NEAR    靠近近

RELATION of being at a SMALL DISTANCE of SPACE OR TIME IN-RELATION-TO something.
CLOSENEARBYCLOSE/NEAR AT HANDAT HANDA STONE'S THROW AWAYWITHIN REACHACCESSIBLEHANDYCONVENIENTINFORMAL WITHIN SPITTING DISTANCE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant general word is jìn 近 (ant. yuǎn 遠 "far") which refers to any concrete or abstract proximity in space, time or quality. 2. Jī 幾 typically refers to an abstract closeness or relatedness with relates neither to space nor to time. 3. Pò 迫 and "precariously close" refer to spatial proximity of a potentially dangerous kind. 4. Bó 薄 "very close" refers to spatial proximity primarily but is occasionally used in transferred metaphorical senses to refer to abstract proximity. 5. Lín 鄰 is permanent geographical proxity. 6. Eψ 邇 is an archaic and elevated general term for closeness. 7. Proximity to a city can be expressed by the "postposiiton" xià 下.
Modern Chinese Criteria
近 逼近 接近 靠近 相近 在望 近便 咫尺 近在咫尺 近在眼前 近在眉睫 朝發夕至 一山之隔 一牆之隔 一水之隔 一衣帶水 望衡對宇 衡宇相望 鄰近 鄰 附近 短途 短距離 近距離 附近 就近 鄰近 近邊 左近 近處 一帶 內外 左右 前後 近郊 近水樓台 守 is to be close to (water etc). 傍 濱 即 瀕 瀕臨 瀕於 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • THIS　The NEAR OBJECT. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • APPROXIMATE　NEAR to being CORRECT. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • DISTANTRELATION between TWO THINGS that are NOT MUTUALLY NEAR.
See also
  • SIDEPLACE to the LEFT OR RIGHT, AND NOT IN FRONT OR BEHIND.
Hypernym
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.43

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 152

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 197

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 336b

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 90/91

  • "三國志"同義詞及其歷史演變 ( WANG TONGWEI 2010) p. 461-472

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1424

    近，邇

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 128

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 39

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 261

    • Words (29 items)

    近  jìn OC: ɡɯnʔ MC: gɨn 45 Attributions

    The dominant general word is jìn 近 (ant. yuǎn 遠 "far") which refers to any concrete or abstract proximity in space, time or quality.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 遠/DISTANT The clearly dominant term for distance in general is yuǎn 遠 (ant. jìn 近 "close").
    • Assoc: 迫/NEAR Pò 迫 and "precariously close" refer to spatial proximity of a potentially dangerous kind.

      Syntactic words
    • nabconceptcloseness
    • nabstativecloseness of relationship
    • v[adN]N=humanone who is close at hand, people who are close at handCH
    • v[adN]N=nonhumanwhat is close at handCH
    • v[adN]nonreferentialone who is close at hand; what is close at hand; what is near(er)
    • vadNclose at hand, near one; concretely
    • vadNgradedcloser at hand
    • vadSclose at hand
    • vadVclose at hand; concretely
    • vadVgetting close to in spaceCH
    • vi(spatial) be close, near; be a small distance
    • vifigurativebe (emotionally) close 最近
    • vt( prep N)be close to the contextually determinate NCH
    • vt(oN)(temporal) be close (in time) to the contextually determinate object
    • vt(oN)figurativecome close to the relevant point
    • vt(oN)figurativekeep close to a contextually determinate person
    • vt+prep+Nfigurativecome close to, be close to, keep close to (something abstract, e.g. Goodness)
    • vt+prep+Nspacebe situated close to
    • vtoNabstracttry to keep close to (psychologically), try to keep close toCH
    • vtoNfigurativeapproximate
    • vtoNfigurativecome close to (something abstract like humaneness)
    • vtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • vtoNstativebe situated close to; keep close to
    邇  ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ 12 Attributions

    Eψ 邇 is an archaic and elevated general term for closeness.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 遠/DISTANT The clearly dominant term for distance in general is yuǎn 遠 (ant. jìn 近 "close").

      Syntactic words
    • n[adN]what is close at handCH
    • viclose
    • vt(oN)be near to the contextually determinate NCH
    • vt(oN1.)[adN2]what is near; those who are near NB: the two readings seem lexicalised.
    • vt+prep+Nstativeto close to, be near to, lie in the vicinity of 邇於
    • vtoNbe close up to
    下  xià OC: ɢraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 11 Attributions

    Proximity to a city can be expressed by the "postposiiton" xià 下.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-.N+ZHIvicinity of N
    • npost-Nplacethe vicinity; near (a city); in front of (a tent etc)
    鄰  lín OC: rin MC: lin 10 Attributions

    Lín 鄰 is permanent geographical proxity.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNneighbouring; adjacent
    • vt1post.vt2oNget close to
    • vtoNstativebe neighbour to, be next to
    迫  pò OC: praaɡ MC: pɣɛk 5 Attributions

    Pò 迫 and "precariously close" refer to spatial proximity of a potentially dangerous kind.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 近/NEAR The dominant general word is jìn 近 (ant. yuǎn 遠 "far") which refers to any concrete or abstract proximity in space, time or quality.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe very close together
    • vt+prep+Nbe squeezed in
    • vtoNstativebe geographically very close to so as to be possibly or typically threatened by
    親  qīn OC: tshiŋ MC: tshin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)figurativekeep close to a contextually determinate person; get close to a contextually determinate person
    密邇  mì ěr OC: mbriɡ mljelʔ MC: mit ȵiɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Nbe physically close to
    • VPt+prep+Nfigurativebe close to and intimate with
    • VPtoNstativebe close to N
    幾  jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 3 Attributions

    Jī 幾 typically refers to an abstract closeness or relatedness with relates neither to space nor to time.

      Syntactic words
    • vadVnearly
    • vichange(not) get anywhere near one's aim 不幾
    • vt+prep+Nfigurativecome close to (e.g. the truth, a virtue, one's aim), approximate 幾於死亡 We are close to death.
    臨  lín OC: b-rɯm MC: lim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nlocalbe close to (geographically)
    • vtoNstativebe close to, be near to
    幾乎  jī hū OC: kɯl ɢaa MC: kɨi ɦuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadSfigurativeIt is very much as if S is the case
    旁  páng OC: baaŋ MC: bɑŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nsubjectthose who are close to and beside
    薄  báo OC: baaɡ MC: bɑk 1 Attribution

    Bó 薄 "very close" refers to spatial proximity primarily but is occasionally used in transferred metaphorical senses to refer to abstract proximity.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstativebe very close to, be in the immediate vicinity of
    相望  xiāng wàng OC: sqaŋ maŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ mi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe close together
    依  yī OC: qɯl MC: ʔɨi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe close to
    傅  fù 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe close to, be adjacent toCH
    及  jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]oN.postadVclose to
    向  xiàng OC: qhaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcome close to
    垂  chuí MC: dzywe OC: djol 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVnearly; almostDS
    接  jiē MC: tsjep OC: skeb 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabcontiguity, closeness; close relationCH
    邊  biān OC: peen MC: pen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstativeborder onto
    陪  péi OC: bɯɯ MC: buo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNadjacent, attached
    周  zhōu OC: tjɯw MC: tɕɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nplacevicinity
    • npost-N
    • vadN
    密  mì OC: mbriɡ MC: mit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe close to
    尼  ní OC: nil MC: ɳi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vinear, close-by (SHIZI)
    接  jiē OC: skeb MC: tsiɛp 0 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vadNconnecting> adjacent
    暱  nì OC: nid MC: ɳit
    昵  nì OC: nid MC: ɳit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe close to
    次  cì OC: snʰis MC: tshi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstativebe close to; be next to
    比  bì OC: bis MC: bi 0 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • vadNneighbouring 比室 "neighbouring houses"
    • vtoNkeep together (as shoulders), keep close to and rely on
    相近  xiāng jìn OC: sqaŋ ɡɯns MC: si̯ɐŋ gɨn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPimathematical termCHEMLA 2003: