FLAT    平坦的平／夷

SURFACE which is the SAME in HEIGHT EVERYWHERE.
LEVELHORIZONTALSMOOTHEVENUNIFORMREGULARPLANE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for flatness of any kind is píng 平 (ant. qīng 傾 "slanted downwards on one side" and perhaps xié 斜 "sloping") and it refers to anything which is horizontal and lacks inclination. 2. Yí 夷 (ant. xiǎn 險 "precarious or difficult of access (of terrain)" and yì 易 mostly refers to terrain and its accessibility through lack of geographical impediments. 3. Tǎn 坦 (dǒu 陡 "steep") has no special pragmatic connotations and simply refers to the objective property of a an area without noticeable elevations.
Modern Chinese Criteria
平坦 坦平 平緩 坦緩 坦 Ea 平 Ea 平滑 平正 平整 平展 平易 平衍 溜平 坦蕩 一馬平川 水平如鏡 江平如練 水波不興 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • SMOOTH　FLAT AND LACKING SUDDEN HIGH OR LOW PARTS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • STEEPINTENSELY SLANTED so as to be DIFFICULT TO ASCEND OR DESCEND on it.
Hypernym
  • SURFACE　[MATHEMATICS] (anc: 6/0, child: 3)
  • SHAPE　APPEARANCE of the PLACE something is in, as PERCEIVED by the EYES, DISREGARDING the SUBJECTIVITY of the APPEARANCE. (anc: 5/0, child: 13)
  • APPEARANCE　CLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES. (anc: 4/0, child: 6)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 983

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.71

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 345

    • Words (8 items)

    平  píng OC: breŋ MC: bɣaŋ 18 Attributions

    The general word for flatness of any kind is píng 平 (ant. qīng 傾 "slanted downwards on one side" and perhaps xié 斜 "sloping") and it refers to anything which is horizontal and lacks inclination.

      Syntactic words
    • nlevel ground
    • vadNlevel (ground)
    • vadNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • vi2be level, be at the same levelLZ
    • vigradedbe level; be flat; be not too steep
    • vpostadVso that it becomes all flat
    • vtoNcausativecause to be flat; flatten; to level
    夷  yí OC: li MC: ji 5 Attributions

    Yí 夷 (ant. xiǎn 險 "precarious or difficult of access (of terrain)" and yì 易 mostly refers to terrain and its accessibility through lack of geographical impediments.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 險/INACCESSIBLE The standard word for inaccessible difficult territory is xiǎn 險.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNeven; flat
    • viphysically: be even; be not too steep
    • vtoNget levelled outCH
    平正  píng zhèng OC: breŋ tjeŋs MC: bɣaŋ tɕiɛŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe flat
    • VPt(oN)causativecause to be even and flat
    易  yì OC: leeɡs MC: jiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNeasy and flat (terrain)
    • vi(of terrain) be level, be plainCH
    • vtoNcausativeflattenLZ
    踧  dí OC: ɡ-lɯɯwɡ MC: dek 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe even and smoot (a road) (SHI)
    齊  qí OC: dziil MC: dzei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vieven
    • vtoNcausativemake even; array evenly
    坦  tǎn OC: thaanʔ MC: thɑn 0 Attributions

    Tǎn 坦(dǒu 陡 "steep") has no special pragmatic connotations and simply refers to the objective property of a an area without noticeable elevations.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNplane, without elevations or mountains; level
    • vibe level
    幵  jiān OC: keen MC: ken 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNlevel; even (SHUOWEN)