhjed MC: sɨu ɕiɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNachieve through cultivation
    供養  gòng yǎng OC: koŋs laŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ ji̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcultivate
    難行  nán xíng OC: mɢlaan ɢraaŋ MC: nɑn ɦɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabacthard practice, cultivation of austerity
    懋  mào OC: moos MC: mu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcultivate diligently
    抱  bào OC: buuʔ MC: bɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcultivate as basically important (the law)
    養心  yǎng xīn MC: yangX sim OC: laŋʔ slɯm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabactmoral self-cultivation; cultivation of moral reflexivenessCH
    理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 1 Attribution

    Lǐ 理 refers, occasionally, to a rather abstract way of cultivating a certain skill or technique.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto cultivate and sort out properly, to practise systematically (a certain Way)
    • vtoNpassivebe properly sorted out and cultivated
    畜  xù OC: qhluɡ MC: huk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmore generally: figurative: foster (virtues etc)
    矜  jīn MC: king OC: klɯŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcultivateCH
    勤行  qín xíng OC: ɡlɯn ɢraaŋ MC: gɨn ɦɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactengage in cultivated practice
    長  zhǎng OC: krlaŋʔ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcultivate as a virtue 長儉 "cultivate frugality"
    修身  xiū shēn OC: sqlɯw qhjin MC: sɨu ɕin 0 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    付  fù OC: pos MC: pi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNentrust oneself to> devote oneself to, cultivate
    進求  jìn qiú OC: tsins ɡu MC: tsin gɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactcultivate onself so as to seek spiritual progress
    立行  lì xíng OC: ɡ-rub ɢraaŋs MC: lip ɦɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPicultivate a proper conduct of life
    養性  yǎng xìng OC: laŋʔ seŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ siɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactcultivate one's person (= 養生？？？—）