Taxonomy of meanings for 齊:　　

Additional information about 齊

說文解字: 【齊】，禾麥吐穗上平也。象形。凡齊之屬皆从齊。 【徐鍇曰：生而齊者莫若禾麥二地也，兩𢔚在低處也。】 【徂兮切】

Criteria
• CHINA
  

  睡虎地秦墓竹簡 1978: 226 臣邦人不安秦主而欲去夏者, 勿許. 何謂夏 ? 欲去親屬是謂夏.

  The words for China have this in common that they do NOT designate any one state. 中國 "the central states" is implicitly plural when it does not refer to the capital city. 諸夏 the various Xià (states)" is explicitly plural. The standard Imperium Romanum has no counterpart in Chinese until very late, unless one admits 天下 "all under Heaven" as a designation for the empire. But 天下 does not define any bounded empire. It remains to be seen exactly when a standard term for China was took shape. Compare the problems of finding a term for the Chinese language.

  Based on 顧頡剛 & 王樹民, “ 夏 ” 和 “ 中國 ”— 祖國古代的稱號, Zhongguo lishi dili luncong, Vol. 1 (Xi'an, 1981), 6-22).

  In the Shu and Shi sections relating to the early Zhou, 區夏 (= 夏區 ), 有夏 and 時夏 (= 是夏 ) refers to the place in which the Zhou established their capital after their conquest of Shang, in contradistinction to Zhou 掇 homeland in the West ( 西土 ) and the close Zhou allies ( 一二邦 ). The Zhou referred to their own domain as 烠 he central city-state � ( 中國 ). Since 中國 in this usage refers to the territory directly governed by the Zhou, it is singular and used in exchange with 京師 and in contradistinction with 四方 and 四國. Other states also referred to their capital regions as 啎什縕 (thus Wu in GY 19.09.01/618); a (perhaps late) variant of this word is 啎尹塹 (Yugong).

  After becoming strong, the states enfeoffed by Zhou asserted the community with the 周 by commencing to refer to themselves as 堔 L �, leading to the plural designation 埣悎 L �, used in contrast with designations like 啈 i 狄�. The distinction between the two groups was viewed as cultural, and its precise reference shifted over time, originally excluding states (like 楚 ) from the community of 諸夏 but later including them, or including them in the beginning, whilst later excluding them (like 秦 ). Some of the non- 諸夏 states were viewed as subservient to 諸夏 states, others as their enemies. The membership of 楚 to the 諸夏 circle was always insecure; it was, so to speak, was"always on probation.

  The 東夏 made up a subdivision of the 諸夏, including states such a 齊 and 魯.

  In parallel with the 堔 L � appellations arose the 埽寊 appellations, 埽寊 on its own and 埣捄寊, and, the two words may well be cognate, the common 埽堮 L �.

  In the Warring States period the cultural distinction gave way to a geographical distinction, and the 中國 states were now the state occupying the Central Plain

• OVINE
  

  1. Yáng 羊 is the general word referring indifferently to what in English is a sheep, a goat, or a ram.

  2. Gāo 羔 refers to a young goat or sheep.

  3. Zāng 牂 refers to a female goat or sheep.

  4. Yú 妤羭 is a colloquialism for a goat or a sheep.

  5. Jié 羯 castrated sheep.

  NB: According to ERYA fán 羳 refers to a goat/sheep with yellow belly, and goats/sheep with curved horns are called guǐ 觤 (ERYA). Fèn 羒 refers to a male goat or sheep.

  ERYA （三）羊屬。

  19·28 羊，牡羒，牝牂。

  19·29 夏羊，牡羭，牝羖。

  19·30 角不齊，觤；角三觠，羷。

  19·31 羳羊，黃腹。

  19·32 未成羊，羜。

• HEM
  

  1. The current general word for a border in clothing is zhǔn 純.

  2. Pí 紕 refers to a trimming.

  3. Yì 裔 is a specific term for a border in clothing.

  4. Qí 齊 refers to the hem of a mourning cloth.

  5. Jī 緝 refers to a trimming.

  6. Yuán 緣 refers to a hem in clothing with a bands of fabric applied on it.

  7. Rán 袡 is a specific term refering to a hem on the lower part of a cloth.

  8. Tuán 褖 specifically refers to a hem of a ritual cloth.

• CITIZEN
  

  The insistution of legal citizenship was linked to tax-paying duty and military duty, not in terms of any specific civic rights. The concrete definition of citizenship will have differed from state to state in Warring States times, and the importance of the definition will have depended on the degree of detailedness of public registers. In China, there was no central and important institution like the bundle of rights and duties of the civis Romanus. The civis Romanus defined himself in terms of rights. It would appear that the Chinese citizen defined himself as a citizen (less enthusiastically) through his duties.

  An expression like 齊人 had three meanings in ancient China:

  1. commonly: a man from Qí, people from Qí;

  2. (in the ANNALS (CQ) and other annalistic contexts: the senior citizens of Qí, the aristocracy of Qí;

  3. from Warring States onwards: citizens of Qí.

  It is the third notion that badly needs close investigation.

• CORRECT
  

  1. The standard word for conformity with an established standard of behavioural or physical allignment zhèng 正 (ant. xié 邪 ).

  2. Jiǎo 矯 refers to bringing something in to proper physical shape.

  3. Kuāng 匡 refers to typically political proper allignment and correct coordination.

  4. Qí 齊 refers to something being or being made well-aligned, evened out, and straight, often in metaphysical senses.

  CAUSATIVE USES MUST BE MOVED TO "MAKE CORRECT!". THIS IS STILL A MESS. CH

Word relations
• Epithet: (STATES)強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak"). 1 Attribution
• Assoc: (EQUAL)一/SAME1 Attribution
• Assoc: (SAME)一/UNITE The standard word for the unification of what is disunited is yī 一 (ant. fēn 分 "divide"). 1 Attribution
• Synon: (EQUAL)均 / 鈞/EQUAL Jūn 均 typically refers to an even, equable, and equal distribution of things.