LETTER 書信書
PRIVATE DOCUMENT FOR SENDING TO, and ADDRESSING, someone.
WRITTEN MESSAGEMESSAGEWRITTEN COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONNOTELINEMISSIVEDISPATCHCORRESPONDENCENEWSINFORMATIONINTELLIGENCEWORDPOSTMAILFORMAL EPISTLE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general term for a letter is shū 書.
2. Dú 牘 refers to a letter, primarily one written on a wooden tablet, but came to be used to refer to letters in general.
3. Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
8. Xí 檄 and lù bù 露布 refer to bureacratic correspondence concerning military matter.
2. Dú 牘 refers to a letter, primarily one written on a wooden tablet, but came to be used to refer to letters in general.
3. Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
8. Xí 檄 and lù bù 露布 refer to bureacratic correspondence concerning military matter.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
COMM 35. 公文類書信，西周已有；個人政治性交往的信件，春秋已多；典型的家信，戰國始見。
書，總稱。
尺牘，通稱。
信，口語通稱。
牋，給郡守武將或皇后太子之信，泛稱給上級或友人的信，有禮敬色彩。
札，短小書信，有隨便或親昵的色彩。函，突出函封，有莊重色彩。
COMM 36.
鯉魚，秦漢書信往往用此形木匣函盛，代稱書信，喻指信使，有神秘色彩。
鴻雁，有美好德性的候鳥，以此喻稱信使，代稱書信，有思美色彩。
青鳥，又稱青鸞，神話傳說中西王母的使者，喻稱信使，有浪漫色彩。
黃耳，晉人陸機所養犬，能為主人遠送家信，以此喻指信使，有戀鄉色彩。
COMM 35. 公文類書信，西周已有；個人政治性交往的信件，春秋已多；典型的家信，戰國始見。
書，總稱。
尺牘，通稱。
信，口語通稱。
牋，給郡守武將或皇后太子之信，泛稱給上級或友人的信，有禮敬色彩。
札，短小書信，有隨便或親昵的色彩。函，突出函封，有莊重色彩。
COMM 36.
鯉魚，秦漢書信往往用此形木匣函盛，代稱書信，喻指信使，有神秘色彩。
鴻雁，有美好德性的候鳥，以此喻稱信使，代稱書信，有思美色彩。
青鳥，又稱青鸞，神話傳說中西王母的使者，喻稱信使，有浪漫色彩。
黃耳，晉人陸機所養犬，能為主人遠送家信，以此喻指信使，有戀鄉色彩。
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
18.54 - 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao
(
HUANG JINGUI 1995)
p.
244 - 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
63 - Lateinische Synonymik
(
MENGE)
p.
233 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
7.850 PHILOSOPHIE.LITERARISCHE FORMEN
- 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
300 - 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci
(
WU SANXING 2008)
p.
238 - SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
2.232:160 EPITRE.LETTRE
- Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.220 - 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
130 - Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
77B
Words
書 shū OC: qhlja MC: ɕi̯ɤ 19 AttributionsWD
The general term for a letter is shū 書.
- Syntactic words
- nletter
- nadNletter's; of the letterDS
- vi-.Vt[0] Swrite a letter which said S:CH
信 xìn OC: sins MC: sin 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, NANBEICHAO, JINSHU: letter
信耗 xìn hào OC: sins hmoows MC: sin hɑu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPmessage, information, letter with information, news (this is a late word which did not become current before the Song)
縣書 xuán shū OC: ɢʷeen qhlja MC: ɦen ɕi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpublic letter, 大字報
函 hán OC: ɡuum MC: ɦəm 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nletter
啟 qǐ OC: kheeʔ MC: khei 0 AttributionsWD
Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
札 zhá OC: skriiɡ MC: ʈʂɣɛt 0 AttributionsWD
Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
- Syntactic words
- nletter
柬 jiǎn OC: kreenʔ MC: kɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, TANG: short note; short letter; letter of invitation
檄 xí OC: ɡleeɡ MC: ɦek 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nofficial "international" correspondence concerning war and peace
牘 dú OC: ɡ-looɡ MC: duk 0 AttributionsWD
Dú 牘 refers to a letter, primarily one written on a wooden tablet, but came to be used to refer to letters in general.
- Word relations
- Contrast: 簡/STATIONARY
The most common writing material in Warring States times was the jiǎn 簡 "bamboo strip".
- Syntactic words
- nSHIJI, HANSHU: letter
狀 zhuàng OC: sɡraŋs MC: ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
移 yí OC: k-lal MC: jiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
箋 jiān OC: tseen MC: tsen 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nletter
簡 jiǎn OC: kreenʔ MC: kɣɛn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, TANG, LIU ZONGYUAN: letter
諮 zī OC: sti MC: tsi 0 AttributionsWD
Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
關 guān OC: kroon MC: kɣan 0 AttributionsWD
Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.
- Syntactic words
- npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
尺書 chǐ shū OC: thjaɡ qhlja MC: tɕhiɛk ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralletters
露布 lù bù OC: ɡ-raaɡs paas MC: luo̝ puo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nofficial "international" correspondence concerning war and peace
問 wèn OC: mɯns MC: mi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nletter with greetings 久無家問 "there have been no letter-greetings for a long time"
Existing SW for
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