PEOPLE  人民民

GROUP of HUMANS LIVING in a STATE OR TERRITORY.[[VOLK]]NOTE: For this section I have found it instructive to collect a large number of post-Buddhist binomes.
CITIZENSSUBJECTSELECTORSVOTERSTAXPAYERSRESIDENTSINHABITANTS(GENERAL) PUBLICCITIZENRYNATIONPOPULATIONPOPULACE
Hypernym
  • GROUPCATEGORY of PEOPLE OR THINGS which COOPERATE, MUTUALLY RESEMBLE OR are TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE.
    • CATEGORYABSTRACT CONCEPT REFERRING TYPICALLY to MANY THINGS with RESEMBLING FEATURES.
      • CONCEPTABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT.
        • IDEAWHAT one THINKS....
See also
  • ORDINARYCOMMON AND INFERIOR to what is EXCELLENT.
    • NATIONSTATE THOUGHT of an ABSTRACT INSTITUTION.
      • HUMANANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS.
        Hyponym
        • PROLETARIAT　The GROUP AMONG the PEOPLE who are INTENSELY POOR.
          • VERNACULAR　OF OR FOR THE ORDINARY PEOPLE.
            Old Chinese Criteria
            1. The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers inclusively to all the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state (xiǎo mín 小民 are the ordinary people). [ 夫民之為言也暝也，萌之為言也（肓）〔盲〕也，故惟上之所扶而以之，民無不化也。故曰：「民萌。」民萌哉！ ( 直言其意而為之名也 ) Xinshu 9

            2. Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.

            3. Rén 人 (ant. wáng 王 "king") is sometimes used generically for those people who were taken to have a political voice, as in Yīn rén 殷人 "the people of Yīn".

            4. Méng 氓 / 萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society.

            5. Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

            6. Qián shǒu 黔首 "black-headed people" is the current word for the people especially promoted by the Qin dynasty.

            7. Shì mín 士民 refers to senior registered citizens with a certain political influence; but the term can also be used collectively to refer to the freemen/gentleman shì 士 on the one hand, and the common people mín 民 on the other.

            8. Guó rén 國人 refers not to the people in a state, but specifically to the senior citizens in the capital.

            9. Mín rén 民人 is a very current way of referring to the people without suggesting any low or high status.

            10. Shù rén 庶人 is the technical term for the non-office-holding commoners in a country.

            黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
            HUANG JINGUI 2006

            GOVERNMENT/LAW 45.PEOPLE

            民，百姓的通稱。

            氓，移民。

            臣，君王統治下的百姓。

            眾，眾多百姓。

            庶，地位低賤、愚昧的百姓，常用作語素。

            元元，漢時代指百姓。

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            人民

            民

            國民

            公民

            平民

            黎民

            黎元

            黎苗

            庶

            庶民

            眾庶

            黎庶

            子民

            百姓

            蒼生

            生靈

            生民

            生齒

            生人

            布衣

            白丁

            赤子

            氓

            群氓

            兆民

            兆庶

            兆黎

            黔首

            黔黎

            匹夫匹婦

            黎民百姓

            群眾

            大眾

            公眾

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.21

            • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 776

              MENSCHHEIT

            • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 918

            • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 330ff

              PLEBS.POPULUS

              445. Sic 9 Terent. Scaurus de Orthograph.: Populus est in quo omnis pars civitatis, omnes ejus ordines continentur: plebs ea dicitur, in qua gentes civium patritiae non insunt.

              ]

              445. Inter Plebem et populum. Plebs a populo eo distat, quod populus est generalis universitas civium cum senioribus, plebs autem pars humilis et abjecta.

            • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

              PEOPLE

              gens refers to a group of people with a common ancestry and a common adherence to a certain nation or tribe, and refers to all persons of the same descent, not necessarily living in the same area or settlement.

              natio refers to a group of people with a common ancestry and a common adherence to a certain nation or tribe, and belonging to one and the same settlement of people.

              civitas refers to the citizenry of an organised polity, irrespective of their origins.

              populus refers quite generally to the population of a certain place.

            • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 139

            • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 73B,74A

            • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 83n69

            • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 7.142-432

            • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

              POPULUS

              VULGUS

            • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 100

            • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 211

            • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 336

            • 上古專書詞匯研究的方法與理論探討 漢語史研究集刊 Hanyushi Yanjiu Jikan ( SONG YONGPEI 2002) p. 114

              Discusses the distinction between 人 and 民 in LY in some detail, analysing what kind of a person the terms refer to in context.

            • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

              PE-SING

              SCHWARZKOEPFE

              VOLK

            • Die Bezeichnungen laos, deemos, homilos, pleethos, ethnos in den homerischen Epen Soziale Typenbegriffe. ( WELSKOPF 1981) p.

            • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 104ff

            • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 313

            • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.169

            • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 24

            • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.169

            • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.171

            • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 74A

            Words

            民  mín OC: min MC: min 522 AttributionsWD

            The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

              Word relations
            • Subject: 苦/DISTRESS Kǔ 苦 and the much rarer xīn 辛 (ant. lè 樂 "be in a joyful state") refer to a lasting objective state of distress caused by identifiable external conditions.
            • Subject: 從/OBEY The most current general word for obedience is probably cóng 從 (ant. jù 拒 "refuse to carry out an order"), which refers literally to the following of orders on particular occasions, and more generally to showing obedience to a person.
            • Inconsist: 智 / 知/WISE The current general word for wisdom is zhì 智 (ant. yú 愚 "devoid of wisdom") and this may refer to any superior intellectual ability beyond the realm of memorisation or mundane knowledge, the quality which enables one to móu 謀 give good advice..
            • Ant: 上/RULER Shàng 上 can refer to any governing authority or ruler, but by Han times the word became a standard polite way of referring to the Han emperor.
            • Object: 使/GOVERN Shǐ 使 refers to leadership, typically of the people.
            • Object: 僇 / 戮/KILL
            • Object: 牧/GOVERN Mù 牧 refers to government as a paternalistic responsibility of the ruler.
            • Object: 虐/OPPRESS The most common general word for oppression is probably nŸè 虐 (ant. cí 慈 "show loving care for").
            • Object: 治/GOVERN The general word for governing, administering or ordering things is zhì 治, old reading chí.
            • Epithet: 心/ATTITUDE The general word for the attitude of an individual or of a group of people is xīn 心, and the attitude denoted by this word may change in the course of time. [GENERAL], [VAGUE]
            • Epithet: 下/HUMBLE Xià 下 refers to low status in absolute terms.
            • Epithet: 愚/STUPID The dominant word is yú 愚 (ant. zhì 智 "clever; wise"), and the word refers to intellectual obtuseness as well as practical ineptitude.
            • Epithet: 小/HUMBLE Xiǎo 小and shào 少 (all ant. zhǎng 長 "senior") refers to relatively junior status in the bureaucratic hierarchy.
            • Epithet: 黎/BLACK Lí 黎/黧 (ant. sù 素 "pristine white and un-suntanned") refers to the dark sunburnt complexion of those who work in the open for long periods. [IDIOMATIC], [LITERAL], [PROSAIC], [SPECIFIC]
            • Epithet: 父母/PARENT Fù mǔ 父母 refers to parents.
            • Epithet: 俗/CUSTOM Sú 俗 (and the rarer and much more personal xí 習) tend to refer to what is perceived as popular and sometimes even vulgar traditional practices. There is a current conception that the sú 俗 are quintessential in origin and essence, but in spite of this they are conceived of as changeable in principle.
            • Contrast: 士/GENTLEMAN The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL.
            • Contrast: 工/ARTISAN
            • Assoc: 士/GENTLEMAN The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL.
            • Assoc: 氓 / 氓 / 萌/PEOPLE Méng 氓/萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society.
            • Assoc: 鳥獸/ANIMAL Niǎo shòu 鳥獸 refers specifically to all birds and beasts. [SPECIFIC]
            • Synon: 眾/PEOPLE Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.
            • Oppos: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
            • Oppos: 官/OFFICIAL Guān 官 refers quite generally to the persons in charge of an office.
            • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
            • Oppos: 我/ONESELF 自我
            • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

              Syntactic words
            • nabconceptthe people
            • nccmember of people of common status 諸民
            • nindefinitepeople
            • nmamount of people; population; mankind
            • nm(post-N)the common people of the contextually determinate place, the native people, the permanently resident people
            • nm(post-N)one's  people; the people of the contextually determinate ruler of them NCH
            • nm(post-N)the people of the relevant polity NCH
            • nm(post-N.)+Vagentthe people (as subjects of action)
            • nm+V{PRED}subject=non-agentthe people (with non-agentive predicate)
            • nm+V{PRED}subjectivethe people (as endowed with subjective feelings or reactions)
            • nm+V{PRED}suffer-impactpeople
            • nm.post-Nthe population of N; the N's peopleCH
            • nm.post-V{NUM}category of people 五民
            • nm.postVtobjectthe people
            • nm[post-N]one's people
            • nm[post-N]my peopleCH
            • nmadNregarding the people, concerning the people; by the people; people's
            • nmagent民曰
            • nmpost-Nthe peopleCH
            • npluralpeoplesCH
            • npost-N{PLACE}people from N
            • npost-N{PLACE}.postVt愛宋民
            • npost-N{PLACE}predicatebe the people from N
            • npost-Vpeople who VsDS
            • n{OBJ}adNregarding the people, of the people
            • n{PRO}someoneCH
            • viactdeal properly with the people, get the support of the people
            百姓  bǎi xìng OC: praaɡ seŋs MC: pɣɛk siɛŋ 198 AttributionsWD

            Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.

            • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

              PE-SING

              Syntactic words
            • NP(post-N)definitethe people ruled by the contextually determinate NCH
            • NP[post-npro1](my) peopleCH
            • NPadNpeople'sDS
            • NPagentthe people (not necessarily only those who had family names)
            • NPcollective.objectthe peopleCH
            • NPpost-N{PLACE}天下百性
            • NPpostVtobjectthe people (as grammatical object)
            • NP{vadN}commonthe general public; the (taxpaying) people (i.e. the entire population, particularly the common people like the peasants, often apparently excluding the non-tax-paying dependents)
            • NP{vadN}unspecifiedthe people
            • NP{vadN}wellbornthe people who count; the gentry (i.e. primarily the wellborn people)
            人  rén OC: njin MC: ȵin 47 AttributionsWD

            Rén 人 (ant. wáng 王 "king") is sometimes used generically for those people who were taken to have a political voice, as in Yīn rén 殷人 "the people of Yīn".

              Syntactic words
            • nadNoriginating in people; people's
            • nnonreferentialpeople generally; mankind
            • npluralpeople; the people 君者舟也；人者水也。"The ruler is (like) a boat; the (his) people are (like) water"
            • npost-NN=timeleading: the (leading) people belonging to the time NDS
            • npost-N{Place}leading: the (leading) people in NCH
            • npost-N{PLACE}commonthe common people of Npl
            眾  zhòng OC: tjuŋs MC: tɕuŋ 38 AttributionsWD

            Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

              Word relations
            • Ant: 仁/BENEVOLENCE Rén 仁 (ant. cán 殘 "cruel" and perhaps ant.* rěn 忍 "be callous, unfeeling") which refers to kind-heartedness and deep human sensibility as a constitutive feature of man as a moral being, is the standard word since Confucius. [ETHICAL], [HIGH-DEGREE]
            • Synon: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.

              Syntactic words
            • nm(post-N)one's numerous peopleCH
            • nnonreferentialthe mass of the people; the masses; the multitudes; the general population
            • nplurOBI 3: the royal dependents, the group of royal retainers, service dependents of the king of the Shāng; the masses
            人民  rén mín OC: njin min MC: ȵin min 38 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Oppos: 官吏/OFFICIAL Guān lì 官吏 is a general term for employes of various offices.

              Syntactic words
            • NPcthe people
            • NPmthe people
            • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialpopulation; the population at large; human beings, humankind
            兆民  zhào mín OC: ɡrlewʔ min MC: ɖiɛu min 26 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferential天子曰兆民"in connection with the son of heaven one speaks of the myriad people, in connection with the feudal lords one speaks of the ten thousand people" (左傳閔公) the infinitely many people
            民人  mín rén OC: min njin MC: min ȵin 24 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmcollectivebondmen of a certain person; bonded inhabitants
            庶人  shù rén OC: qhljaɡs njin MC: ɕi̯ɤ ȵin 19 AttributionsWD

            Shù rén 庶人 is the technical term for the non-office-holding commoners in a country.

              Word relations
            • Ant: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.
            • Ant: 天子/KING Tiān zǐ 天子refers to the Son of Heaven recognised as the ritual leader of all kings, and the word is currently used in a non-referential generic abstract sense.

              Syntactic words
            • NPindefinitean ordinary registered and taxable person
            • NP{vadN}the numerous humans, the common registered and taxable people;
            世  shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 18 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • npluralthe people of one's generation, everyone at the time; everyone at the present time
            萬民  wàn mín OC: mblans min MC: mi̯ɐn min 14 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Synon: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE

              Syntactic words
            • NPthe common people
            齊民  qí mín OC: dziil min MC: dzei min 13 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}the common (law-abiding) people
            黔首  qián shǒu OC: ɡram qhljuʔ MC: giɛm ɕɨu 12 AttributionsWD

            • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

              SCHWARZKOEPFE

              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}the common people, the sun-tanned hard-working people
            庶民  shù mín OC: qhljaɡs min MC: ɕi̯ɤ min 11 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPordinary citizen
            • NP{vadN}pluralSHI: the multitudinous people
            下民  xià mín OC: ɢraaʔ min MC: ɦɣɛ min 10 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPSHI: the lowly people, the common people
            世俗  shì sú OC: lʰebs sɢloɡ MC: ɕiɛi zi̯ok 9 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{N1adN2}the general public
            黎民  lí mín OC: riil min MC: lei min 9 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPSHI: the sun-tanned (common) people
            • NPpostVtsun-tanned people, common people
            一國  yī guó OC: qliɡ kʷɯɯɡ MC: ʔit kək 7 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralhyperbolic: everyone in the whole state
            愚民  yú mín OC: ŋo min MC: ŋi̯o min 7 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPcnonreferentialstupid individuals of low origins
            • NPnonreferentialthe (proverbially) stupid people
            大眾  dà zhòng OC: daads tjuŋs MC: dɑi tɕuŋ 6 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmgreat crowd of people
            • NPnonreferentialthe masses of the people
            細民  xì mín OC: snɯɯs min MC: sei min 6 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}the slight people, the common people
            野人  yě rén OC: laʔ njin MC: jɣɛ ȵin 5 AttributionsWD

              Word relations
            • Ant: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.
            • Oppos: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.

              Syntactic words
            • NPan ordinary person from the countryside; country bumpkins
            • NP{PRED}be a rustic
            天下之民  tiān xià zhī mín OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ kljɯ min MC: then ɦɣɛ tɕɨ min 5 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe people(s?) of the world
            氓  méng OC: mraaŋ MC: mɣɛŋ
            氓  méng OC: mraaŋ MC: mɣɛŋ
            萌  méng OC: mreeŋ MC: mɣɛŋ 4 AttributionsWD

            Méng 氓/萌 (ant.* shì mín 士民 "citizens") refers specifically to the common people belonging to the lower echelons of society.

              Word relations
            • Epithet: 貧/POOR The current general word for poverty is pín 貧 (ant. fù 富 "rich"), but the term does not in general refer to transitory poverty.

              Syntactic words
            • npluralimmigrant people, non-native Han people; common people. Can be used synonymously with 民, to denote the mass of ignorant agricultural labourers, and, in a wider use, the governed generally. There is no evidence of use to denote masses of people uprooted from their home because of natural disaster or war, 氓 were in other words not "流氓." [JP]
            人眾  rén zhòng OC: njin tjuŋs MC: ȵin tɕuŋ 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralmultitude of people, large number of people; group
            凡民  fán mín OC: blom min MC: bi̯ɐm min 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{PRED}be an ordinary person (not in any public service)CH
            • NP{vadN}pluralHF: ordinary people
            民萌  mín méng OC: min mreeŋ MC: min mɣɛŋ
            民氓  mín méng OC: min mraaŋ MC: min mɣɛŋ 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralthe common people
            生民  shēng mín MC: sraeng mjin OC: sraaŋ minLZ 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpeopleLZ
            國  guó OC: kʷɯɯɡ MC: kək 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • npluralthe people in the state
            士民  shì mín OC: dzrɯʔ min MC: ɖʐɨ min 3 AttributionsWD

            Shì mín 士民 refers to (primarily but not only) senior registered citizens with a certain political influence; but the term can also be used collectively to refer to the freemen/gentleman shì 士 on the one hand, and the common people mín 民 on the other.

              Syntactic words
            • NPccitizen
            蒸民  zhēng mín OC: kjɯŋ min MC: tɕɨŋ min 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPepithetarchaic, GY: the numerous people
            庶  shù OC: qhljaɡs MC: ɕi̯ɤ 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPZHOULI: the crowds and multitudes, the common people
            • NPsingularcommoner;
            眾庶  zhòng zhù MC: tsyuwngH tsyoH OC: tjuŋs --LZ 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmordinary peopleLZ
            群  qún OC: ɡlun MC: gi̯un 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • nthe masses
            世間  shì jiān OC: lʰebs kreen MC: ɕiɛi kɣɛn 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialordinary people of this world
            萬姓  wàn xìng OC: mblans seŋs MC: mi̯ɐn siɛŋ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}archaic,SHU: the myriad surnames, the common people
            諸眾  zhū zhòng OC: klja tjuŋs MC: tɕi̯ɤ tɕuŋ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe common masses
            旃陀羅  zhān tuó luó OC: tjan laal b-raal MC: tɕiɛn dɑ lɑ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPbuddhistBUDDH: a man of a certain low tribe, one of the low classes, an outcast, Skt. caṇḍāla
            愚眾  yú zhòng MC: ngju tsyuwngH OC: ŋo tjuŋsLZ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialstupid masses, hoi polloiLZ
            鄉邑  xiāng yì MC: xjang 'ip OC: qhaŋ qrɯbCH 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPadNN=humanlocal people from the hamlets and townsCH
            群眾  qún zhòng MC: gjun tsyuwngH OC: ɡlun tjuŋsLZ 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmnonreferential(the mass of) common peopleLZ
            戶  hù OC: ɡlaaʔ MC: ɦuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • npluralcitizens 正戶 "regular citizens"
            下人  xià rén OC: ɢraas njin MC: ɦɣɛ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}nonreferentiallowly humans, the common people
            人間  rén jiān OC: njin kreen MC: ȵin kɣɛn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe people of the world
            元元  yuán yuán OC: ŋɡon ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn ŋi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialZGC: the multitudinous people
            吏民  lì mín OC: rɯs min MC: lɨ min 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralofficials and common people
            國人  guó rén OC: kʷɯɯɡ njin MC: kək ȵin 1 AttributionWD

            Guó rén 國人 refers not to the people in a state, but specifically to the senior citizens in the capital.

              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralleading indigenous local burghers or "citizens"CH
            小民  xiǎo mín OC: smewʔ min MC: siɛu min 1 AttributionWD

              Word relations
            • Ant: 君子/GENTLEMAN Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus on nobility of birth and social status.

              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe ordinary people
            民眾  mín zhòng OC: min tjuŋs MC: min tɕuŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{N1adN2}pluralcrowd of the people, common people
            民臣  mín chén OC: min ɡjiŋ MC: min dʑin 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe people below, the common people
            民間  mín jiān OC: min kreen MC: min kɣɛn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPadNpopular
            • NPadVamong the people LUNHENG
            烝民  zhēng mín OC: kjɯŋ min MC: tɕɨŋ min 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe teeming people
            百眾  bǎi zhòng OC: praaɡ tjuŋs MC: pɣɛk tɕuŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe masses, the people in general
            眾人  zhòng rén OC: tjuŋs njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin
            衆人  zhōng rén OC: tjuŋ njin MC: tɕuŋ ȵin 1 AttributionWD

              Word relations
            • Oppos: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralOBI 3: the many subjects of the king that form his retinue and labour force, also used as a fighting force. They are counted by the hundreds, and are distinguished from ordinary rén 人 by their apparently permanent attachment to the royal court.
            萬人  wàn rén OC: mblans njin MC: mi̯ɐn ȵin 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPcollectivethe people
            良民  liáng mín OC: ɡ-raŋ min MC: li̯ɐŋ min 1 AttributionWD

              Syntactic words
            • NPpluraldecent people, decent inhabitants
            萌類  méng lèi OC: mreeŋ ruds MC: mɣɛŋ li 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe people [-DCD]
            蒼生  cāng shēng OC: skhaaŋ sraaŋ MC: tshɑŋ ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}archaic, SHU: the common people
            逸民  yì mín OC: lid min MC: jit min 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe uprooted people
            人民眾  rén mín zhòng OC: njin min tjuŋs MC: ȵin min tɕuŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPBUDDH: people
            編戶齊民  biān hù qí mín OC: peen ɡlaaʔ dziil min MC: pen ɦuo̝ dzei min 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}the poor common people
            自西  zì xī MC: dzijH sej OC: sblids sqɯɯlLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VP[adN]people from the westLZ
            自東  zì dōng MC: dzijH tuwng OC: sblids tooŋLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VP[adN]people from the eastLZ
            自南  zì nán MC: dzijH nom OC: sblids noomLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VP[adN]people from the southLZ
            自北  zì běi bò běi MC: dzijH pok OC: sblids pɯɯɡLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VP[adN]people from the northLZ
            天下百姓  tiān xià bǎi bó mò bǎi xìng MC: then haeX paek sjengH OC: lʰiin ɢraaʔ praaɡ seŋsCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPall the people of the worldCH
            橫目之民  héng mù zhī mín MC: hwaeng mjuwk tsyi mjin OC: ɡʷraaŋ muɡ kljɯ minCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPcolloquial: the common peopleCH
            十姓百名  shí xìng bǎi míng MC: dzyip sjengH paek mjieng OC: ɡjub seŋs praaɡ meŋCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe common people (of an area)CH
            恆民  héng mín MC: hong mjin OC: ɡɯɯŋ minCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPad.VtoNreference=N(Vt the N) as if they were ordinary peopleCH
            土俗  tǔ sú MC: thuX zjowk OC: kh-laaʔ sɢloɡDS 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmlocal peopleDS
            庶  shù OC: qhljaɡs MC: ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD

            Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

              Syntactic words
            • nSHU, ZUO: multitude, the people
            蒸  zhēng OC: kjɯŋ MC: tɕɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD

            Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

              Syntactic words
            蒼  cāng OC: skhaaŋ MC: tshɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • npost-Han, HOUHANSHU: the common people
            黎  lí OC: riil MC: lei 0 AttributionsWD

            Zhòng 眾, shù 庶 and the rarer and more rarified words 蒸 and lí 黎 refer to the masses of the people under the aspect of their numerousness.

              Syntactic words
            丘民  qiū mín OC: khɯ min MC: khɨu min 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialMENG: heaps of the people, the common people
            俚民  lǐ mín OC: ɡ-rɯʔ min MC: lɨ min 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}Song: the common people�
            兆姓  zhào xìng OC: ɡrlewʔ seŋs MC: ɖiɛu siɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialSong: the infinitely many surnames, the common people
            兆眾  zhào zhòng OC: ɡrlewʔ tjuŋs MC: ɖiɛu tɕuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPTang: the infinitely many crowds, the common people
            兆萌  zhào méng OC: ɡrlewʔ mreeŋ MC: ɖiɛu mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPCai Yong: the infinitely many sprouts, common people
            兆靈  zhào líng OC: ɡrlewʔ reeŋ MC: ɖiɛu leŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPSUISHU: the infinitely many spirits
            兆黎  zhào lí OC: ɡrlewʔ riil MC: ɖiɛu lei 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe infinitely many blackhaired, the common people
            凡氓  fán méng OC: blom mraaŋ MC: bi̯ɐm mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}pluralpost-Han: ordinary people
            匹庶  pǐ shù OC: phid qhljaɡs MC: phit ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialHOUHANSHU: common masses, common people
            品庶  pǐn shù OC: phrɯmʔ qhljaɡs MC: phim ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPclassified masses, common people
            員首  yuán shǒu OC: ɢon qhljuʔ MC: ɦiɛn ɕɨu 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}BAOPUZI: hatless heads, ordinary people
            四國  sì guó OC: plids kʷɯɯɡ MC: si kək 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmeveryone in the state
            天氓  tiān méng OC: lʰiin mraaŋ MC: then mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialthe heavenly people, the common people
            平民  píng mín OC: breŋ min MC: bɣaŋ min 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralthe common people
            庶黎  shù lí OC: qhljaɡs riil MC: ɕi̯ɤ lei 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe numerous crowd, the common people
            庸民  yōng mín OC: k-loŋ min MC: ji̯oŋ min 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPmthe common people; the common crowd
            徒庶  tú shù OC: daa qhljaɡs MC: duo̝ ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPZHOULI: pedestrian masses, the common people
            民士  mín shì OC: min dzrɯʔ MC: min ɖʐɨ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{N1&N2}nonreferentialthe citizens
            民黎  mín lí OC: min riil MC: min lei 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralthe people's crowds, the people
            浮萌  fú méng OC: bu mreeŋ MC: bɨu mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}the non-sedatory people, the unstable people, the people
            蒸人  zhēng rén OC: kjɯŋ njin MC: tɕɨŋ ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}HOUHANSHU: the numerous humans, the common people
            蒸庶  zhēng shù OC: kjɯŋ qhljaɡs MC: tɕɨŋ ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPSJ: the numerous multitudes, the common people
            蒸黎  zhēng lí OC: kjɯŋ riil MC: tɕɨŋ lei 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPthe numerous black-haired, the common people
            生靈  shēng líng OC: sraaŋ reeŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ leŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPnonreferentialMaoshi xu: common people
            編戶  biān hù OC: pen ɡlaaʔ MC: piɛn ɦuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPHANSHU: registered population
            編氓  biān méng OC: pen mraaŋ MC: piɛn mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPSong History: registered people
            萌人  méng rén OC: mreeŋ njin MC: mɣɛŋ ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpluralcommon people
            萌黎  méng lí OC: mreeŋ riil MC: mɣɛŋ lei 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPHOUHANSHU: the sprouting blacks, the common people
            蒼民  cāng mín OC: skhaaŋ min MC: tshɑŋ min 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}post-Han, Liang: the dark(-haired) people, the common people
            蒼黔  cāng qián OC: skhaaŋ ɡram MC: tshɑŋ giɛm 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{v1&v2(.adN)}post-Han, Wang Anshi: the common people
            黎人  lí rén OC: riil njin MC: lei ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}the common people
            黎元  lí yuán OC: riil ŋɡon MC: lei ŋi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}Tang, Du Fu: black people, common people
            黎庶  lí shù OC: riil qhljaɡs MC: lei ɕi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPHSWZ: the multitudinous many, the common people
            黎氓  lí méng OC: riil mraaŋ MC: lei mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPYan Zhitui zhuan: common people
            黎蒸  lí zhēng OC: riil kjɯŋ MC: lei tɕɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPSima Xiangru: the black multitudes, the common people
            黎氓  lí méng OC: riil mraaŋ MC: lei mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPcommon people, poor peasants
            黎苗  lí miáo OC: riil mrew MC: lei miɛu 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPpost-Han, HOUHANSHU: black-haired sprouts: common people
            黎萌  lí méng OC: riil mreeŋ MC: lei mɣɛŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN}post-Han, HOUHANSHU: black-haired sprouts: ordinary people
            黎首  lí shǒu OC: riil qhljuʔ MC: lei ɕɨu 0 AttributionsWD

            Qián shǒu 黔首 "black-headed people" is the current word for the people especially promoted by the Qin dynasty.

              Syntactic words
            • NP{vadN1(.adN2)}post-Han, Liang: black heads, i.e. the common people
            黔黎  qián lí OC: ɡram riil MC: giɛm lei 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPPan Yue: the black ones, the common people

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