RULER    君主主

HUMAN GOVERNS a GROUP OR a TERRITORY.[[HERRSCHER]]
LEADERSOVEREIGNMONARCHPOTENTATEKINGQUEENEMPEROREMPRESSPRINCEPRINCESSCROWNED HEADHEAD OF STATEPRESIDENTPREMIERGOVERNOROVERLORDCHIEFCHIEFTAINLORDDICTATORAUTOCRAT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a person in charge of or senior to others is zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant"). 2. Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler. 3. Wáng 王 (contrast bà 霸 "hegemon basing his role on power rather than moral authority") refers specifically to someone who is enfeoffed as a formal ruler of what counts as a state in ancient China. 4. Gōng 公 has many related meaning, but when following after the name of a state the word refers specifically to the ruler of an enfeoffed kingdom under the Son of Heaven who belongs to the royal lineage. After personal names, or used absolutely, the word may generally refer to to rulers of any rank and might be fastidiously translated as "his lordship". 5. Hóu 侯 refers specifically to someone who is enfeoffed with a kingdom (or by Han times a minor administrative area) by the Son of Heaven as a hereditary feudal lord. 6. Bà 霸 (contr. wáng 王 "regular king"), sometimes also written 伯 refers to a person who is in actual control of an area and specifically to one who acts as the leader of the feudal lords, and the term is sometimes used pejoratively for a "tyrant" caring for his own interests rather than those of his subordinates. 7. Lìng 令 refers specifically to someone who is controlling a xiàn 縣 by order of a king. 8. Shǒu 守 refers specifically to someone who is controlling a jùn 郡 by order of the emperor. 9. Mù 牧 refers specifically to someone who is controlling a zhōu 州 by order of the emperor in Eastern Han times. 10. Shàng 上 can refer to any governing authority or ruler, but by Han times the word became a standard polite way of referring to the Han emperor. 11. Chán-yú 單于 refers specifically to the ruler of the Xiōngnú 匈奴. Cf. the Tang term kēhān 可汗 "Khan". 12. Háo 豪 refers to a person of power but without formally recognised bureaucratic status. 13. Kuí 魁 refers to a powerful popular leader unrecognised by government.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GOVERNMENT/LAW 5. 牧，地方州之長，始於漢。 守，地方郡之長，自秦實行郡縣制始。 刺史，本為中央派往地方的監察官，歷代與州牧相互更置，或並置；元代後漸為知府、知州代替。
Modern Chinese Criteria
君主 人主 人君 當今 今上 聖上 聖君 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • KING　RULER of an INDEPENDENT STATE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • EMPEROR　RULER CONTROLLING ALL RULERS AND KINGS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • TYRANT　ILLEGITIMATELY INTENSELY POWERFUL NOT JUST RULER. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • SLAVEINTENSELY HUMBLE SERVANT POSSESSED by a HOST.
Hypernym
  • HUMAN　ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 31)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • CREATURE　LIVING THING. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 111

  • Koenig, Anfuehrer, Herr; Monarch, Tyrann Untersuchungen ausgewählter altgriechischer sozialer Typenbegriffe Soziale Typenbegriffe im alten Griechenland und ihr Fortleben in den Sprachen der Welt ( CORBET 1981) p.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    LEADER

    primores refers to the most eminent persons in a state as a class of the most influential and respectable citizens, especially insofar as they are so by their connections, birth, power etc.

    principes refers to the leading personalities insofar as they have raised themselves by their intellect, talent etc.

    proceres refers to the most eminent persons as naturally belonging to this class from birth.

    optimates refers generally to the aristocracy.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 136B

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 1.726-771

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 3.1-102

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    PRINCEPS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 105

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 85

  • () p. 203

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.1084

    HERRSCHAFT

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    HEGEMON

  • Realencyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft ( PAULY 1894-1973) p. 3.55

    BASILEUS

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.117

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.167

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.117

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.168

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 136B

    • Words (108 items)

    君  jūn OC: klun MC: ki̯un 192 Attributions

    Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.

      Word relations
    • Inconsist: 愚/STUPID The dominant word is yú 愚 (ant. zhì 智 "clever; wise"), and the word refers to intellectual obtuseness as well as practical ineptitude.
    • Object: 事/SERVE The current general word for serving another is shì 事 (ant. shǐ 使 "deploy").
    • Object: 劫/ATTACK
    • Object: 尊/RESPECT Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to public respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors.
    • Object: 弒/MURDER Shì 弒 refers to assassination of a ruler, and always with negative connotations (the justified killing of a ruler would still be shā 殺).
    • Object: 置/ESTABLISH Cuò 錯/措 and zhì 置 (ant. feì 廢 "remove from its proper place") refer to putting something solidly and firmly in its proper place.
    • Object: 誘/CHEAT
    • Epithet: 令/COMMAND The standard current word for a command is lìng 令, and the content (not the words) of the command is typically in the sentence that follows. We do not find: 令曰, and it is significant that lìng 令 also regularly means "to cause to".
    • Epithet: 賢/EXCELLENT
    • Epithet: 明/INTELLIGENT Míng 明 (ant. àn 闇 "obfuscated in one's mind"), taking its analogy from sharpness of vision, typically refers to clarity of insight at all levels.
    • Epithet: 人/HUMAN The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
    • Epithet: 人/OTHER Rén 人 refers indefinitely to other persons, in the singular (someone else) or in the plural (other people), but never as "the other person" or as "the other people."
    • Epithet: 暴/CRUEL Bào 暴 refers to a propensity towards public violence by those in authority, viewed as a character defect. See VIOLENT
    • Assoc: 主/RULER The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").
    • Assoc: 子/SON The current way of referring to a son is by the word zǐ 子 "child" which regularly denotes a son. See CHILD.
    • Assoc: 亂/REVOLT Luàn 亂 (ant. zhì 治 "regularly political government") refers to a major political upheaval designed to topple the reigning government.
    • Synon: 主/RULER The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").
    • Oppos: 臣/MINISTER The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣.
    • Oppos: 群臣/MINISTER
    • Oppos: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
    • Oppos: 側室/RELATIVES
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the contextually determinate N's ruler
    • n[post-N1.]adN2our ruler's N2CH
    • n[post-N][one's] ruler; [one's own] ruler
    • n[post-N]deadour deceased ruler
    • nabconceptrulerhood, role of a ruler
    • nabfeaturerulerhood, one's ability to be a true rulerLZ
    • nabsocialrulership, leadershipCH
    • nadNruler's; belonging to the rulerDS
    • ncpost-V{NUM}NUM rulersDS
    • nlegally establishedlegally established ruler 鄭玄：西戎無君,名強大有政者為酉豪　“The Western Rong have no bureaucratically established ruler，men with a strong and great name serve as their youhao-leaders"CH
    • nnonreferentialthe ruler as being primarily administratively in charge of people
    • NPadNdesigned for a ruler, appropiate for the rulerCH
    • npost-NN's rulerCH
    • npost-npro.+Npr其君隱公 [can 主 be used this way? If not, should we not establish this as a lexicalised feature of 君?
    • npost=NprNpr=placeruler of Npr
    • ntdefinitethe ruler (of a state)
    • ntindefinite人君　a ruler
    • ntpost-NfigurativeN's owner; N's masterDS
    • n{PRED}be a rulerCH
    • n{PRED}potentialbe a potential ruler
    • viactact to deserve the name of a ruler, behave as a ruler should; fulfill the role of a ruler
    • vt(oN)serve as ruler over the contextually determinate N
    • vt(oN)attitudinaltreat as a rulerCH
    • vtoNcausativecause to be a ruler
    諸侯  zhū hóu OC: klja ɡoo MC: tɕi̯ɤ ɦu 135 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 百姓/PEOPLE Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.

      Syntactic words
    • NP=Nprtitlefeudal lord Npr
    • NPadNof the feudal lord type; belonging to the feudal lords
    • NPcfeudal lord 五諸侯
    • NPindefinite(generalising, non-referential) a feudal lord　[I include all examples that I feel deserve consideration in this connection. Many are questionable, but all can throw light on the problem of the plural/singular an definite/indefinite problem. These attributions are all being reworked.CH]
    • NPnonreferentialthe feudal lords
    • NPsingulara feudal lord; occasionally also count noun: feudal lord, as in SHIJI: 漢王部五諸侯兵 "the king of Han lead the armed forces of five feudal lords"
    • NP{PadN}pluralthe (often: other) feudal lords
    • NP{PRED}singularbe a feudal lord
    明主  míng zhǔ OC: mraŋ tjoʔ MC: mɣaŋ tɕi̯o 133 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPadNcharacteristic of the enlightened ruler
    • NP{PRED}be an enlightened ruler
    • NP{vadN}indefinitean enlightened ruler
    • NP{vadN}nonreferentialthe enlightened ruler; an enlightened ruler
    • NP{vadN}pluralthe enlightened rulers (of antiquity) 當世明主
    人主  rén zhǔ OC: njin tjoʔ MC: ȵin tɕi̯o 127 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 人臣/MINISTER
    • Contrast: 主/RULER The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").
    • Oppos: 臣/MINISTER The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣.
    • Oppos: 匹夫/ORDINARY Pǐ fū 匹夫 (ant. jūn zǐ 君子 "gentleman; freeman") and the rarer xì rén 細人 is a purely sociological term referring to a person without public office.
    • Oppos: 群臣/MINISTER

      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)definitethe ruler in question; our ruler of men
    • NPadNNP=nonreferentialthe ruler's [I just enter this late to document that the compound can be used adnominally. The reason I do this is because the object function SEEMS to be rare and should also be recorded as NPpostVt.)
    • NPindefinitethe ruler of men, a ruler of men (in a hypothetical case, non-referential)
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentiala ruler of men in general
    • NP{N1adN2}pluralthe rulers (of a certain time)
    • NP{PRED}be a (proper) ruler of men
    霸  bà OC: praaɡs MC: pɣɛ
    霸伯  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 115 Attributions

    Bà 霸 (contr. wáng 王 "regular king") refers to a person who is in actual control of an area and specifically to one who acts as the leader of the feudal lords.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 王/KING The general term for a king of any kind is wáng 王, and in Warring States times this term can refer to all sovereign rulers, even the Son of Heaven.
    • Contrast: 王/KING The general term for a king of any kind is wáng 王, and in Warring States times this term can refer to all sovereign rulers, even the Son of Heaven.
    • Synon: 強 / 強/STRONG The current general word for the temporary state of strength, physical or political, are qiáng 強 (ant. ruò 弱 "weak").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactacting as a hegemon; being a hegemon; hegemony
    • nabprocessbecoming a hegemon
    • nadNalways 霸: characteristic of a hegemon 霸道
    • nccleader; paramount leader, hegemon 五霸
    • npost-NOBI: leader of N
    • npost-N{PLACE}ruler of the place N
    • npost-N{PLACE}.+Nprruler of place N named Npr
    • vadNleading, paramount 霸王
    • vichange(of a state:) become the dominant state
    • vt[oN]become the supreme leader dominating othersCH
    • vt[oN]inchoative,actassert oneself as hegemon [over the central states under the Zhou etc] 
    • vtoNcausativeto make (somebody) become a hegemon
    • vtoNchangeget to dominate as hegemon, gain the ascendancy over
    • vtoNinchoativebecome a hegemon over
    主  zhǔ OC: tjoʔ MC: tɕi̯o 104 Attributions

    The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").

      Word relations
    • Object: 事/SERVE The current general word for serving another is shì 事 (ant. shǐ 使 "deploy").
    • Object: 背 / 倍/REVOLT Bèi 背 and bèi 倍 (ant. shùn 順 "remain loyal") refer to a defiant act of disobedience and turning against one's superiors without a necessary intention to topple these authorities.
    • Object: 忠/FAITHFUL Zhōng 忠 refers to a selfless effort on behalf of the person to whom one takes oneself to owe loyalty, and this person may be either a ruler or a friend.
    • Object: 欺 / 諆/CHEAT The standard common word for cheating is qī 欺 (ant. chéng 誠) and it refers to any deliberate act of deception, self-interested or not, even occasionally self-deception.
    • Object: 蔽/BLOCK
    • Epithet: 明/INTELLIGENT Míng 明 (ant. àn 闇 "obfuscated in one's mind"), taking its analogy from sharpness of vision, typically refers to clarity of insight at all levels.
    • Epithet: 人/HUMAN The dominant term is rén 人 which refers to any human.
    • Epithet: 賢/EXCELLENT
    • Epithet: 側/SIDE Cè 側 refers to anything that is beside something upright, like a building or a standing person.
    • Epithet: 本/BASIS The basic word is běn 本 "the trunk, the main part" (ant. mò 末 "marginal part") and this word refers to the crucial constituent of something in any sense. [GENERAL], [STATIC]; [[COMMON]]
    • Contrast: 人主/RULER
    • Assoc: 上/RULER Shàng 上 can refer to any governing authority or ruler, but by Han times the word became a standard polite way of referring to the Han emperor.
    • Assoc: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Synon: 上/RULER Shàng 上 can refer to any governing authority or ruler, but by Han times the word became a standard polite way of referring to the Han emperor.
    • Synon: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Oppos: 臣/MINISTER The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣.
    • Oppos: 私/PRIVATE The dominant current word for privacy is sī 私 (ant. gōng 公 "public"), and the word designates everything that falls outside the responsibility of public administration. Contrast SELFISH.
    • Oppos: 私/PRIVATE The dominant current word for privacy is sī 私 (ant. gōng 公 "public"), and the word designates everything that falls outside the responsibility of public administration. Contrast SELFISH.

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the person in charge (of the contextually determinate N), sometimes used in transferred even more abstract sense: ruling agency, dominant force.
    • n(post-N)ruler of the contextually determinate NTWH
    • n[post-N]the ruler of the lexically determinate main subject of the phraseCH
    • nabfigurativeruling principle
    • nadNabnonreferentialthe ruler'sCH
    • nccruler; host; lord/ruler, owner (as being primarily in charge of territories and/or things)
    • nderivedthe legitimate ruler (in contrast to other potential rulers), the legitimate successor to the throneLZ
    • nnonreferentialthe ruler
    • npost-Nruler in control of NCH
    • npost-Nfigurative"ruler" of the NsCH
    • npost-N{PLACE}周主
    • npost-Vindefiniteabstract: a ruler who V-s (with no implied state he is taken to be the ruler of)CH
    • npostNpr襄主
    • npostNpr.post-N{PLACE}趙襄主
    霸王  bà wàng OC: praaɡs ɢʷaŋs MC: pɣɛ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    霸王  bà wáng OC: praaɡs ɢʷaŋ MC: pɣɛ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    伯王  bó wáng OC: praaɡ ɢʷaŋ MC: pɣɛk ɦi̯ɐŋ 81 Attributions

    Pronounced as bàwàng in verbal usages

      Syntactic words
    • NPabhegemonship, the sovereignty of a hegemonCH
    • NPabactbecoming a preeminent ruler
    • NPadNcharacterstic of a hegemon; characterised by the features of a hegemon
    • NPnonreferentiala preeminent ruler in general
    • NPpost-N{PLACE}preeminent king
    • NP{vadN}indefinitehegemon; (predicative: be, become) the preeminent ruler
    • VPichangeread bàwàng: become a hegemon
    先王  xiān wáng OC: sɯɯn ɢʷaŋ MC: sen ɦi̯ɐŋ 81 Attributions

    the conventionally defined closed set of early kings

      Syntactic words
    • NP(adN)the contextually determinate N (words, deeds, methods etc.) pertaining to the "former kings"LZ
    • NPdefinitethe primordial kings, the Early Kings, the First Kings; one series is this: 堯舜禹湯文武孝己
    • NPdefinitethe former king; the first king
    侯  hóu OC: ɡoo MC: ɦu 80 Attributions

    Hóu 侯 refers specifically to someone who is enfeoffed with a kingdom (or by Han times a minor administrative area) by the Son of Heaven as a hereditary feudal lord.

      Syntactic words
    • nas in 諸侯: enfeoffed ruler in early Zhou times;
    • nadNgoverned by a hóu "Marquis"
    • npost-N{PLACE}Marquis of N 齊侯
    • npost-N{PLACE}.+NprNpr, the Marqujis of Npl 蔡侯申
    • npostNprMarquis Npr 哀侯
    • npostNpr.post-N{PLACE}Marquis Npr of Npl 蔡桓侯
    • ntitleas in 齊侯 "marquis of Qi2" (Note incidentally: there never was any Duke of Qi2): marquis (The descending hierarchical order was 公侯伯子男.)
    上  shàng OC: ɡljaŋs MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 79 Attributions

    Shàng 上 can refer to any governing authority or ruler, but by Han times the word became a standard polite way of referring to the Han emperor.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
    • Object: 事/SERVE The current general word for serving another is shì 事 (ant. shǐ 使 "deploy").
    • Object: 蔽/BLOCK
    • Epithet: 寬/FORGIVE Kuān 寬 (ant. kè 刻 "ruthless strictness") refers to a general attitude of mind which inclines one to pardon others and to show forgiveness.
    • Assoc: 主/RULER The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").
    • Synon: 主/RULER The current general word for a person in charge of others are zhǔ 主 (ant. pú 僕 "servant").

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)ruler; superiors
    • n[post-N][our] ruler; or: one's ruler(a number of examples must be moved here.
    • nnonreferentialthe leadership, the authorities; one's ruler, the ruler; superiors; persons in high position
    • npost-Nleader of, senior person among
    • nsingularthe rulership; HAN DYNASTY: the Emperor
    明君  míng jūn OC: mraŋ klun MC: mɣaŋ ki̯un 78 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{PRED}be an enlightened ruler
    • NP{vadN}definitemy enlightened ruler ??
    • NP{vadN}indefinitean enlightened ruler
    • NP{vadN}ironica so-called enlightened rulers
    • NP{vadN}nonreferentialenlightened ruler
    • NP{vadN}pluralenlightened rulers (of the past)
    王者  wàng zhě OC: ɢʷaŋs kljaʔ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ tɕɣɛ 74 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactread wàng rulership
    • NPadNnonreferential, idealof the true king 王者之人
    • NPnonreferentiala king, kings, the hypothetical king in question 王者之後也 "was a descendent of a king"
    • NPnonreferential, idealthe true king
    • NPplural, idealthe true kings (of a given time)
    先君  xiān jūn OC: sɯɯn klun MC: sen ki̯un 38 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP=Nprour former ruler Npr
    • NP[post-N]plural(our/my) former rulers
    • NP[post-N]singularthe former ruler; the deceased ruler (can occasionally be used in the plural in ZUO)
    世主  shì zhǔ OC: lʰebs tjoʔ MC: ɕiɛi tɕi̯o 29 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}pluralthe rulers of our time
    明王  míng wáng OC: mraŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: mɣaŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 28 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe enlightened king
    • NPindefinitean enlightened king
    • NPpluralthe enlightened kings (of the Xia etc)
    主上  zhǔ shàng OC: tjoʔ ɡljaŋs MC: tɕi̯o dʑi̯ɐŋ 26 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe ruler
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialthe ruler (in a hypothetical case); a (hypothetical) ruler
    公  gōng OC: klooŋ MC: kuŋ 24 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(post=Npr)anaphoricthe Duke mentioned aboveCH
    • nnonreferentialdukeIH
    • npost-NprNpr=place or persongeneralised posthumous honorific title "duke" referring to any ruler of a state enfeoffed by the Zhou, irrespective of his rank when alive. [齊公 can refer respectfully to the deceased ruler of Qi who was not a duke at all.)e.g. 周公 "Duke of Zhou" (as opposed to 桓公 "Duke Huan) Duke of NprCH
    • npost=NprDuke (as in 太公 "Duke Tai" as opposed to 周公 "the duke of Zhou".CH
    人君  rén jūn OC: njin klun MC: ȵin ki̯un 23 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}indefinitea ruler of men
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentiala ruler of men
    • NP{N1adN2}pluralLH: 古之人君
    • NP{PRED}be a ruler of menCH
    君人者  jūn rén zhě OC: klun njin kljaʔ MC: ki̯un ȵin tɕɣɛ 19 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 臣/MINISTER The general word for a government minister at any level and of any kind is chén 臣, generically rén chén 人臣.

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vtoN.adnpro}nonreferentialsomeone who acts as ruler over others, a ruler in general; a true ruler
    君臣  jūn chén OC: klun ɡjiŋ MC: ki̯un dʑin 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe ruler and his subjectsLZ
    • NPabrelationalrelationship between ruler and subject
    • NPadVthe ruler himself with his ministers
    • VPi0there dominate relations between ruler and subject
    百王  bǎi bó mò bǎi wáng MC: paek hjwang OC: praaɡ ɢʷaŋ 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNpluralN of all the (true) kings that were and areLZ
    • NPpluralthe hundred kings, all the kings that were and areLZ
    後王  hòu wáng MC: huwX hjwang OC: ɡooʔ ɢʷaŋ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNN of the later kings, the later kings' NLZ
    • NPpluralthe later kings, the historically better documented kings), contrastively to the conventional concept of the former kings (XUN)LZ
    令  lìng OC: ɡ-reŋs MC: liɛŋ 11 Attributions

    Lìng 令 refers specifically to someone who is controlling a xiàn 縣 by order of a king.

      Syntactic words
    • ncommander, officer in command
    • npost=NprCommander X
    國君  guó jūn OC: kʷɯɯɡ klun MC: kək ki̯un 11 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 匹夫/ORDINARY Pǐ fū 匹夫 (ant. jūn zǐ 君子 "gentleman; freeman") and the rarer xì rén 細人 is a purely sociological term referring to a person without public office.

      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe ruler of the state
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentialruler of a state
    民主  mín zhǔ OC: min tjoʔ MC: min tɕi̯o 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentiala lord of men　cf. also 民之主
    • NPreferentiallord of men, ruler
    王公  wáng gōng OC: ɢʷaŋ klooŋ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ kuŋ 10 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 百姓/PEOPLE Bǎi xìng 百姓 (ant. jūn zhǔ 君主 "ruler") typically refers to the registered senior families in a state who are under the control of the ruler and contribute taxes as well as military service to him; but from earliest times this term was occasionally used to refer generally to the populace at large.

      Syntactic words
    • NPabkingship and dukedomCH
    • NPnonreferentialrulers
    霸者  bà zhě OC: praaɡs kljaʔ MC: pɣɛ tɕɣɛ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPa hegemon worthy of his title; a typical hegemon
    • NPadNof the kind of a preeminent ruler 霸者之主
    太守  tài shǒu OC: thaads qhjuʔ MC: thɑi ɕɨu 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)governor of a contextually determinate place N
    • NPpost-Ngovernor of N
    帝者  dì zhě OC: k-leeɡs kljaʔ MC: tei tɕɣɛ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe true highest ruler
    王  wáng OC: ɢʷaŋ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ 8 Attributions

    Wáng 王(contrast bà 霸 "hegemon basing his role on power rather than moral authority") refers specifically to someone who is enfeoffed as a formal ruler of what counts as a state in ancient China.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 大/GREAT Dà 大 (ant. xiǎo 小 "insignificant") is often used to refer to generally recognised awe-inspiring status (for example of a king etc) rather than mere size.
    • Epithet: 先 / 先/PRECEDE The current word for being first or coming first in time, or for being first in the order of importance, is xiān 先 (ant. hòu 後 "later").

      Syntactic words
    • nking
    執政  zhí zhèng OC: tjib tjeŋs MC: tɕip tɕiɛŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN](.post-N)the responsible administrators of the contextually determinate stateCH
    • NP[adN]N=humthose in charge; the one in charge
    君上  jūn shàng OC: klun ɡljaŋs MC: ki̯un dʑi̯ɐŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)the superordinates of the contextualy determinate personCH
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentiala ruler
    公侯  gōng hóu OC: klooŋ ɡoo MC: kuŋ ɦu 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralrulers, princes
    君人  jūn rén OC: klun njin MC: ki̯un ȵin 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe ruler (of the type in question)
    百揆  bǎi kuí OC: praaɡ ɡʷilʔ MC: pɣɛk gi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabposition as central administrator/prime minister
    一人  yī rén OC: qliɡ njin MC: ʔit ȵin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}the ruler
    靈脩  líng xiū OC: reeŋ sqlɯw MC: leŋ sɨu
    靈修  líng xiū OC: reeŋ sqlɯw MC: leŋ sɨu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativeparaphrastic: the spiritual beautiful one> the ruler
    人上  rén shàng MC: nyin dzyangH OC: njin ɡljaŋs 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPleader of othersCH
    守  shòu OC: qhjus MC: ɕɨu 4 Attributions

    Shòu 守 refers specifically to someone who is controlling a jùn 郡 by order of the emperor.

      Syntactic words
    • nagentgovernor; governor of a jùn 郡
    闇主  àn zhǔ OC: qɯɯms tjoʔ MC: ʔəm tɕi̯o 4 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}nonreferentialbenighted ruler
    宰相  zǎi xiàng OC: tsɯɯʔ sqaŋs MC: tsəi si̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprime minister
    五霸  wǔ bà OC: ŋaaʔ praaɡs MC: ŋuo̝ pɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprdefinitethe Five Hegemons
    辟公  bì gōng OC: peɡ klooŋ MC: piɛk kuŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe various lords (including the feudal lords and the offspring of kings)
    君長  jūn zhǎng OC: klun krlaŋʔ MC: ki̯un ʈi̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPruler and superior
    • NPnonreferentialruler
    剎利  chà lì OC: tshraad rids MC: ʈʂhɣat li 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNbuddhist(BUDDH:) of land owners, land-owning
    • NPbuddhist(BUDDH:) land-lord, owner (of land) (see also 剎地利)
    王主  wáng zhǔ OC: ɢʷaŋ tjoʔ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ tɕi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentialroyal ruler
    人  rén MC: nyin OC: njin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Nplruler of Npl 宋人曰：guaren...CH
    亂主  luàn zhǔ OC: ɡ-roons tjoʔ MC: lʷɑn tɕi̯o 3 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe ruler doomed to chaos
    有土  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]rulers over land
    聖主  shèng zhǔ OC: qhljeŋs tjoʔ MC: ɕiɛŋ tɕi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}nonreferentialthe sage ruler
    有政  yǒu zhèng OC: ɢʷɯʔ tjeŋs MC: ɦɨu tɕiɛŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{VtoN1(.adN2)}subject=humanthose in charge of government
    • VPibe in charge of the administration
    寡君  guǎ jūn OC: kʷraaʔ klun MC: kɣɛ ki̯un 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmy humble ruler
    君主  jūn zhǔ OC: klun tjoʔ MC: ki̯un tɕi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialruler of any kind
    • NP{N1=N2}pluralrulers
    • NP{N1=N2}singularruler 吾君主
    適  dí MC: tek OC: k-leeɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-N天下之適也"is the ruler of the world": ruler 高誘：主也CH
    霸主  bà zhǔ OC: praaɡs tjoʔ MC: pɣɛ tɕi̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpreeminent ruler, ruler of the hegemon type
    冢宰  zhǒng zǎi OC: toŋʔ tsɯɯʔ MC: ʈi̯oŋ tsəi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ntemporary leader replacing a deceased king
    大王  dài wáng MC: -- hjwang OC: -- ɢʷaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro1]mylord the Great KingCH
    • NP{vadN}singularthe great king
    主人  zhǔ rén OC: tjoʔ njin MC: tɕi̯o ȵin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPagentemployer
    王伯  wáng bó OC: ɢʷaŋ praaɡ MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ pɣɛk
    王霸  wáng bà OC: ɢʷaŋ praaɡs MC: ɦi̯ɐŋ pɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialkings or hegemons
    有土者  yǒu tǔ zhě OC: ɢʷɯʔ kh-laaʔ kljaʔ MC: ɦɨu thuo̝ tɕɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentiala ruler; rulers
    國  guó OC: kʷɯɯɡ MC: kək 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ngovernment, governing agency
    邦君  bāng jūn OC: prooŋ klun MC: pɣɔŋ ki̯un 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialruler of a country
    聖君  shèng jūn OC: qhljeŋs klun MC: ɕiɛŋ ki̯un 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialideal ruler
    主相  zhǔ xiàng MC: tsyuX sjangH OC: tjoʔ sqaŋs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe ruler and the prime ministerLZ
    牧  mù OC: mɯɡ MC: muk 2 Attributions

    Mù 牧 refers specifically to someone who is controlling a zhōu 州 by order of the emperor in Eastern Han times.

      Syntactic words
    • nLater Han: leader in charge of a zhōu 州.
    • nadVas a rulerCH
    國相  guó xiàng OC: kʷɯɯɡ sqaŋs MC: kək si̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprime minister
    荃  quán OC: skhon MC: tshiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nfigurativeCC: the fragrant one: the king
    為人君  wéi rén jūn MC: hjweH nyin kjun OC: ɢʷal njin klun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]nonreferentialgeneral: a ruler over othersCH
    吾君  wú jūn MC: ngu kjun OC: ŋaa klun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost-NsingularN=plural: our rulerCH
    主長  zhǔ zhǎng MC: tsyuX drjang OC: tjoʔ krlaŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N][one's] rulerCH
    魁  kuí OC: khuul MC: khuo̝i 1 Attribution

    Kuí 魁 refers to a powerful popular leader unrecognised by government.

      Syntactic words
    • nchieftain, leader
    天吏  tiān lì OC: lʰiin rɯs MC: then lɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}singularheavenly nominee; person who obtained the Mandate of Heaven to rule the whole Empire
    霸王者  bà wàng zhě OC: praaɡs ɢʷaŋs kljaʔ MC: pɣɛ ɦi̯ɐŋ tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}pluralleading kings
    南面  nán miàn OC: noom mens MC: nəm miɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhe who faces south> ruler
    君者  jūn zhě MC: kjun tsyaeX OC: klun kljaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialrulerLZ
    人君者  rén jūn zhě OC: njin klun kljaʔ MC: ȵin ki̯un tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentiala ruler of men worthy of this title (cf. 王者)
    智主  zhì zhǔ OC: tes tjoʔ MC: ʈiɛ tɕi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe wise ruler
    上人  shàng rén OC: ɡljaŋs njin MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialthe leader
    霸王  bà wàng MC: paeH hjwangH OC: -- ɢʷaŋs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiinchoativeread bà wàng: become a hegemon king; be transformed into a hegemon kingCH
    多福  duō fú OC: k-laal pɯɡ MC: tɑ puk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocialdistinguished rank as a ruler
    三后  sān hòu OC: saam ɡooʔ MC: sɑm ɦu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralthe rulers of the Three Dynasties, the Three Sovereigns
    刺史  cì shǐ OC: skhleɡs srɯʔ MC: tshiɛ ʂɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprovincial governor
    有命  yǒu mìng OC: ɢʷɯʔ mɢreŋs MC: ɦɨu mɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]mandated ruler???
    君民者  jūn mín zhě OC: klun min kljaʔ MC: ki̯un min tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentiala ruler
    伯  bó MC: paek OC: praaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vichange= ba4 霸: become the hegemonLZ
    有商  yǒu shāng OC: ɢʷɯʔ qhjaŋ MC: ɦɨu ɕi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]ruler of Shang
    有國  yǒu guó MC: hjuwX kwok  OC: ɢʷɯʔ kʷɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]who is in charge of the state > rulerDS
    冠  guàn MC: kwanH OC: koons 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nleading figure
    亂君  luàn jūn MC: lwanH kjun OC: ɡ-roons klun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]ruler bent on revolt; disloyal rulerCH
    後主  hòu zhǔ OC: ɡooʔ tjoʔ MC: ɦu tɕi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vadN}successor
    為人君者  wéi rén jūn zhě OC: ɢʷal njin klun kljaʔ MC: ɦiɛ ȵin ki̯un tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentiala ruler of men in general
    正  zhèng OC: tjeŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nruler; rulers
    闇君  àn jūn MC: 'omH kjun OC: qɯɯms klun 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbenighted rulerLZ
    為君  wéi jūn OC: ɢʷal klun MC: ɦiɛ ki̯un 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychway of being a ruler
    人牧  rén mù OC: njin mɯɡ MC: ȵin muk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentialthe shepherd of men; the leader;
    豪  háo OC: ɡoow MC: ɦɑu 0 Attributions

    Háo 豪 refers to a person of power but without formally recognised bureaucratic status.

      Syntactic words
    • npotentate, but without a regular position
    首  shǒu OC: qhljuʔ MC: ɕɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nZGC: (Guānzhòng was the) person in practical control over the world, but without a regular position
    侯王  hóu wáng OC: ɡoo ɢʷaŋ MC: ɦu ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    rulers of any kind

      Syntactic words
    • NPindefiniterulers of any kind
    多君  duō jūn OC: k-laal klun MC: tɑ ki̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralOBI: the group of leaders??, the many leaders
    稱孤寡  chēng gū guǎ OC: thjɯŋ kʷaa kʷraaʔ MC: tɕhɨŋ kuo̝ kɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPicall oneself "bereaved"> be ruler
    天君  tiān jūn MC: then kjun OC: lʰiin klun 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    單于  chán yú OC: djan ɢʷra MC: dʑiɛn ɦi̯o 0 Attributions

    Chán-yú 單于 refers specifically to the ruler of the Xiōngnú 匈奴. Cf. the Tang term kēhān 可汗 "Khan".

      Syntactic words
    • nndefiniteSJ etc: the ruler of the Huns; the khan
    先帝  xiān dì OC: sɯɯn k-leeɡs MC: sen tei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe late emperor
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPleader of othersCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialgeneral: a ruler over othersCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]nonreferentialgeneral: a ruler over othersCH
    東  dōng OC: tooŋ MC: tuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Nhead of a household etc.
    梟  xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nleader, person in charge HN 為天下梟