Antonym

• FUNCTIONWhat something is USED FOR OR is PRODUCED FOR, OR NATURALLY WORKS FOR>TOWARDS.
• FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.

Hypernym

• THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
  • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
    • PRIME
      • N/A...

See also

• ESSENCEBASIC FEATURE.

Hyponym

• ASH　SUBSTANCE that REMAINS AFTER a THING is BURNT. 
  • SOOT　ASH CONTAINED in SMOKE, OR BLACK SUBSTANCE ON INSIDE WALLS CHIMNEYS.
• FOOD　SUBSTANCE USED by CREATURES.
  • BAIT　FOOD USED to ENTICE:seduce AND CATCH FISH.
  • SAUCE　SPICY LIQUID PUT ON DRY FOOD.
  • SOUP　LIQUID FOOD that CAN be said to be EATEN AND NOT ONLY DRUNK.
  • LIQUOR　LIQUID FOOD CONTAINING ALCOHOL.
  • CAKE　BAKED FOOD TYPICALLY CONTAINING YEAST AND EGGS.
  • BREAD　FOOD PRODUCED USING FLOUR AND YEAST.
  • CHEESE　FOOD PRODUCED USING MILK CURD.
  • HONEY　SUGARY FOOD SUBSTANCE PRODUCED by BEES. []
  • DELICACY　EXCELLENT SPECIAL FOOD.
  • SPICE　SUBSTANCE ADDED to FOOD FOR CAUSING it to BECOME MORE SAVOURY.
  • BEVERAGE　LIQUID FOOD.
• LACQUER　SUBSTANCE USED to CAUSE SURFACES TO BECOME INTENSELY SMOOTH AND TO RESEMBLE GLASS. []
• METAL　HARD INTENSELY HEAVY SUBSTANCE OFTEN USED FOR PRODUCING ARTEFACTS, TOOLS, AND WEAPONS. []
  • BRONZE　METAL of COPPER AND TIN, SOMETIMES also WITH LEAD OR ZINK.
  • SILVER　BRIGHT METAL [].
  • COPPER　RED METAL USED in PRODUCING BRONZE. [Cu]
  • GOLD　MOST EXPENSIVE SOFT METAL. []
  • IRON　COMMON METAL USED FOR MAKING TOOLS. []
  • LEAD-METAL　MOST HEAVY METAL. [Pb]
  • TIN　COMMON METALS, USED FOR MAKING PLATES ETC. [CHEMISTRY] nearly approaching silver in whiteness and lustre, highly malleable and taking a high polish; used in the manufacture of articles of block tin, in the formation of alloys, as bronze, pewter, etc., and, on account of its resistance to oxidation, for making tin-plate and lining culinary and other iron vessels.
• POISON　SUBSTANCE which CAN INTENSELY HARM HUMANS OR ANIMALS.
• SOIL　SUBSTANCE ON the EARTH in which PLANTS GROW.
  • MUD　INTENSELY MOIST SOIL.
  • DUST　INTENSELY DRY SOIL in INTENSELY SMALL PIECES which CAN BE BLOWN at AND MOVED by WIND.
  • FURROW　ROW of SOIL MOVED by a PLOUGH.
  • SAND　FINE SOIL on SEA SHORES. []
• STONE　COMMON INTENSELY HARD SUBSTANCE in LANDSCAPE.
  • GRINDSTONE　FLAT STONE USED FOR GRINDING.
  • WHETSTONE　STONE USED FOR CAUSING KNIVES TO BECOME MORE SHARP ON.
  • TOMBSTONE　STONE PUT on a TOMB.
  • ROCK　INTENSELY BIG STONE.
  • PAVEMENT　PATH ALONG a WAY.
  • PRECIOUS STONE　VALUABLE SMALL STONE.
  • JADE　HARD BRIGHT STONE USED FOR PRODUCING ORNAMENTS. []
• ENERGY　ABSTRACT SUBSTANCE which CONTAINS a FORCE.
• TIMBER　SUBSTANCE OF the MAIN PART of TREES.
  • FIREWOOD　SMALL TIMBER USED FOR BURNING IN STOVES.
  • STICK　LONG, ROUND, STRAIGHT PIECE OF TIMBER....
  • BOARD　FLAT TIMBER.
  • BEAM　LARGE TIMBER USED TO BUILD BUILDINGS....
• GREASE　SUBSTANCE which is not MUSCLE AND CAUSES one to be FAT OR RESEMBLING SUBSTANCE PRODUCED USING ANIMALS OR PLANTS.
  • BUTTER　GREASE PRODUCED USING COW MILK AND USED AS FOOD.
• DRUG　SUBSTANCE USED FOR CURING OR PREVENTING DISEASES.
  • PILL　NOT LIQUID MEDICINE.
• COAL　BLACK SUBSTANCE PRODUCED USING TIMBER, AND USED FOR BURNING.
• IVORY　SUBSTANCE of LARGE ELEPHANT TEETH USED FOR PRODUCING ORNAMENTS.
• CINNABAR　HEAVY REDDISH MINERAL SUBSTANCE the most important ore of mercury.
• RUBBISH　DISCARDED SUBSTANCE OR THING.
  • DREGS　RUBBISH which SINKS to the BOTTOM of LIQUIDS RESEMBLING WINE ETC..
• COTTON　WHITE SOFT SUBSTANCE RESEMBLING WOOL.
• GLASS　COMMON HARD SUBSTANCE one CAN LOOK THROUGH which is OFTEN USED FOR WINDOWS.
• EXCREMENT　SUBSTANCE consisting of what is excreted by humans of animals in defecation.
  • MANURE　EXCREMENT USED FOR FERTILISING.
• OIL　A LIQUID which does NOT FREEZE, BURNS, AND does NOT MIX WITH WATER. []
  • OINTMENT　OIL USED FOR CAUSING SKIN TO BECOME SMOOTH.
• SMOKE　AIRY SUBSTANCE CAUSED-TO RISE by FIRE.
• SOAP　A SUBSTANCE USED FOR REMOVING DIRT WHEN WASHING.
• SUGAR　INTENSELY COMMON SWEET SUBSTANCE OFTEN USED IN COOKING. [CHEMISTRY]
• TOBACCO　The PLANT SUBSTANCE one BURNS AND SUCKS the SMOKE of FOR ENJOYMENT.
• LIQUID　SUBSTANCE which CAN FLOW.
  • BODY JUICES　IMPORTANT LIQUID in the BODY....
  • MILK　LIQUID DEVELOPED IN the BREAST of FEMALES, which CAN NOURISH their CHILDREN.
  • MOIST　COVERED by or MIXED with LIQUID, TYPICALLY with WATER.
  • WATER　INTENSELY COMMON TRANSPARENT LIQUID LACKING TASTE which FILLS RIVERS AND the SEA....
  • INK　TYPICALLY BLACK LIQUID one USES TO WRITE OR PAINT with.
  • TEA　LIQUID FOR DRINKING PRODUCED USING HOT WATER AND LEAVES. []
  • DROP OF LIQUID　SMALL SPHERE OF LIQUID.
  • VINEGAR　COMMON SOUR LIQUID SPICE.
  • JUICE　LIQUID PRODUCED USING FRUIT, USED FOR DRINKING.
• GLUE　A SUBSTANCE USED FOR CAUSING THINGS to be INTENSELY LINKED.
• PERFUME　SUBSTANCE USED FOR PRODUCING BEAUTIFUL ODOURS.
• GAS　SUBSTANCE IN which THINGS CAN FLOAT AND FLY BUT NOT SWIM.
  • AIR　GAS which FILLS SPACE ON EARTH. 
• BODY TISSUE　IMPORTANT NOT LIQUID SUBSTANCES IN THE BODY.
  • BONE　INTENSELY HARD BODY TISSUE....
  • FLESH　MUSCLES AND SINEWS of a ANIMAL OR HUMAN.
  • HAIR　BODY-TISSUE which GROWS on SKIN, VISIBLY on the TOP of the HEAD of HUMANS, and OTHER PLACES....
  • HORN　LONG BONES GROWING ON the HEADS of BOVINES AND OVINES ETC.
  • SKIN　The COMPLEX BODY TISSUE which WRAPS the WHOLE BODY of HUMANS AND ANIMALS....
  • SINEW　STRONG BODY TISSUE LINKING MUSCLES to BONES.
  • BRAIN　SOFT BODY TISSUE INSIDE THE HEAD.

Old Chinese Criteria

Modern Chinese Criteria

• Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.234

• Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.447

  MATIERE

• Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.1050

• Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.495

  SUBSTANZ

• Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 240

• Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 63

• The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  MATTER, (SUBSTANCE)