REQUEST  請求求

To ADDRESS someone so as to TRY TO CAUSE him/her TO ACT in a certain way.
APPEALENTREATYPLEAPETITIONAPPLICATIONDEMANDCALLASK FORAPPEAL FORCALL FORSEEKSOLICITPLEAD FORAPPLY FORDEMANDFORMAL ADJURE
Hypernym
  • ADDRESSSPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT. 
    • SPEAKACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z.
      • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision.
        • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION....
See also
  • ASKREQUEST an ANSWER.
    • DEMANDADDRESS someone so as to COMMAND that that person ACT:do something.
      Hyponym
      • ASK　REQUEST an ANSWER.
        • INTERROGATE　ASK MANY QUESTIONS of an ACCUSED HUMAN.
        • PROBLEM　DIFFICULT AND THEORETICALLY IMPORTANT ASK:question for which one BELIEVES one LACKS an APPROPRIATE ANSWER.
      • BEG　REQUEST INTENSELY HUMBLY FOR A GIFT.
        • INVITE　RITUALLY REQUEST someone to JOIN one in an ACT:activity one ASSUMES to be MUTALLY PLEASANT.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The current general word for a request is qiú 求 (ant. dé 得 "obtain"), which however can also come to mean demand and is therefore not a particularly polite term to use.

          2. Qǐng 請 is the polite term for a request addressed to a superior or an equal; and this term is currently used in early texts to refer to a suggestion made in the superficial rhetorical form of a request.

          3. Suǒ 索 is a strong request for someting one takes to be due to one.

          4. Yè 謁 refers to (inappropriate) special requests made to acquaintances in high office, and the term can come to have negative overtones when used as a noun.

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          請求 is the current modern word for a request.

          乞求 focusses on the urgency of a request.

          懇求 focusses on urgency and refers to entreatment.

          央求 refers to requests in the form of pleading and imploring.

          央告 focusses on the announcement of the content of a request in terms of pleading.

          求告 refers to an intense beseeching.

          呈請 refers to a formal request like a petition.

          懇請 refers to an urgent familiar request.

          務請 (lit) refers to an important and urgent formal request.

          吁請 focusses on the appeal involved in a request.

          呼吁 refers to an appeal to do something.

          伸手 "stretch out one's hands" is a figurative way of referring to the making of a request.

          求

          央

          要

          請

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 18.35

          • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

            REQUEST

            rogare refers to a request as a quiet utterance of a wish, and this request is directed to a person of similar status to the speaker.

            orare refers to a quiet utterance of a wish directed at a superior.

            obsecrare refers to an urgent and passionate request.

            obtestari refers to an urgent and passionate request to a superior in a suppliant manner.

            precari refers to a request to heaven, typically with raised hands.

            supplicare refers to a passionate act of supplication in which one throws oneself on one's knees, or on the ground, and tyically wrings one's hands, but by extension the word also refers to any exceedingly polite and humble request, especially in polite discourse.

          • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 222

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            PETITIO

          • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 48

          • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 12

          • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.175:121

            PRIER.SUPPLIER

          • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 44

          Words

          請  qǐng OC: tsheŋʔ MC: tshiɛŋ 229 AttributionsWD

          Qǐng 請 is the polite term for a request addressed to a superior or an equal; and this term is currently used in early texts to refer to a suggestion made in the superficial rhetorical form of a request.

            Word relations
          • Assoc: 謁/REQUEST Yè 謁 refers to (inappropriate) special requests made to acquaintances in high office, and the term can come to have negative overtones when used as a noun.
          • Oppos: 自/SELF Zì 自 is preverbal and typically makes any transitive verb it precedes reflexive.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactspecial requests; special pleas 左右之請 "special requests from entourage"
          • nabactrequest
          • vadVI BEG YOU TO> please, (do something) 請殺我"please kill me"
          • viactmake (e.g. private/selfish) requests 私請 "make private requests"
          • viactintercede
          • vt(oN)intercede on behalf of a contextually determinate person
          • vt+prep+Nask for things from N; address a request to (e.g. God); plead with (a ruler) 請于公
          • vt+V[0]子犯請擊之"Zǐfàn asked to attack them"ask permission (to do what what one would like to do); [The person whose permission is asked should also be in the structure as being always understood. There are quite a number of such cases. CH]
          • vt+V[0] .postnrpo1{SUBJECT}may I ask to VCH
          • vt+V[0]{PASS}ask to be V-ed
          • vt0(oNpro2.) V0Npro2=pivotoverall subject obligatorily understood as npro1 "I": let us VCH
          • vt[0]+V[0]performativemay I ask (for myself ) to V> please let me [short and idiomatic for 臣請]
          • vt[oN]N=projectask permission about somethingCH
          • vtoNN=thingask for 請兵 "ask for soldiers"
          • vtoNobject=beneficiaryintercede on behalf of; make a special plea for (someone); plead for 請三帥 "make a plea on behalf of the three generals"
          • vtoNobject=rankto apply for a position N, to request a post of N [DS]
          • vtoNobject=superiormake a special request to N (saying...)
          • vtoNpassivebe requested
          • vtt(oN.)+V[0]request a contextually determinate person to do something
          • vtt(oN1.)(+N2)make a contextually determinate request to a contextually determinate person 復請 "make the same request again"
          • vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2make a contextually determinate request (e.g. in the matter of the contextually determinate N1) addressed to N2; intercede on the contextually determinate matter N1 with N2
          • vtt[0][oN.]+V[0]may I ask you to V
          • vtt[0]oN.+V[0][I] hereby ask [you] to V
          • vtt[0]oN.+V[0]let-us!let us
          • vtt[0]oV[0].postN{PIVOT}N=pivot(I) ask somebody N (to do something)>; please,...
          • vttoN(.+V[0])ask (someone) to do the contextually determinate thing 請樂正子春
          • vttoN.+V[0]ask N to V
          • vttoN.+V[0]pivotask N to V; request N to V
          • vttoN1(.+N2)omplead with someone for someone contextually determinate 請之"plead on his behalf"
          • vttoN1.+N2request (something N1) from (someone N2); 請地他國; ask permission for something N1 from someone N2
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2ask (a something N1) from (an owner N2)　請地於魏
          求  qiú OC: ɡu MC: gɨu 27 AttributionsWD

          The current general word for a request is qiú 求 (ant. dé 得 "obtain"), which however can also come to mean demand and is therefore not a particularly polite term to use.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactdemands
          • vt+V[0]seek to V, sometimes close to: "demand to V"
          • vtoNN=audienceaddress requests to
          • vtoNN=thingask for; beg for; request a thing NDS
          • vtoNobject=requested actmake a request for (some act or favour) 求事
          • vtt(oN.)+V[0]N=pivotask the contextually determinate N to VDS
          • vtt(oN1). prep N2seek/request/ask the contextually determinate N1 (support, help etc) from N2DS
          • vttoN1(.+prep+N2)ask the contextually determinate N2 for N1
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2request N1 from N2
          索  suǒ OC: saaɡ MC: sɑk 13 AttributionsWD

          Suǒ 索 is a strong request for someting one takes to be due to one.

            Syntactic words
          • vt(oN)ask for the contextually determinate object
          • vt+V[0]demand to V, request to V
          • vtoNdemand; seek; apply for/seek (a position)
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2seek N1 from N2
          謁  yè OC: qad MC: ʔi̯ɐt 7 AttributionsWD

          Yè 謁 refers to (inappropriate) special requests made to acquaintances in high office, and the term can come to have negative overtones when used as a noun.

            Word relations
          • Assoc: 請/REQUEST Qǐng 請 is the polite term for a request addressed to a superior or an equal; and this term is currently used in early texts to refer to a suggestion made in the superficial rhetorical form of a request.

            Syntactic words
          • nabactspecial personal requests, special pleas; intercession (on someone's behalf
          • vt[oN]make requests
          請謁  qǐng yè OC: tsheŋʔ qad MC: tshiɛŋ ʔi̯ɐt 5 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactspecial requests
          • VPiactmake all sorts of private requests to the authorities
          乞  qǐ OC: khɯd MC: khɨt 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vt+prep+Nmake a request from N
          • vtt(oN1.)+N2ask N2 of the contextually determinate N1
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2request N1 from N2
          假  jiǎ OC: kraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNrequest temporarily (right of way etc)
          • vttoN1.+prep+N2ask temporarily for (right of way N1) from (a person in authority N2) 假道于衛
          諮  zī OC: sti MC: tsi 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vt+V[0]ask to V
          告  gù OC: kuug MC: kuok 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNmake a plea to, make an appeal to (??)
          丐乞  gài qǐ OC: kaads khɯd MC: kɑi khɨt 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNbeg (most humbly) for
          咨稟  zī bǐng OC: sti prɯmʔ MC: tsi pim 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNrequest
          為請  wéi qǐng OC: ɢʷal tsheŋʔ MC: ɦiɛ tshiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • NPabactrequest
          私請  sī qǐng OC: sil tsheŋʔ MC: si tshiɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPiactmake private personal requests
          願求  yuàn qiú OC: ŋɡons ɡu MC: ŋi̯ɐn gɨu 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNrequest hopefully
          將  qiāng MC: -- OC: -- 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • vttoN.+V[0]read qia1ng: hope and ask for N to V (SHI)
          願請  yuàn qíng MC: ngjwonH dzjeng OC: ŋɡons dzeŋCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPt[0]oV(0)May I politely (lit: hopefully) beg permission to VCH
          請而反  qǐng ér fǎn MC: tshjengX nyi pjonX OC: tsheŋʔ njɯ panʔCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNbeg N to returnCH
          請求  qǐng qiú MC: tshjengX gjuw OC: tsheŋʔ ɡuDS 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNask for N; look for NDS
          告請  gù qǐng MC: kowk tshjengX OC: -- tsheŋʔDS 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPtoNrequest formally from the authorities DS
          請行  qíng xíng OC: dzeŋ ɢraaŋ MC: dziɛŋ ɦɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoNengage in private pleading; private pleading

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