TLS - 漢學文典

Taxonomy of meanings for 表:　　

表 biǎo (OC: prawʔ MC: pɯiɛu) 陂嬌切上廣韻：【明也亦牋表釋名云下言於上曰表説文作𧘝上衣也古者衣裘以毛爲表也又姓岀姓苑陂嬌切四】
- GARMENT
  - nZHUANG: outer clothes
  - inchoative action>
    WEAR
    - vtoNto wear on the outside, wear as outer clothes
    - generalised>
      WRAP
      - abstract>SURFACE
        
        generalised>OUTSIDE
        
        nmathematical termthe gnomon, i.e. a stick that is erected so as to be shone on by the sun. The shadow thus produced is used to measure the height of the sun, its distance to the earth and the like.
        
        nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: outside, exterior part of a mathematical figure. This concept is in this specific sense is particularly common in the commentaries JZ 9, whereas the meaning "gnomon" is attested in the main text of that chapter. The more general meaning "outside" is not specifically relevant to mathematics. When one square is marked out within another as in [ILL 1], the unmarked rectilinear part of the original square is referred to by the technical term jǔ 矩, and this kind of remaining shape in general is called the biǎo 表. In JZ 9.24 矩之表 refers to the remaining part in the shape of (two) jǔ 矩.
        
        outer protection>DEFEND
        
        nouter defense
        
        outside reaching close to>NEAR
        
        abstract, in kinship>DISTANT
        
        of trees: outside appearance>LEAF
        
        grammaticalised>DIRECTION
        
        nccdirection 八表
        
        make visible to outside>SHOW
        
        nabexpression, manifestation
        
        vtoNmake public, make widely known, advertise openly; mark out
        
        vtoSexpress that
        
        semantical>MEAN
        
        show oneself>APPEAR
        
        causative>EMBELLISH
        
        cause to show itself>CAUSE
        
        through use of language>SPEAK
        
        to high authorities>MEMORIAL
        
        na memorial which sets forth political views
        
        vtoNset forth political views in a memorial
        
        in theatre>MONOLOGUE
        
        overall feature>SHAPE
        
        nabfeaturesuperficial aspect, surface of a matter, externals
        
        typical>MODEL
        
        na model
        
        concrete means of showing>SIGNAL
        
        nexternal sign, symbol (of the ruler's intentions)
        
        vifigurativeset up a signal; set an example
        
        abstract>SYMBOL
        
        vtoNmark out
        
        nabfeatureexternal sign
        
        for deciding doubtful cases>STANDARD
        
        specific> STELE
        
        social>BANNER
        
        nbanner with the name of shopCH
        
        in the form of a>STICK
        
        nmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: the gnomon (a stick of a determinate length used among other things in traditional time measurement in China (and also in Greece!)) It is remarkable that the Greek word gnoomoon, like the Chinese biǎo 表 refers both to the instrument and the remaining shape when one square is inserted into another. For example, a 八尺之表 is NOT a stick that is eight chǐ long, but in fact a longer stick of which the top is eight chǐ above the ground. In a phrase like JZ 1.32 出圓之表 "the (expanded) remaining shape which goes beyond the circle", biǎo 表 comes close to a nominal use of 外 "outside shape". In Liu Hui's preface we have 立兩表于洛陽之城 "set up two gnomons on the city wall of Luoyang".
        
        nfor measuringgnomonCH
        
        showing time: sundial>CLOCK
        
        npost placed in the ground to measure the size of the shadow in order to measure the time of day; sun-dial
        
        large>TRUNK
- SURNAMES

biǎo
APPOINT
- vtoN1. VtoN2appoint N1 as N2DS
biǎo
CLOAK
biǎo
LIST
- nabaccount in terms of a list, listed surveyCH
biǎo
TOMBSTONE
- vtoNmark the tomb with a tombstoneDS

Additional information about 表

說文解字:

Criteria

SHAPE

1. The most current general word describing the physical shape of something is xíng 形.

2. Mào 貌 and the much rarer and more abstract biǎo 表 are terms referring to mere external physical outline as opposed to inner reality.

3. Zhuàng 狀 is the dynamic physical manifestation of something.

4. Guān 觀 is the visual aspect of something, including its coloration.

5. Xiàng 相 is the significant external form (including coloration) as indicative of what is behind it.

6. Xiàng 象 "abstract pattern made by things" is both aesthetic and metaphysical in force and construes appearance as something symbolic of and structurally similar to an underlying reality.

7. Wén 文 refers to dignified, fine pattern a shape makes.
OUTSIDE

ATTACHED or DETACHED

CONCRETE or ABSTRACT

SPATIAL or TEMPORAL

1. The dominant word for outside is wài 外, a word with great semantic and syntactic flexibility. Typically DETACHED, SPATIAL, CONCRETE and fig ABSTRACT.

2. Biǎo 表 refers to the outside of something as surface part of what it is the outside of. ATTACHED, CONCRETE, SPATIAL.
MEMORIAL

1. The most general (rare) word for a memorial is shù 疏.

2. Zòu 奏 refers to the act of submission of a memorial, from Qin times onwards specifically directed to the emperor.

2. Biǎo 表 refers in Han times to a formal request for imperial support, often in matters of funeral arrangements etc.

3. Zhāng 章 refers to a memorial of thanks.

4. Yì 議 refers to formal and often controversial contribution towards the discussion of a political issue which is at issue.

5. Shū 書 "document; letter" is sometimes used to refer specifically to a memorial to the throne.

NB: The subtle distinctions between these forms of memorial are the subject of detailed discussion in Wénxīndiāolóng 文心雕龍, but the late date of this text must be kept in mind. Qǐ 啟 "expression of personal views addressed to the emperor" and zhuàng 狀 "formal accusation" are post-Han.
CLOAK

1. By far the most common word for a cloak or fur coat is qiú 裘, but the word refers specifically to the fur coat of which the fur turned towards the outside.

2. The general term for anything worn outside ordinary outer-layer garments is biǎo 表.

3. Páo 袍 refers to a padded cloak that became current from Han times onwards.

4. Zhěn 袗 refers to a single-layer thin overcoat.

5. Xí 襲 refers to an overcoat worn on ceremonial occasions.

6. Jiǒng 絅／褧 refers to a coarse hemp overcoat.

NB: Aυ 襖 is a post-Buddhist word for a padded jacket.
BEAUTIFUL

[ABSOLUTE/GRADED]

[ACOUSTIC/VISUAL]

[ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL]

[[COMMON/RARE]]

[ELEVATED/VULGAR]

[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

[HUMAN/NON-HUMAN]

[POETIC/PROSAIC]

1. The general word is měi 美 "handsome and admirable" (ant. è 惡 "ugly") which refers to anything concrete or abstract which is attractive or handsome in a dignified way, and the word often retains its primary culinary sense of "tasty".

[GENERAL], [GRADED]; [[COMMON]]

2. Lì 麗 (ant. sù 素 "unaodorned") is often restricted to physical objects, prototypically to clothes, and emphasises their balanced symmetric beauty, occasionally also - by analogy - the well-aligned symmetric beauty of mountains.

[ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

3. Wén 文 (ant. zhì 質 "merely material") emphasises cultivated external as well as internal elegance as well as traditionalism.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

4. Yǎ 雅 (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") emphasises primarily external elevated elegance.

[ACOUSTIC!], [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED+], [NON-HUMAN]

5. Hǎo 好 "comely, handsome" (ant. chǒu 醜 "ugly") refers indiscriminately to men and women, but the word is sometimes more general and even abstract in application and refers to attractive words or attractive moral qualities.

[HUMAN!], [NATURAL], [VISUAL]

6. Xiù 秀 "of vigorous and imposing beauty" focusses on flourishing and flamboyant beauty in analogy with that of flowers.

[ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [NON-HUMAN], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

7. Huá 華 "of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL], [VISUAL]

8. Zhuàng 壯 "stately" (ant. ruò 弱 "weak and unsightly") is virile beauty associated with strength and vigour. See STRONG

[NATURAL], [MARGINAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

9. Jiā 佳 "of outstanding beauty" (NB: liè 劣 "unremarkable" is the ant. of jiā 佳 "outstanding", and not in the meaning of "outstandingly beautiful") emphasises comparative beauty compared to others in the same group.

[GRADED], [ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [POETIC]

10. Dū 都 "urbane and exquisitely beautiful" (ant. bì 鄙 "rustic and inelegant") is a highly poetic word that can only be used in elevated prose.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

11. Yán 妍 "attractive and exquisite (of humans as well as human products)" (ant. chì 蚩 "unattractive") refers to elaborate beauty. See SEXY.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HUMAN], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

12. Xiū 脩 / 修 "refined moral beauty" refers to moral as well as physical beauty, thus coming close the Greek kalokagathia, but never approaching the latter in importance as a cultural keyword.

<div>[ELEVATED], [ARTIFICIAL]; [[RARE]]</div><div> </div><div>吳蓬，東方審美詞彙集萃，上海文藝出版社，2002 lists the following rough definitions of a variety of terms of aesthetic appreciation by the artist and scholar Wu Peng. Many of these terms express conventional appreciative flattery only. This list does provide one not particularly well-known artist's subjective readings of some basic terms of traditional Chinese aesthetic approbation.</div><div>勃：富有生机之突起。 苍：浓的，毛的，老练的。 沉：沉着不浮，有重量感。 冲：调成和淡之意向。 饬：整顿。 粗：大而不笨者。 淳：清，往往易薄，然而淳是清中滋润之厚。 醇：与淳略同，这醇是提炼后的滋润之厚。 绰：与"约"字合用，即舒而不纵之意。 澹：平静而有幽淡之趣。 淡：与浓艳相对。 宕：放荡不拘。 跌：往往与"宕"字合用，即是起伏明显之状。 端：方正而不出偏，有稳实感。 敦：很实在的，结实的厚。 繁：众而密，有生气。 方：与平正同义。 丰：饱满而充足。 风：审美中之"风"指的是一种气韵格调。 飞：大幅度的流动。 刚：属于阳性的，有正力的，与柔软相对。</div><div>高：俯视一切的、超然得不一般。 工：规矩，不潦草。 孤：自我独立。 古：旧气，更有历史的抗怀千载之迹象。 骨：内在的架子。 犷：是跟"雄悍"接近，在粗中发展开来。 瑰：不单调的美。 乖：不和顺。 憨：近于拙朴而敦实。 酣：厚润四溢。 豪：激动向上之貌，有气魄。 宏：大而有气度。 厚：有沉积的饱和。 华：明亮而艳丽。 环：长久圆融之境。 荒：与"枯简"接近，不修饰。 豁：与开朗接近，然比开朗明显。 恢：宽广有余。 浑：团然一气之象，有朦胧感。 简：经过一番整修的减少。 娇：美得可爱。 警：审美中用此警字，往往指敏锐、颖达。 </div><div>劲：能察觉的力。 精：很到位。 隽：精致而具内涵之美。 娟：秀而婉丽。 崛：高起而突出。 俊：人材杰曲之美。 峻：山高而陡。在书画中是浓而锋利之用笔。 空：有灵气之空白。 枯：干而毛，生的萎缩，然亦是力的显露。 宽：大度而畅朗。 旷：广阔而空灵。 辣：是枯毛爽直的老笔触。 朗：明亮而豁然。 琅：圆而光润。 伦：是同类之意，带有文明意念。 冷：跟"淡"与"静”接近，与浓烈相对。 炼：精到而有功力。 淋：与"漓”往往合用，是无拘束的洒落。 流：明显的动感。 迈：阔而放的超势。 莽：宽广而繁密的，朴直奔放的。 袤：与"古"字合用，即悠长久远之趣。 茂：有生气的繁密。 媚：柔美之趣。 宓：安而静。 明：清晰有亮度。 凝：浓重而不流动。 懦：毫无火气之柔软。 平：一般的，接近于稳。 朴：原始状态，形象较准。 嫖：与"姚"字合用，即动疾之状，而有气势。 奇：不一般。 气：生发的，迎面直扑而来的感觉。 清：是混的相对。其间透出一股朗气。 峭：山之直而险，在书画中是露锋的侧锋用笔，有明显露 尖状态。文章中之峭，是意气直逼。 遒：婉转有致，内力强劲。 虬：与遒类似，但动感较强，弯曲而有力度。 意：诚实谨慎。 儒：代表文人之书卷气。 洒：散落无拘束。 赡：富有与丰实。若与"疏”、"逸”组合即成"澹”或"安"之义。</div><div>骚：审美中之骚字，可引伸为风骚至风流感。 韶：美丽有光泽。 涩：在不爽快的进程中，流露出内力之美。 深：不是浮面的。 神：精与气合。高端的。 生：不成熟，但比成熟有味。 肆：任意放纵。 松：松是灵活自然，是一切技巧之本要。 瘦：与粗笨相对，在审美中的"瘦"，是指细长而精练。 疏：一种稀少秀朗之美。 肃：有立即静穆下来之势。 率：与潦草随便有别，爽快而直接。 邃：深远而悠久。 阅：通达之意。 给：与"宕"合用，是安详舒放之趣。 天:很自然，一片天箱之"天"。 恬：安静而坦然。 挺：直而有生气。 婉：柔和而曲折。 温：是一种暖调与缓和的综合。</div><div>巍：往往与"峨"合用，是高大厚实之趣。 洗：与"炼”合用，即是"精炼"之意，凡物之洁出于洗。 犀：与"利"字合用，即坚利。 熙：光明，和乐。 细：指细而不纤。 娴：文静而雅致。 闲：一种高雅的自由。 萧：疏少有致。 潇：散朗而润泽。 馨：很醇厚的香气。 篁："篁古”是悠远辽阔之意。 雄：强大，有力度，有霸气。 秀：灵巧的，有生气的，美好的显露。 虚：表象空，但并非真空。 雅：文气而不俗。 妍：鲜美而柔性。 严：认真，不马虎。 淹：一种浸沉与精深明达之境。 野：超脱、不规范。 冶：经过一番精致修饰。 逸：悠闲的起伏。</div><div>意：精神倾向。 莹：透明而幽亮。 雍：往往与“容"字合用，有和顺之貌。 幽：静而深。 腴：肥润而饱和。 郁：厚积而有生气。 纤：与"迥"字合用，即弯环回绕之趣。 遹：与"瑰"字合用，即纤迥美丽之趣。 渊：往往与"懿"合用，是深润而悠美之趣。 圆：接近于饱满润滑。 蕴：与"藉"合用，即内涵丰富。 韵：一种余味不尽之趣。 恣：放纵的，无拘束的。 滋：湿润感。 自：出于本性的流露。 质：本体的，实在的。 纵：放逸无拘之状。 拙：接近朴，形不准。 庄：端正之貌。 卓：与“荤"合用，是突出明显之状。 </div><div> </div>
CLOCK

1. The current general word for a sundial is biǎo 表.

2. Niè 臬 and guǐ 晷 are technical terms for a sundial.
INSIDE

1. The current general word for the inside of three-dimensional objects as opposed to what is outside them is nèi 內 (ant. wài 外 ), but this word is sometimes used to refer quite generally to the insides territories and the like. There are no degrees of neì 內 : things are either inside or outside.

2. Zhōng 中 (ant. e.g. pàn 畔 "the margins"(!) cf. 江中 versus 江畔 ) typically refers to the centre of a domain and contrasts with the margins or what lies just outside that domain. There are degrees of zhōng 中 : some things may be more central, closer to the core, than others. Note that 中國 does not contrast with 外國 but with ZHOULI 遠國 or occasionally jué guó 絕國. Ancient China did not recognise foreign "states".

3. Lǐ 裡 (ant. biǎo 表 ) is rare and refers in a rather abstract way to what is inward rather than mereley outward.

4. Yāng 央 is only occasionally used to refer to the centre and is most current in the ubiquitous combination 中央 "central; the centre".
SYMBOL

1. The standard word for a symbolic representation of something is xiàng 象. This is a philosophical concept of considerable metaphysical depth.

2. Zhēng 徵 refers to visible symptoms of something, and these symptoms are indicative rather than symbolic of what they indicate.

3. Tú 圖 is used to refer to diagrams representing something abstract. This is a purely graphic almost scientific concept.

4. Biǎo 表 refers to a marker indicating where something is, or what something is.
WEAR

1. The current general word for wearing clothes or putting on clothes of any kind is yì 衣 (ant. tuō 脫 "take off").

2. Fú 服 (ant. xiè 卸 "take off") refers to dressing up for an official occasion.

3. Bèi 被 refers to putting on or wearing outer clothing of any kind, especially cloak-like garments.

4. Zhōng 衷 and zhōng 中 refer to wearing as underwear.

5. Biǎo 表 refers to wearing as outer visible clothes.

6. Dài 戴 refers to wearing something on one's head.

7. Lu# 履 refers to wearing something on one's feet.

Word relations

Ant: (OUTSIDE)裡/INSIDE Lǐ 裡 (ant. biǎo 表) is rare and refers in a rather abstract way to what is inward rather than mereley outward.
Contrast: (SHOW)明/SHOW
Contrast: (SHOW)著/WRITE Zhù 著 and zhuàn 撰 are late words referring to the act of writing of a text.
Contrast: (SHOW)頌/PRAISE Sòng 頌 (ant. zhòu 咒 "make calumniatory remarks about") refers literally to the singing of someone's praises, but as in English, the praising thus described may actually be in ornate prose.
Synon: (OUTSIDE)外/OUTSIDE The dominant word for outside is wài 外, a word with great semantic and syntactic flexibility.