SHAPE  形狀形

APPEARANCE of the PLACE something is in, as PERCEIVED by the EYES, DISREGARDING the SUBJECTIVITY of the APPEARANCE.
FORMAPPEARANCECONFIGURATIONFORMATIONSTRUCTUREFIGUREBUILDPHYSIQUEBODYCONTOURSLINESOUTLINESILHOUETTEPROFILE
Hypernym
  • APPEARANCECLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES.
    • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
      • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
Hyponym
  • CURVED　SHAPE that is NOT STRAIGHT.
    • ROUND　CURVED IN ALL DIMENSIONS.
    • FOLD　CAUSE CLOTH ETC TO BE INTENSELY CURVED so as to BECOME LAYERS.
    • BEND　CAUSE TO BECOME CURVED.
  • BODY　SHAPE of an ANIMAL OR HUMAN OR of THINGS.
    • CORPSE　BODY of a HUMAN OR ANIMAL who has DIED.
  • CIRCLE　PERFECTLY ROUND FLAT SHAPE.
    • SURROUND　PRODUCE the SHAPE of a CIRCLE AROUND something, OFTEN what one ATTACKS.
  • PATTERN　COMPLEX ORDERLY SHAPE of something.
    • SPOT　SMALL ROUND PATTERN.
    • LAW OF NATURE　ENDURING PATTERN FOLLOWED BY ALL THINGS.
  • SHADOW　SHAPE of SHADE.
    • SQUARE　SHAPE that HAS FOUR STRAIGHT SIDES AND the SAME ANGLES in ALL CORNERS.
      • BATTLE ARRAY　SHAPE PRODUCED by ARMIES PREPARING for BATTLE.
        • LAYER　SUBSTANCE of FLAT SHAPE which is ABOVE OR BELOW ANOTHER RESEMBLING SUBSTANCE of FLAT SHAPE.
          • CONCAVE　SHAPE RESEMLING the INSIDE of HALF a SPHERE.
            • LINE　SHAPE WHICH HAS LENGTH BUT LACKS OR HAS INTENSELY LITTLE BREADTH.
              • STRAIGHT　ALONG the LINE of PERFECTLY SHORT DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS.
              • WRINKLE　LINE of DEEP PLACES ON SKIN ETC..
            • GEOMETRIC SHAPE　ABSTRACT SHAPE in MATHEMATICS.
              • SURFACE　[MATHEMATICS]
                • FLAT　SURFACE which is the SAME in HEIGHT EVERYWHERE.
                • FLOOR　MOST LOW BIG SURFACE IN a PLACE on which one CAN MOVE OR STAND ETC.
                • RIND　HARD SURFACE OF GRAIN OR FRUIT
              • CUBE　SHAPE which has ONLY SQUARE SIDES.
                Old Chinese Criteria
                1. The most current general word describing the physical shape of something is xíng 形.

                2. Mào 貌 and the much rarer and more abstract biǎo 表 are terms referring to mere external physical outline as opposed to inner reality.

                3. Zhuàng 狀 is the dynamic physical manifestation of something.

                4. Guān 觀 is the visual aspect of something, including its coloration.

                5. Xiàng 相 is the significant external form (including coloration) as indicative of what is behind it.

                6. Xiàng 象 "abstract pattern made by things" is both aesthetic and metaphysical in force and construes appearance as something symbolic of and structurally similar to an underlying reality.

                7. Wén 文 refers to dignified, fine pattern a shape makes.

                Modern Chinese Criteria
                形狀

                樣子

                形態

                形象

                形制

                造型

                模樣

                樣

                形

                狀

                相

                貌

                像

                怪樣

                怪相

                奇形怪狀

                怪模怪樣

                式樣

                樣式

                形式

                式

                花樣

                款式

                式子

                rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

                • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.51

                • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 372

                  239. C. Fronto. Figura artis opus, forma naturae bonum.

                  ]

                  239. Inter Figuram et formam. Figura est artis, forma naturae [ Al., hominis]

                • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

                  SHAPE

                  figura denotes shape as objective and definite outline.

                  forma refers to shape as a subjectively and aesthetically perceived external appearance that is indicative of something significant and internal that is thus manifested.

                  species refers to mere external shape as opposed to internal reality, and the notion does include surface features such as colour.

                  figurare refers to giving something an external shape of a definite kind, particularly a specific outline.

                  formare refers to giving something an external shape that adequately represents what is internal.

                • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 92

                • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 44

                • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.478

                • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 260

                • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1117

                • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 101

                • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 440

                • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 2.462

                • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 2.820

                • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.25.22

                  FACON.FIGURE.FORME.CONFORMATION

                • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.378

                Attributions by syntactic funtion

                • nab : 34
                • n : 20
                • NP : 9
                • NPab{nab1ant.nab2} : 3
                • vi : 3
                • nab(.post-N) : 2
                • nadV : 1
                • NPab : 1
                • vadN : 1
                • nab{PRED} : 1
                • NP(post-N) : 1
                • vtoN : 1
                • NP{N1=N2} : 1
                • nab(post-N) : 1
                • nab[post-N] : 1

                Attributions by text

                • 韓非子 : 17
                • 莊子 : 7
                • 尹文子 : 6
                • 淮南子 : 6
                • 陸機集十一卷 : 4
                • 郭店楚簡 語叢一 : 4
                • 賢愚經 : 3
                • 楚辭 : 3
                • 文子 : 3
                • 搜神記 : 2
                • 史記 : 2
                • 春秋左傳 : 2
                • 法言 : 2
                • 韓詩外傳 : 2
                • 說苑 : 1
                • 公孫龍子 : 1
                • 荀子 : 1
                • 山海經 : 1
                • 孫子 : 1
                • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
                • 列子 : 1
                • 呂氏春秋 : 1
                • 禮記 : 1
                • 論衡 : 1
                • 鹽鐵論 : 1
                • 管子 : 1
                • 周易 : 1
                • 百喻經 : 1
                • 臨濟錄 : 1
                • 戰國策 : 1
                • 祖堂集 : 1

                Words

                形  xíng OC: ɡeeŋ MC: ɦeŋ 44 AttributionsWD

                The most current general word describing the physical shape of something is xíng 形.

                  Word relations
                • Result: 地/EARTH The current general term for the earth or land is dì 地 (ant. tiān 天"Heaven").
                • Contrast: 成/COMPLETE The standard word for bringing anything to a successful conclusion is chéng 成.
                • Assoc: 容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]
                • Assoc: 骸/BONE Hái 骸 refers to the set of bones that constutute the skeleton in a living or dead person, and the word is often used collectively to refer by synecdoche either to the living or to the dead body. [COLLECTIVE]
                • Oppos: 影 / 景/SHADOW The shaped form of shadow is currently yǐng 影 (ant. xíng 形 "original physical object of which there is a shadow") and the general area of shade is yīn 陰 (ant. guāng 光 "light").

                  Syntactic words
                • n(post-N)concreteabstract term for the concrete physical visible shape and manifestation of something [Note that paradoxically the notion of "concrete" is highly abstract.]
                • n[adN]N=thingphysical object with shapeCH
                • nabCHEMLA 2003:
                • nab(.post-N)the shape of the contextually determinate NCH
                • nab[post-N]dimensionthree-dimensional physical visible shape
                • nabfigurativeabstract: shape, distinct form, 'image'
                • nab{PRED}be of (such-and-such-a) shape
                • nadVin its proper shape; in its visible shapeDS
                • nspecificconcrete literary shapeCH
                • vadNpassivesculpted, shaped
                • viprocesstake shape
                • vt[oN]provide a form of things
                • vtoNcausativecause to have shape
                形容  xíng róng OC: ɡeeŋ k-loŋ MC: ɦeŋ ji̯oŋ 8 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPphysical outline and appearance, physical appearance
                文  wén OC: mɯn MC: mi̯un 5 AttributionsWD

                  Syntactic words
                • nabfeatureouter (dignified) shape; the dignified, fine pattern a shape makes; dignified cultured appearance
                象  xiàng OC: sɢlaŋʔ MC: zi̯ɐŋ 5 AttributionsWD

                Xiàng 象 "abstract pattern made by things" is both aesthetic and metaphysical in force and construes appearance as something symbolic of and structurally similar to an underlying reality.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabmetaphysicalabstract image, emblem; form; abstract pattern of appearance which is symbolic of an underlying reality
                • nabstativephysical shape
                狀  zhuàng OC: sɡraŋs MC: ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 4 AttributionsWD

                Zhuàng 狀 is the dynamic physical manifestation of something.

                  Syntactic words
                • n(dynamic) shape and pose; physical constitution, physical build
                • nabfeatureabstract: form, configuration
                貌  mào OC: mreews MC: mɣɛu 3 AttributionsWD

                Mào 貌 and the much rarer and more abstract biǎo 表 are terms referring to mere external physical outline as opposed to inner reality.

                  Syntactic words
                • nexternal shape, contour
                方圓  fāng yuán OC: paŋ ɢon MC: pi̯ɐŋ ɦiɛn 3 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}conceptconcept of the type of outline (square, round etc)
                • NPab{nab1ant.nab2}featuretype of outline> concrete physical properties
                容  róng OC: k-loŋ MC: ji̯oŋ 3 AttributionsWD

                  Word relations
                • Result: 物/CREATURE The general term for any living creature of any kind is wù 物.

                  Syntactic words
                • nab(post-N)featureexternal shape, visible outline HUAINANZI: 泰山之容 "the shape of Taishan"; WENZI: 天道...無容無則
                觀  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 1 AttributionWD

                Guān 觀 is the visual aspect of something, including its coloration.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabfeatureshape, looks, the way one looks
                狀貌  zhuàng mào OC: sɡraŋs mreews MC: ɖʐi̯ɐŋ mɣɛu 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NP{N1=N2}singularevery aspect of the appearance, the shape and form
                相貌  xiàng mào OC: sqaŋs mreews MC: si̯ɐŋ mɣɛu 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPphysical appearance
                方員  fāng yuán MC: pjang -- OC: paŋ --CH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabfigurativegeneralised, abstractly: the concrete shapes in the worldCH
                形軀  xíng qū MC: heng khju OC: ɡeeŋ khoCH 1 AttributionWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NP(post-N)physical form, physical appearance; physical shapeCH
                氣  qì OC: khɯds MC: khɨi 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                相  xiàng OC: sqaŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD

                Xiàng 相 is the significant external form (including coloration) as indicative of what is behind it.

                  Syntactic words
                • nimage made by the objective reality in the mind
                表  biǎo OC: prawʔ MC: piɛu 0 AttributionsWD

                Mào 貌 and the much rarer and more abstract biǎo 表 are terms referring to mere external physical outline as opposed to inner reality.

                  Syntactic words
                • nabfeaturesuperficial aspect, surface of a matter, externals
                鱉臑  biē rú OC: ped njo MC: piɛt ȵi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
                  Syntactic words
                • NPabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: biē nào a specific subtype of tetrahedron [Illustration]

                Existing SW for

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