PEOPLE    人民民

GROUP of HUMANS LIVING in a STATE OR TERRITORY.[[VOLK]]NOTE: For this section I have found it instructive to collect a large number of post-Buddhist binomes.
CITIZENSSUBJECTSELECTORSVOTERSTAXPAYERSRESIDENTSINHABITANTS(GENERAL) PUBLICCITIZENRYNATIONPOPULATIONPOPULACE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers inclusively to all the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state (xiǎo mín 小民 are the ordinary people). [ 夫民之為言也暝也，萌之為言也（肓）〔盲〕也，故惟上之所扶而以之，民無不化也。故曰：「民萌。」民萌哉！ ( 直言其意而為之名也 ) Xinshu 9 2. Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large. 3. Rén 人 (ant. wáng 王 "king") is sometimes used generically for those people who were taken to have a political voice, as in Yīn rén 殷人 "the people of Yīn". 4. Méng 氓 / 萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society. 5. Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness. 6. Qián shǒu 黔首 "black-headed people" is the current word for the people especially promoted by the Qin dynasty. 7. Shì mín 士民 refers to senior registered citizens with a certain political influence; but the term can also be used collectively to refer to the freemen/gentleman shì 士 on the one hand, and the common people mín 民 on the other. 8. Guó rén 國人 refers not to the people in a state, but specifically to the senior citizens in the capital. 9. Mín rén 民人 is a very current way of referring to the people without suggesting any low or high status. 10. Shù rén 庶人 is the technical term for the non-office-holding commoners in a country.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GOVERNMENT/LAW 45.PEOPLE 民，百姓的通稱。 氓，移民。 臣，君王統治下的百姓。 眾，眾多百姓。 庶，地位低賤、愚昧的百姓，常用作語素。 元元，漢時代指百姓。
Modern Chinese Criteria
人民 民 國民 公民 平民 黎民 黎元 黎苗 庶 庶民 眾庶 黎庶 子民 百姓 蒼生 生靈 生民 生齒 生人 布衣 白丁 赤子 氓 群氓 兆民 兆庶 兆黎 黔首 黔黎 匹夫匹婦 黎民百姓 群眾 大眾 公眾 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • PROLETARIAT　The GROUP AMONG the PEOPLE who are INTENSELY POOR. (anc: 18/0, child: 0)
  • VERNACULAR　OF OR FOR THE ORDINARY PEOPLE. (anc: 18/0, child: 0)
See also
  • ORDINARYCOMMON AND INFERIOR to what is EXCELLENT.
  • NATIONSTATE THOUGHT of an ABSTRACT INSTITUTION.
  • HUMANANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS.
Hypernym
  • GROUP　CATEGORY of PEOPLE OR THINGS which COOPERATE, MUTUALLY RESEMBLE OR are TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE. (anc: 16/0, child: 19)
  • CATEGORY　ABSTRACT CONCEPT REFERRING TYPICALLY to MANY THINGS with RESEMBLING FEATURES. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
  • CONCEPT　ABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT. (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.21

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 776

    MENSCHHEIT

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 918

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 330ff

    PLEBS.POPULUS

    445. Sic 9 Terent. Scaurus de Orthograph.: Populus est in quo omnis pars civitatis, omnes ejus ordines continentur: plebs ea dicitur, in qua gentes civium patritiae non insunt.

    ]

    445. Inter Plebem et populum. Plebs a populo eo distat, quod populus est generalis universitas civium cum senioribus, plebs autem pars humilis et abjecta.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    PEOPLE

    gens refers to a group of people with a common ancestry and a common adherence to a certain nation or tribe, and refers to all persons of the same descent, not necessarily living in the same area or settlement.

    natio refers to a group of people with a common ancestry and a common adherence to a certain nation or tribe, and belonging to one and the same settlement of people.

    civitas refers to the citizenry of an organised polity, irrespective of their origins.

    populus refers quite generally to the population of a certain place.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 139

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 73B,74A

  • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 83n69

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 7.142-432

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    POPULUS

    VULGUS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 100

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 211

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 336

  • 上古專書詞匯研究的方法與理論探討 漢語史研究集刊 Hanyushi Yanjiu Jikan ( SONG YONGPEI 2002) p. 114

    Discusses the distinction between 人 and 民 in LY in some detail, analysing what kind of a person the terms refer to in context.

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    PE-SING

    SCHWARZKOEPFE

    VOLK

  • Die Bezeichnungen laos, deemos, homilos, pleethos, ethnos in den homerischen Epen Soziale Typenbegriffe. ( WELSKOPF 1981) p.

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 104ff

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 313

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.169

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 24

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.169

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.171

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 74A

    • Words (113 items)

    民  mín OC: min MC: min 532 Attributions

    The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

      Word relations
    • Subject: 苦/DISTRESS Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.
    • Subject: 從/OBEY The most current general word for obedience is probably cóng 從 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to carry out an order"), which refers literally to the following of orders on particular occasions, and more generally to showing obedience to a person.
    • Inconsist: 智 / 知/WISE The current general word for wisdom is zhì 智 (ant. yú 愚 "devoid of wisdom") and this may refer to any superior intellectual ability beyond the realm of memorisation or mundane knowledge, the quality which enables one to móu 謀 give good advice..
    • Ant: 上/RULER Shàng 上 can refer to any governing authority or ruler, but by Han times the word became a standard polite way of referring to the Han emperor.
    • Object: 使/GOVERN Shǐ 使 refers to leadership, typically of the people.
    • Object: 僇 / 戮/KILL
    • Object: 牧/GOVERN Mù 牧 refers to government as a paternalistic responsibility of the ruler.
    • Object: 虐/OPPRESS The most common general word for oppression is probably nŸè 虐 (ant. cí 慈 "show loving care for").
    • Object: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
    • Epithet: 心/ATTITUDE The general word for the attitude of an individual or of a group of people is xīn 心, and the attitude denoted by this word may change in the course of time. [GENERAL], [VAGUE]
    • Epithet: 下/HUMBLE Xià 下 refers to low status in absolute terms.
    • Epithet: 愚/STUPID The dominant word is yú 愚 (ant. zhì 智 "clever; wise"), and the word refers to intellectual obtuseness as well as practical ineptitude.
    • Epithet: 小/HUMBLE Xiǎo 小and shào 少 (all ant. zhǎng 長 "senior") refers to relatively junior status in the bureaucratic hierarchy.
    • Epithet: 黎/BLACK Lí 黎/黧 (ant. sù 素 "pristine white and un-suntanned") refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods. [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]
    • Epithet: 父母/PARENT Fù mǔ 父母 refers to parents.
    • Epithet: 俗/CUSTOM Sú 俗 (and the rarer and much more personal xí 習) tend to refer to what is perceived as popular and sometimes even vulgar traditional practices. There is a current conception that the sú 俗 are quintessential in origin and essence, but in spite of this they are conceived of as changeable in principle.
    • Contrast: 士/GENTLEMAN The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL.
    • Contrast: 工/ARTISAN
    • Assoc: 士/GENTLEMAN The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL.
    • Assoc: 氓 / 氓 / 萌/PEOPLE Méng 氓/萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society.
    • Assoc: 鳥獸/ANIMAL Niǎo shòu 鳥獸 refers specifically to all birds and beasts. [SPECIFIC]
    • Synon: 眾/PEOPLE Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.
    • Oppos: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Oppos: 官/OFFICIAL Guān 官 refers quite generally to the persons in charge of an office.
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Oppos: 我/ONESELF 自我
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • nabconceptthe people
    • nccmember of people of common status 諸民
    • nindefinitepeople
    • nmamount of people; population; mankind
    • nm(post-N)the common people of the contextually determinate place, the native people, the permanently resident people
    • nm(post-N)one's  people; the people of the contextually determinate ruler of them NCH
    • nm(post-N)the people of the relevant polity NCH
    • nm(post-N.)+Vagentthe people (as subjects of action)
    • nm+V{PRED}subject=non-agentthe people (with non-agentive predicate)
    • nm+V{PRED}subjectivethe people (as endowed with subjective feelings or reactions)
    • nm+V{PRED}suffer-impactpeople
    • nm.post-Nthe population of N; the N's peopleCH
    • nm.post-V{NUM}category of people 五民
    • nm.postVtobjectthe people
    • nm[post-N]one's people
    • nm[post-N]my peopleCH
    • nmadNregarding the people, concerning the people; by the people; people's
    • nmagent民曰
    • nmpost-Nthe peopleCH
    • npluralpeoplesCH
    • npost-N{PLACE}people from N
    • npost-N{PLACE}.postVt愛宋民
    • npost-N{PLACE}predicatebe the people from N
    • npost-Vpeople who VsDS
    • n{OBJ}adNregarding the people, of the people
    • n{PRO}someoneCH
    • viactdeal properly with the people, get the support of the people
    百姓  bǎi xìng OC: praaɡ seŋs MC: pɣɛk siɛŋ 205 Attributions

    Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.

    • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

      PE-SING

      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)definitethe people ruled by the contextually determinate NCH
    • NP[post-npro1](my) peopleCH
    • NPadNpeople'sDS
    • NPagentthe people (not necessarily only those who had family names)
    • NPcollective.objectthe peopleCH
    • NPpost-N{PLACE}天下百性
    • NPpostVtobjectthe people (as grammatical object)
    • NP{vadN}commonthe general public; the (taxpaying) people (i.e. the entire population, particularly the common people like the peasants, often apparently excluding the non-tax-paying dependents)
    • NP{vadN}unspecifiedthe people
    • NP{vadN}wellbornthe people who count; the gentry (i.e. primarily the wellborn people)
    人  rén OC: njin MC: ȵin 53 Attributions

    Rén 人 (ant. wáng 王 "king") is sometimes used generically for those people who were taken to have a political voice, as in Yīn rén 殷人 "the people of Yīn".

      Syntactic words
    • nadNoriginating in people; people's
    • nnonreferentialpeople generally; mankind
    • npluralpeople; the people 君者舟也；人者水也。"The ruler is (like) a boat; the (his) people are (like) water"
    • npost-NN=timeleading: the (leading) people belonging to the time NDS
    • npost-N{Place}leading: the (leading) people in NCH
    • npost-N{PLACE}commonthe common people of Npl
    人民  rén mín OC: njin min MC: ȵin min 38 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 官吏/OFFICIAL Guān lì 官吏 is a general term for employes of various offices.

      Syntactic words
    • NPcthe people
    • NPmthe people
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialpopulation; the population at large; human beings, humankind
    眾  zhòng OC: tjuŋs MC: tɕuŋ 38 Attributions

    Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 仁/BENEVOLENCE Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]
    • Synon: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

      Syntactic words
    • nm(post-N)one's numerous peopleCH
    • nnonreferentialthe mass of the people; the masses; the multitudes; the general population
    • nplurOBI 3: the royal dependents, the group of royal retainers, service dependents of the king of the Shāng; the masses
    兆民  zhào mín OC: ɡrlewʔ min MC: ɖiɛu min 26 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferential天子曰兆民"in connection with the son of heaven one speaks of the myriad people, in connection with the feudal lords one speaks of the ten thousand people" (左傳閔公) the infinitely many people
    民人  mín rén OC: min njin MC: min ȵin 24 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmcollectivebondmen of a certain person; bonded inhabitants
    庶人  shù rén OC: qhljaɡs njin MC: ɕi̯ɤ ȵin 21 Attributions

    Shù rén 庶人 is the technical term for the non-office-holding commoners in a country.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.
    • Ant: 天子/KING Tiān zǐ 天子refers to the Son of Heaven recognised as the ritual leader of all kings, and the word is currently used in a non-referential generic abstract sense.

      Syntactic words
    • NPindefinitean ordinary registered and taxable person
    • NP{vadN}the numerous humans, the common registered and taxable people;
    世  shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 18 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npluralthe people of one's generation, everyone at the time; everyone at the present time
    萬民  wàn mín OC: mblans min MC: mi̯ɐn min 15 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE

      Syntactic words
    • NPthe common people
    齊民  qí mín OC: dziil min MC: dzei min 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the common (law-abiding) people
    黔首  qián shǒu OC: ɡram qhljuʔ MC: giɛm ɕɨu 12 Attributions

    • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

      SCHWARZKOEPFE

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the common people, the sun-tanned hard-working people
    庶民  shù mín OC: qhljaɡs min MC: ɕi̯ɤ min 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPordinary citizen
    • NP{vadN}pluralSHI: the multitudinous people
    下民  xià mín OC: ɢraaʔ min MC: ɦɣɛ min 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPSHI: the lowly people, the common people
    黎民  lí mín OC: riil min MC: lei min 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPSHI: the sun-tanned (common) people
    • NPpostVtsun-tanned people, common people
    世俗  shì sú OC: lʰebs sɢloɡ MC: ɕiɛi zi̯ok 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}the general public
    愚民  yú mín OC: ŋo min MC: ŋi̯o min 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcnonreferentialstupid individuals of low origins
    • NPnonreferentialthe (proverbially) stupid people
    一國  yī guó OC: qliɡ kʷɯɯɡ MC: ʔit kək 7 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralhyperbolic: everyone in the whole state
    細民  xì mín OC: snɯɯs min MC: sei min 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the slight people, the common people
    大眾  dà zhòng OC: daads tjuŋs MC: dɑi tɕuŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmgreat crowd of people
    • NPnonreferentialthe masses of the people
    生民  shēng mín MC: sraeng mjin OC: sraaŋ min 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe living people; the ordinary peopleLZ
    天下之民  tiān xià zhī mín OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ kljɯ min MC: then ɦɣɛ tɕɨ min 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe people(s?) of the world
    野人  yě rén OC: laʔ njin MC: jɣɛ ȵin 5 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.
    • Oppos: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.

      Syntactic words
    • NPan ordinary person from the countryside; country bumpkins
    • NP{PRED}be a rustic
    民萌  mín méng OC: min mreeŋ MC: min mɣɛŋ
    民氓  mín méng OC: min mraaŋ MC: min mɣɛŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe common people
    眾庶  zhòng zhù MC: tsyuwngH tsyoH OC: tjuŋs -- 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmordinary peopleLZ
    凡民  fán mín OC: blom min MC: bi̯ɐm min 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{PRED}be an ordinary person (not in any public service)CH
    • NP{vadN}pluralHF: ordinary people
    氓  méng OC: mraaŋ MC: mɣɛŋ
    氓  méng OC: mraaŋ MC: mɣɛŋ
    萌  méng OC: mreeŋ MC: mɣɛŋ 4 Attributions

    Méng 氓/萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 貧/POOR The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.

      Syntactic words
    • npluralimmigrant people, non-native Han people; common people. Can be used synonymously with 民, to denote the mass of ignorant agricultural labourers, and, in a wider use, the governed generally. There is no evidence of use to denote masses of people uprooted from their home because of natural disaster or war, 氓 were in other words not "流氓." [JP]
    人眾  rén zhòng OC: njin tjuŋs MC: ȵin tɕuŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralmultitude of people, large number of people; group
    士民  shì mín OC: dzrɯʔ min MC: ɖʐɨ min 3 Attributions

    Shì mín 士民 refers to (primarily but not only) senior registered citizens with a certain political influence; but the term can also be used collectively to refer to the freemen/gentleman shì 士 on the one hand, and the common people mín 民 on the other.

      Syntactic words
    • NPccitizen
    國  guó OC: kʷɯɯɡ MC: kək 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npluralthe people in the state
    庶  shù OC: qhljaɡs MC: ɕi̯ɤ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPZHOULI: the crowds and multitudes, the common people
    • NPsingularcommoner;
    蒸民  zhēng mín OC: kjɯŋ min MC: tɕɨŋ min 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPepithetarchaic, GY: the numerous people
    世間  shì jiān OC: lʰebs kreen MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialordinary people of this world
    小民  xiǎo mín OC: smewʔ min MC: siɛu min 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.

      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe ordinary people
    鄉邑  xiāng yì MC: xjang 'ip OC: qhaŋ qrɯb 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNN=humanlocal people from the hamlets and townsCH
    旃陀羅  zhān tuó luó OC: tjan laal b-raal MC: tɕiɛn dɑ lɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: a man of a certain low tribe, one of the low classes, an outcast, Skt. caṇḍāla
    愚眾  yú zhòng MC: ngju tsyuwngH OC: ŋo tjuŋs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialstupid masses, hoi polloiLZ
    諸眾  zhū zhòng OC: klja tjuŋs MC: tɕi̯ɤ tɕuŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe common masses
    萬姓  wàn xìng OC: mblans seŋs MC: mi̯ɐn siɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}archaic,SHU: the myriad surnames, the common people
    群眾  qún zhòng MC: gjun tsyuwngH OC: ɡlun tjuŋs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmnonreferential(the mass of) common peopleLZ
    群  qún OC: ɡlun MC: gi̯un 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nthe masses
    編戶齊民  biān hù qí mín OC: peen ɡlaaʔ dziil min MC: pen ɦuo̝ dzei min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the poor common people
    蒼生  cāng shēng OC: skhaaŋ sraaŋ MC: tshɑŋ ʂɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}archaic, SHU: the common people
    民眾  mín zhòng OC: min tjuŋs MC: min tɕuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}pluralcrowd of the people, common people
    自北  zì běi bò běi MC: dzijH pok OC: sblids pɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]people from the northLZ
    自南  zì nán MC: dzijH nom OC: sblids noom 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]people from the southLZ
    十姓百名  shí xìng bǎi míng MC: dzyip sjengH paek mjieng OC: ɡjub seŋs praaɡ meŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe common people (of an area)CH
    人民眾  rén mín zhòng OC: njin min tjuŋs MC: ȵin min tɕuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: people
    恆民  héng mín MC: hong mjin OC: ɡɯɯŋ min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPad.VtoNreference=N(Vt the N) as if they were ordinary peopleCH
    萌類  méng lèi OC: mreeŋ ruds MC: mɣɛŋ li 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe people [-DCD]
    烝民  zhēng mín OC: kjɯŋ min MC: tɕɨŋ min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe teeming people
    民臣  mín chén OC: min ɡjiŋ MC: min dʑin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe people below, the common people
    吏民  lì mín OC: rɯs min MC: lɨ min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralofficials and common people
    人間  rén jiān OC: njin kreen MC: ȵin kɣɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe people of the world
    自東  zì dōng MC: dzijH tuwng OC: sblids tooŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]people from the eastLZ
    元元  yuán yuán OC: ŋɡon ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn ŋi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialZGC: the multitudinous people
    民間  mín jiān OC: min kreen MC: min kɣɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNpopular
    • NPadVamong the people LUNHENG
    良民  liáng mín OC: ɡ-raŋ min MC: li̯ɐŋ min 1 Attribution

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluraldecent people, decent inhabitants
    眾人  zhòng rén OC: tjuŋs njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin
    衆人  zhōng rén OC: tjuŋ njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralOBI 3: the many subjects of the king that form his retinue and labour force, also used as a fighting force. They are counted by the hundreds, and are distinguished from ordinary rén 人 by their apparently permanent attachment to the royal court.
    下人  xià rén OC: ɢraas njin MC: ɦɣɛ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}nonreferentiallowly humans, the common people
    自西  zì xī MC: dzijH sej OC: sblids sqɯɯl 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]people from the westLZ
    萬人  wàn rén OC: mblans njin MC: mi̯ɐn ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcollectivethe people
    百眾  bǎi zhòng OC: praaɡ tjuŋs MC: pɣɛk tɕuŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe masses, the people in general
    國人  guó rén OC: kʷɯɯɡ njin MC: kək ȵin 1 Attribution

    Guó rén 國人 refers not to the people in a state, but specifically to the senior citizens in the capital.

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralleading indigenous local burghers or "citizens"CH
    土俗  tǔ sú MC: thuX zjowk OC: kh-laaʔ sɢloɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmlocal peopleDS
    戶  hù OC: ɡlaaʔ MC: ɦuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npluralcitizens 正戶 "regular citizens"
    逸民  yì mín OC: lid min MC: jit min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe uprooted people
    橫目之民  héng mù zhī mín MC: hwaeng mjuwk tsyi mjin OC: ɡʷraaŋ muɡ kljɯ min 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcolloquial: the common peopleCH
    天下百姓  tiān xià bǎi bó mò bǎi xìng MC: then haeX paek sjengH OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ praaɡ seŋs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPall the people of the worldCH
    蒸  zhēng OC: kjɯŋ MC: tɕɨŋ 0 Attributions

    Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

      Syntactic words
    蒼  cāng OC: skhaaŋ MC: tshɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, HOUHANSHU: the common people
    黎人  lí rén OC: riil njin MC: lei ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the common people
    黎元  lí yuán OC: riil ŋɡon MC: lei ŋi̯ɐn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}Tang, Du Fu: black people, common people
    庶黎  shù lí OC: qhljaɡs riil MC: ɕi̯ɤ lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe numerous crowd, the common people
    俚民  lǐ mín OC: ɡ-rɯʔ min MC: lɨ min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}Song: the common people�
    黎庶  lí shù OC: riil qhljaɡs MC: lei ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPHSWZ: the multitudinous many, the common people
    萌黎  méng lí OC: mreeŋ riil MC: mɣɛŋ lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPHOUHANSHU: the sprouting blacks, the common people
    黎  lí OC: riil MC: lei 0 Attributions

    Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

      Syntactic words
    編戶  biān hù OC: pen ɡlaaʔ MC: piɛn ɦuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPHANSHU: registered population
    品庶  pǐn shù OC: phrɯmʔ qhljaɡs MC: phim ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPclassified masses, common people
    黎氓  lí méng OC: riil mraaŋ MC: lei mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPYan Zhitui zhuan: common people
    黎氓  lí méng OC: riil mraaŋ MC: lei mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcommon people, poor peasants
    編氓  biān méng OC: pen mraaŋ MC: piɛn mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPSong History: registered people
    蒸黎  zhēng lí OC: kjɯŋ riil MC: tɕɨŋ lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe numerous black-haired, the common people
    兆姓  zhào xìng OC: ɡrlewʔ seŋs MC: ɖiɛu siɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialSong: the infinitely many surnames, the common people
    蒼黔  cāng qián OC: skhaaŋ ɡram MC: tshɑŋ giɛm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{v1&v2(.adN)}post-Han, Wang Anshi: the common people
    民黎  mín lí OC: min riil MC: min lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe people's crowds, the people
    天氓  tiān méng OC: lʰiin mraaŋ MC: then mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe heavenly people, the common people
    黎苗  lí miáo OC: riil mrew MC: lei miɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost-Han, HOUHANSHU: black-haired sprouts: common people
    黎萌  lí méng OC: riil mreeŋ MC: lei mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}post-Han, HOUHANSHU: black-haired sprouts: ordinary people
    黎蒸  lí zhēng OC: riil kjɯŋ MC: lei tɕɨŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPSima Xiangru: the black multitudes, the common people
    浮萌  fú méng OC: bu mreeŋ MC: bɨu mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the non-sedatory people, the unstable people, the people
    生靈  shēng líng OC: sraaŋ reeŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ leŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialMaoshi xu: common people
    萌人  méng rén OC: mreeŋ njin MC: mɣɛŋ ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralcommon people
    兆眾  zhào zhòng OC: ɡrlewʔ tjuŋs MC: ɖiɛu tɕuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPTang: the infinitely many crowds, the common people
    黎首  lí shǒu OC: riil qhljuʔ MC: lei ɕɨu 0 Attributions

    Qián shǒu 黔首 "black-headed people" is the current word for the people especially promoted by the Qin dynasty.

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}post-Han, Liang: black heads, i.e. the common people
    凡氓  fán méng OC: blom mraaŋ MC: bi̯ɐm mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}pluralpost-Han: ordinary people
    黔黎  qián lí OC: ɡram riil MC: giɛm lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPPan Yue: the black ones, the common people
    四國  sì guó OC: plids kʷɯɯɡ MC: si kək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmeveryone in the state
    兆萌  zhào méng OC: ɡrlewʔ mreeŋ MC: ɖiɛu mɣɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPCai Yong: the infinitely many sprouts, common people
    平民  píng mín OC: breŋ min MC: bɣaŋ min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe common people
    庶  shù OC: qhljaɡs MC: ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions

    Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

      Syntactic words
    • nSHU, ZUO: multitude, the people
    員首  yuán shǒu OC: ɢon qhljuʔ MC: ɦiɛn ɕɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}BAOPUZI: hatless heads, ordinary people
    丘民  qiū mín OC: khɯ min MC: khɨu min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialMENG: heaps of the people, the common people
    蒸人  zhēng rén OC: kjɯŋ njin MC: tɕɨŋ ȵin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}HOUHANSHU: the numerous humans, the common people
    庸民  yōng mín OC: k-loŋ min MC: ji̯oŋ min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmthe common people; the common crowd
    兆靈  zhào líng OC: ɡrlewʔ reeŋ MC: ɖiɛu leŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPSUISHU: the infinitely many spirits
    民士  mín shì OC: min dzrɯʔ MC: min ɖʐɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}nonreferentialthe citizens
    蒸庶  zhēng shù OC: kjɯŋ qhljaɡs MC: tɕɨŋ ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPSJ: the numerous multitudes, the common people
    徒庶  tú shù OC: daa qhljaɡs MC: duo̝ ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPZHOULI: pedestrian masses, the common people
    匹庶  pǐ shù OC: phid qhljaɡs MC: phit ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialHOUHANSHU: common masses, common people
    兆黎  zhào lí OC: ɡrlewʔ riil MC: ɖiɛu lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe infinitely many blackhaired, the common people
    蒼民  cāng mín OC: skhaaŋ min MC: tshɑŋ min 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}post-Han, Liang: the dark(-haired) people, the common people