Taxonomy of meanings for 啟:　　

Additional information about 啟

說文解字:

Criteria
• TEACH
  

  1. The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised.

  2. Huì 誨 (ant. xí 習 "study persistently") refers to systematic and persistent efforts to teach and inculcate intellectual or practical skills ( 誨之琴 "taught him to play the zither") and moral understanding of students ( 誨女知之 "I will teach you so you understand"), and the word never implies coercion or any threat of force. Huì 誨 can be mutual, or refer to equals teaching equals, even subordinates teaching superiors 諫誨 "remonstrate with and instruct". The word is not commonly nominalised. The primary aim of huì 誨 is understanding.

  3. Huà 化 refers to successful disciplining and teaching, typically on a large social scale. See INFLUENCE

  4. Qǐ 啟 and fā 發 refer to the opening up of new intellectual and moral dimensions for others.

  5. Xùn 訓 refers in a rather abstract way to formal strict instruction and training aimed primarily at professional skill.

  6. Zhào 詔 refers to instruction by means of useful information or warning.

  7. Fēng 風 is occasionally used to refer to teaching by example.

  8. Liàn 練 refers specifically to military training and only occasionally to other forms of drill.

  9. Dào 道 refers to the content of what is taught, and is largely restricted to postnominal position, as in 儒道 "Confucian teaching".

• KNEEL
  

  1. The current general word for kneeling down while resting one's body on one's heels in an orderly but relaxed position is zuò 坐 (lì 立 "stand up"), a term often innocently mistranslated as "to sit".

  2. Guì 跪 refers to the polite act of submission which involves kneeling down with one's torso protruding forward, ready to show respect and submission

  3. Bài 拜 refers to the action of guì 跪 with the addition of moving one's head towards the ground. See BOW.

  4. Jì 跽 and cháng guì4 長跪 kneel with one's torso erect, as a sign of seriousness.

  5. Qǐ 啟 is a poetic word for the polite act of submitting which involves kneeling down which is current in SHI.

• OPEN
  

  1. The most common general word for opening things is qǐ 啟 (ant. bì 閉 "close") which can refer to all sorts of opening up of all manner of things.

  2. Kāi 開 (ant. bì 閉 "close") and pì 闢 "open wide" (ant. fēng 封 "close tightly") refer primarily to the opening of doors, windows and the like.

  3. Fā 發 (ant. bì 閉 "close") refers to the opening of something in order to enable one to inspect the contents or to remove things from the interior.

  4. Pī 披 (ant. hé 合 "roll up") refers to the opening up of something by unrolling it.

  5. Jué 決 (ant. dǔ 堵 "block up" and sè 塞 "block up") refers to the opening up of an artificial waterway for circulation.

• BEGIN
  

  [ARCHAIC/CURRENT]

  [[COMMON/RARE]]

  [ELEVATED/VULGAR]

  [FORMAL/INFORMAL]

  1. Shǐ 始 (ant. zhōng 終 "bring to an end; come to an end" and chéng 成 "bring to a successful end, complete") refers quite generally to the initiating of any action. But see also ARISE

  [GENERAL]

  2. Zào 造 (all ant. jì 繼 "continue" and chéng 承 "continue") can come to refer to the beginning of an action.

  [ARCHAIC]; [[RARE]]

  3. Chū 初 (ant. mò 末 "end") is purely chronological and refers to the early stage of something that persists, without indicating any lasting influence of that early stage on later developments. See FIRST

  4. Qǐ 起 is sometimes used in a rather formal way for getting underway with a major activity.

  [FORMAL]

  5. Qǐ 啟 typically refers to a deliberate act of initiation, by Heaven as well as by man, and the word generally belongs to the dignified style of historians or rhetoricians.

  [ELEVATED], [FORMAL]

  6. Zhāo 肇 is an elevated and archaic word referring to the initiation of rituals and the like.

  [ELEVATED]; [[RARE]]

• MEMORIAL
  

  1. The most general (rare) word for a memorial is shù 疏.

  2. Zòu 奏 refers to the act of submission of a memorial, from Qin times onwards specifically directed to the emperor.

  2. Biǎo 表 refers in Han times to a formal request for imperial support, often in matters of funeral arrangements etc.

  3. Zhāng 章 refers to a memorial of thanks.

  4. Yì 議 refers to formal and often controversial contribution towards the discussion of a political issue which is at issue.

  5. Shū 書 "document; letter" is sometimes used to refer specifically to a memorial to the throne.

  NB: The subtle distinctions between these forms of memorial are the subject of detailed discussion in Wénxīndiāolóng 文心雕龍, but the late date of this text must be kept in mind. Qǐ 啟 "expression of personal views addressed to the emperor" and zhuàng 狀 "formal accusation" are post-Han.

• LETTER
  

  1. The general term for a letter is shū 書.

  2. Dú 牘 refers to a letter, primarily one written on a wooden tablet, but came to be used to refer to letters in general.

  3. Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

  8. Xí 檄 and lù bù 露布 refer to bureacratic correspondence concerning military matter.

Word relations
• Ant: (OPEN)闔/SHUT Hé 闔 is an archaic and dignified word for closing something, mostly a door.
• Ant: (OPEN)塞/BLOCK Sè 塞 (ant. tōng 通 "be unblocked") is the standard word for blocking the progress of something, or for blocking up an opening, and the word specifically refers to the blocking of things from getting out of something. [GENERAL]
• Ant: (OPEN)閉/SHUT The most general word for closing anything is probably bì 閉.
• Object: (OPEN)匱/BOX Guì 匱 refers to a cabinet-like box with doors. 1 Attribution
• Object: (BEGIN)行/TRAVEL The standard word for travelling for any purpose is xíng 行. 1 Attribution