Taxonomy of meanings for 施:　　

  • 施 shī (OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ) 式支切 平 廣韻：【施設亦姓左傳魯大夫施伯何氏姓苑云今沛人又式豉以寘二切 】
    • 上古音系： 聲符 也 韻部 歌 韻部細分 1 對應廣韻小韻 䌳 擬音 hljal
      • SCATTER
        • vispread; spread out
        • vt+prep+Nspread over
        • vtoNscatter and lay out
        • deliberate> ARRANGE
          • vtoNarrangeCH
        • generalised: project oneself outwards through action> ACT
          • vtoNput into proper practice; put into generous practice; get properly done
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2do (something N1) (to someone N2) 勿施於
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2reflexive.己do N1 to (oneself)
          • vtoNabpejorative: perpetrate (evil acts)CH
          • vtoNmiddle voiceenacted; deployed; be put into practiceCH
          • so as to impact upon> INFLUENCE
            • vt+prep+Nhave an impact on, have an influence on
            • vtoNhave an important impact onCH
            • abstract> FUNCTION
              • nabmetaphysicalfunction
              • vtoNfunction for
        • to others> DISTRIBUTE
          • vadNcharacterised by a tendency towards distributing what one has generously
          • vtoNdeploy generously; dispense generously to; show generosity to
          • vtt(oN1.)+N2ompresent (a gift N2) to someone determinate N1
          • vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2omgive generously of something contextually determinate N1 to (the beneficiaries N2); dispense things to 施於
          • vttoN1.+N2distribute N1 all over or to N2
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2give generously of (something N1) to (the beneficiaries N2); dispense things to 施x於y
          • vtoNfigurativepromulgate (orders etc)CH
          • specific> GIVE
            • nsubjectwhat is given > alms
            • vt(oN)give away a contextually determinate N as an act of generosity
            • vt[oN]give away things generously
            • vtoNgive away generously, dispense and distribute gratuitously
            • vtpostNgive generously
            • vttoN1(.+N2)give N1 to the contextually determinate N2
            • cause to have as an effect, bring about> CAUSE
              • vtoNabcause (pain etc) by one's actions
            • so as to prepare for use> PROVIDE
              • vtoNprovide
              • feature of those who provide for others> GENEROUS
                • nabactacts of generosity; kinds of generosity; generous support
                • vadNgenerously supplied
                • viactshow generosity in action
                • viimperativebe generous!
                • vt+prep+Nshow generosity towards, be beneficial towards; cultivate through generosity
                • vtoNgive alms to, support with generosity
                • vtoNmiddle voicereceive generosity
                • vt[oN]show generousity to people; give generous handouts to people
                • nabpsychologicalgenerosityCH
                • nab.adNthat of generosityLZ
                • employ generously> USE
                  • nab.texercise (of power) over N; use of N (probably ad hoc nominalisation, not really lexicalised. Must be deleted in the end, but can be kept as an example of the kind of thing we do not need. C.H.)
                  • vtoNdeploy; make proficient use of; make practical use of (e.g. a scaling ladder); exercise
                  • vtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: apply effectively to something else (by way of generalisation)JZ 9.3, Liu Hui 掇 comm: 將以施于諸率。故先具此術以見其源也 "(The canon) is designed to effectively apply this method to all lyu-triangles (or lyu-procedures). Therefore it first provides this procedure in order then to bring out into the open the source (from which all these lyu spring)."
                  • vtt(oN1.)+N2use the contextually determinate N1 for use on N2CH
              • object: benefit provided> PROFIT
                • nab.post-V{NUM}stativeadvantageous points; kinds of positive contribution
        • bandy abroad one's strong points> BOAST
          • vtoNdeploy demonstratively, act out boastfully
    • 施 shì (OC: lʰals MC: ɕiɛ) 施智切 去 廣韻：【易曰雲行雨施又式支切 】
    • 施 yì 《集韻》以豉切，去寘，以。
      • 施 yí 《集韻》：余支切。音移。
        • 施 =弛 shǐ 《集韻》：賞是切。詩上聲。

            Additional information about 施

            說文解字: 【施】，旗皃。从㫃、也聲。齊欒施字子旗，知施者旗也。 〔小徐本無「也」。〕 【式支切】

              Criteria
            • GENEROUS

              1. Probably the most general word for generosity is huì 惠 (ant. sè 嗇 "stingy, ungenerous"), and this refers to any kind of emotional as well as material munificence by a person of superior status.

              2. Hòu 厚 (ant. báo 薄 "less than ample") refers to generosity of treatment which is not necessarily directed towards inferiors.

              3. Shī 施 focuses on the very activity involved in generous treatment of others, and the subject of this activitiy is normally a person of superior status.

              4. E!n 恩 (ant. chóu 仇 "hostile attitude") refers primarily to an attitude or disposition (typically on the part of a person of superior status) to be generous.

              5. Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.

              6. Kuān 寬 and the rarer guǎng 廣 can refer to a general disposition towards non-narrow and broadly directed generosity.

              7. Zhān 霑 refers to receiving the benefits of generosity and is thus marginal in this group, and the word is rare.

              NB: Kāng kǎi 慷慨 refers to generousity with one's resources, but the usage is first attested in Ming novels.

            • BOAST

              [COMMENDATORY/DEROGATORY]

              [EPISODIC/LASTING]

              [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

              [HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE]

              [PRACTICAL/VERBAL]

              1. The commonest general word is probably jīn 矜 which refers to any degree of grandiloquence or bragging.

              [GENERAL], [VERBAL]

              2. Fá 伐 is an extreme form of bragging that clearly arouses negative reactions.

              [DEROGATORY], [EPISODIC], [HIGH-DEGREE], [VERBAL]

              3. Shī 施 is to show off, typically also through actions.

              [EPISODIC], [PRACTICAL!]

              4. Kuā 誇 refers to acts of grandiloquence not exclusively concerned with oneself. See EXAGGERATE.

              [EPISODIC], [VERBAL]

              5. Dàn 誕 tends to refer to boastfulness not as a concrete episode, but as a permanent feature of a person given to fraudulent self-aggrandising exaggeration.

              [LASTING], [VERBAL]

            • DISTRIBUTE

              1. Shī 施 is to give away to a general group of recipients, and as an act of generosity.

            • SUFFER

              1. The most general word referring to a person's being exposed to something is probably shòu 受 (ant. shī 施 "have an effect on, act upon"), which can take both desirable and non-desirable objects.

              2. Jiàn 見 tends to take verbal complements and tends to refer to a person being exposed to undesirable effects.

              3. Qǔ 取 refers to deliberate exposure to an action or exposure to something by one's own fault.

              4. Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.

              5. Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to unexpected and unprovoked exposure to outside effects.

              6. Měng 蒙 often refers to deliberate exposure to negative outside dangers or effects, but the word also has a generalised use where it simply corresponds to shòu 受.

              7. Lí 罹 and its loan character lí 離 refer to innocently running into some trouble or encountering some sorrow.

              8. Xiàn 陷 "get trapped in" refers occasionally to a disastrous encounter with what turns out inescapable. See TRAP

            • INFLUENCE

              1. There is no current general word for influence, and the closest one gets to the notion is probably huà 化 "transform through one's influence".

              2. Fēng 風 refers to transformation through one's influence, and this is a very literary word.

              3. Jí 及 occasionally comes to refer to the impact something has on something else.

              4. Zhèn 振 refers to a deep and strong physical impact.

              5. Shī 施 occasionally comes to refer to a deliberate impact one has on other things.

            • REACT

              1. The general term for a responding action is yìng 應 (ant. gǎn 感 "stimulate").

              2. Bào 報 (ant.* 施 "take initiative to do something") refers specifically to some kind of paying back in kind, both positive and negative.

              3. Dài 待 is to respond to a situation as best one can.

              4. Huán 還 is occasionally used to mean "in return, by way of response".

            • SCATTER

              1. The current standard word for scattering anything in any way is sǎn 散.

              2. Bù 布 is prototypically to spread something with a positive purpose.

              3. Shī 施 refers to dispensing something in many places and thus spreading it around, and the object of spreading is usually a benefit.

              4. Pǔ 普 refers abstractly to something being spread over a considerable area.

              5. Kuì 潰 refers to being scattered and thus ruined.

              6. Lí 離 refers to the scattering or separation of what would naturally belong together.

              7. Bò 播 refers to scattering as dissemination for good use.

              Word relations
            • Ant: (GENEROUS)怨/HATE Yuàn 怨 is resentment due to identified concrete causes, and the emotion is typically directed towards superiors or equals.
            • Ant: (GIVE)求/REQUEST The current general word for a request is qiú 求 (ant. dé 得 "obtain"), which however can also come to mean demand and is therefore not a particularly polite term to use.
            • Object: (ACT)令/COMMAND The standard current word for a command is lìng 令, and the content (not the words) of the command is typically in the sentence that follows. We do not find: 令曰, and it is significant that lìng 令 also regularly means "to cause to".
            • Contrast: (BOAST)伐/BOAST Fá 伐 is an extreme form of bragging that clearly arouses negative reactions. [DEROGATORY], [HIGH-DEGREE], [VERBAL]
            • Contrast: (DISTRIBUTE)加/GIVE
            • Contrast: (DISTRIBUTE)布/ISSUE
            • Contrast: (ACT)執/ACT
            • Oppos: (DISTRIBUTE)身/PERSONALLY Shēn 身 "in person" hovers between an adverbial and a nominal function and is often contrastive in parallelistic constructions.