RESPECT    尊敬敬

ADMIRE as NOBLE AND SERVE POLITELY.
ESTEEMREGARDHIGH OPINIONADMIRATIONREVERENCEDEFERENCEHONORDUE REGARDPOLITENESSCOURTESYCIVILITYDEFERENCEESTEEMADMIRETHINK HIGHLY OFHAVE A HIGH OPINION OFHOLD IN HIGH REGARDHOLD IN (HIGH) ESTEEMLOOK UP TOREVEREREVERENCEHONOR
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for typically public respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for"). 2. Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person. 3. Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to psychological public or private respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors. 4. Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗 "there are no spirits which we have not honoured" 5. Lǐ 禮 (ant. màn 慢 "treat without proper ritual respect") refers to a proper show of public demonstrative respect for someone on the part of a host or a superior. 6. Wèi 畏 (ant. xiá 狎 "treat without the proper respect due to someone in high position, treat with improper familiarity") refers to awe-struck respect for a person in authority. 7. Lóng 隆 typically refers to due diligent respect for abstract values. 8. Qīn 欽 is an archaic courtly word referring to formal conformity with the rules of polite respect for superiors on public occasions. 9. Zhī 知 focusses on proper appreciation of a person, accompanied by recognition of that person's worth.
Modern Chinese Criteria
恭敬 虔敬 恭謹 尊敬 尊重 威信 威望 敬 拜 恂恂 肅然起敬 必恭必敬 穆穆肅肅 相敬如賓 舉案齊眉 正襟危坐 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • WORSHIP　VENERATE as a DEITY. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
  • POLITE　Be APPROPRIATELY RESPECTFUL IN ACTING TOWARDS OTHERS. (anc: 10/0, child: 2)
  • HONOUR　PUBLIC INTENSE RESPECT TOWARDS a PERSON WITHIN A COMMUNITY. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • DESPISEFEEL that a THING OR a HUMAN is UNIMPORTANT AND BAD AND DESERVES NO RESPECT
  • IMPOLITEINTERACT so as to be UNRESTRAINED AND NOT POLITE to OTHERS.
See also
  • YIELDBe POLITE, USING RITUAL MODERATION AND PERMIT OTHERS to ACT as they DESIRE.
Hypernym
  • ADMIRE　APPRECIATE AND DELIGHT in what one BELIEVES is MORE GOOD IN-RELATION-TO either ONESELF OR IN-RELATION-TO what is COMMON. (anc: 8/0, child: 1)
  • APPRECIATE　BELIEVE INTENSELY that something is EXCELLENT, GOOD AND IMPORTANT.  (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • BELIEVE　ATTITUDE IN-RELATION-TO a THINK:thought to the effect that this THOUGHT is TRUE. (anc: 6/0, child: 15)
Other Hypernyms
  • ADMIREnew-0fef1e8e-f1b4-4088-af1e-8ef1b4d0882f　APPRECIATE AND DELIGHT in what one BELIEVES is MORE GOOD IN-RELATION-TO either ONESELF OR IN-RELATION-TO what is COMMON. (anc: 13/0, child: 1)
  • DELIGHT　INTENSELY GOOD FEELING IN-RELATION-TO something NOW.*The joy of the enjoyer X over something enjoyed Y. (anc: 12/0, child: 10)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • ADMIREnew-0259c801-ad59-4e76-99c8-01ad594e76a3　APPRECIATE AND DELIGHT in what one BELIEVES is MORE GOOD IN-RELATION-TO either ONESELF OR IN-RELATION-TO what is COMMON. (anc: 13/0, child: 1)
  • SOCIAL EMOTION　FEELING ENACTED IN RELATION TO OTHER HUMANS. (anc: 12/0, child: 6)
  • FEELING　NATURAL REACTION IN one's MIND. (anc: 11/0, child: 17)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 1178

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 159

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 319

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    REVERENTIA

    VERECUNDIA

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 152

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.75

    ACHTUNG

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 410

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 506

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.178:123

    RESPECT.EGARDS.CONSIDERATION.DEFERENCE

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.238.195

    ADORER.HONORER.REVERER; VENERATION.RESPECT

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 215

  • Reverence ( WOODRUFF 2001) p.

    reverence

    hosiotēs

    eusebeia

    aidōs

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 50A

    • Words (65 items)

    敬  jìng OC: kreŋs MC: kɣaŋ 99 Attributions

    The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 慢/IMPOLITE Màn 慢 (ant. jìng 敬 "pay proper and respectful attention to") and jiǎn 簡 (ant. xì 細 "pay detailed attention to") refer to a typically deliberate and defiant, often a deliberately outrageous, failure to pay proper attention to what is expected to be heeded.
    • Ant: 狎/INTIMATE Xiá 狎 can refer both to positive initimacy between friends, and more currently to inappropriate and excessive intimate behaviour with those with whom one is not entitled to be intimate.
    • Epithet: 禮/RITUAL The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals.
    • Contrast: 畏/RESPECT Wèi 畏 (ant. xiá 狎 "treat without the proper respect due to someone in high position, treat with improper familiarity") refers to awe-struck respect for a person in authority.
    • Contrast: 遠/DISTANT The clearly dominant term for distance in general is yuǎn 遠 (ant. jìn 近 "close").
    • Assoc: 恭 / 共/RESPECT Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person.
    • Assoc: 厚/RESPECT
    • Assoc: 孝/VIRTUE Further important virtues are xiào 孝"filial piety", zhōng 忠 "loyal diligence", tì 悌/弟 "brotherly affection", lián 廉 "impeccable probity", jié 節 "moderation", and perhaps yǒng 勇 "the courage of one's moral convictions".
    • Assoc: 尊/RESPECT Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to public respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors.
    • Assoc: 恭 / 共/RESPECT Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person.
    • Assoc: 重/RESPECT
    • Assoc: 謹/RESPECT

      Syntactic words
    • nabactearnest and respectful diligence; respectful devotion
    • nabpsychrespectful feelingsCH
    • vadNrespectful, devoted 敬色
    • vadVrespectfully 敬服
    • vpostadVgradedrespectfully
    • vt(oN)overt displayshow the proper and required respect for the contextually determinate object
    • vt+prep+Nshow respect to
    • vt[oN]show respect where respect is due
    • vtoN.adVrespecting N to V
    • vtoNappropriateshow due profound respect for
    • vtoNcausativecause to be or become respected
    • vtoNcausativeensure that N is diligent and respectfulCH
    • vtoNcomparativefeel/show more respect for; show the primary respect for; fhow and feel most respect forCH
    • vtoNfigurativetake seriously as dangerous
    • vtoNovert displayshow proper respect for; show obedient unquestioning respect for
    • vtoNpassiveget properly respectedCH
    • vtoNpsychfeel respect for and act earnestly on the basis of this
    畏  wèi OC: quls MC: ʔɨi 57 Attributions

    Wèi 畏 (ant. xiá 狎 "treat without the proper respect due to someone in high position, treat with improper familiarity") refers to awe-struck respect for a person in authority.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 易/DESPISE Yì 易 (ant. zhòng 重 "treat as important") focusses on the subjective failure to take someone or something seriously and does not necessarily involve a critical judgment.
    • Ant: 侮/HUMILIATE The general word for personally and demonstratively humiliating and insulting a person is wǔ 侮 (ant. lǐ 禮 "treat politely, show proper politeness towards").
    • Object: 威/POWER The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".
    • Contrast: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").
    • Assoc: 重/RESPECT
    • Oppos: 愛/LOVE The clearly dominant word referring to love is ài 愛 (ant. hèn 恨 "dislike"; rarely zēng 憎 "dislike"; and wù 惡 "hate"), and this word refers both to the feelings of love and to the expression of love in loving care for another person as well as in sexual relations. (Occasionally, the word may refer to the emotional preference that a small child feels for its parents. For this meaning see PREFER.)

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychrespect, respect mixed with fearLZ
    • vadVwith respectful fear
    • vibe awe-struck; stand in awe
    • vt(oN)stand in awe of a personLZ
    • vt+prep+Nfeel respect for
    • vt[oN]stand in awe of those in authority
    • vtoNpassivebe respected, be held in awe
    • vtoNputativeHS, Dongfang Shuo: admire as outstanding, stand in awe of
    • vtoNstative畏天之威"fear the authority of Heaven": cognate with wēi 威 "authority"] fear and revere; stand in fearful awe of 
    尊  zūn OC: tsuun MC: tsuo̝n 51 Attributions

    Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to public respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors.

      Word relations
    • Object: 君/RULER Jūn 君 (ant. chén 臣 "minister") refers specifically to someone who is politically or administratively in charge of others as a ruler.
    • Object: 賢/EXCELLENT
    • Object: 師/TEACHER The current general word for a (revered) teacher of one's choice is shī 師.
    • Contrast: 厚/RESPECT
    • Assoc: 崇/RESPECT Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗"there are no spirits which we have not honoured"
    • Assoc: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactbeing respected> respect
    • vadNmiddle voice, religiousreligiously veneratedCH
    • vadNv=middle voicehighly respected, veneratedCH
    • vtoNattitudinalshow proper reverential respect for; venerate, revere, show respect for; treat with demonstrative respect
    • vtoNcausativecause to be highly respected; elevate to a respectful position; show respect for
    • vtoNpassivebe respectedCH
    • vtoNpassive attitudinalbe treated with respect, enjoy respect
    • vtoNputative(regard as distinguished>) to honour as deserving public respect; ensure position of public honour and esteem;
    恭  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ
    共  gōng OC: koŋ MC: ki̯oŋ 40 Attributions

    Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 信/FAITHFUL The current general word for trustiness or good faith is xìn 信.
    • Assoc: 下/RESPECT
    • Assoc: 儉/DECENT Jiǎn 儉 (ant. chǐ 侈 "excessiveness") is the important virtue of decent restraint in Confucian moral spirituality and it is something cultivated by a moral effort.
    • Assoc: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").
    • Assoc: 謹/DILIGENT The current word for (typically respectful) meticulous and almost fastidious diligence is jǐn 謹 (ant. màn 慢 "be neglectful").
    • Oppos: 安/COMFORTABLE The standard word for material and psychological comfort is ān 安.

      Syntactic words
    • nabacthumble respectfulness, humility, humble politeness; polite correctness in behaviour
    • vadNrespectful
    • vadVrespectfully
    • vipsychfeel deferential politeness
    • vt[oN]show one's humble respect to others as required by etiquette; be respectful and polite to others
    • vtoNshow obedient respect for
    • vtoNcausativeensure that (someone) is polite and respectful, ensure that (someone) shows humble politeness
    • vtoNreflexiveensure one's own polite deference
    隆  lóng OC: ɡ-rum MC: luŋ 23 Attributions

    Lóng 隆 typically refers to due diligent respect for abstract values.

      Syntactic words
    • V>Nabdeverbal nominalised NabCH
    • v[adN]what is highly respectable, in XUN coming close to metonymy for the ritualLZ
    • vtoNhold in high public esteem, show deep reverence for (as for ritual, or for a teacher)
    禮  lǐ OC: riiʔ MC: lei 19 Attributions

    Lǐ 禮 (ant. màn 慢 "treat without proper ritual respect") refers to a proper show of public demonstrative respect for someone on the part of a host or a superior.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychrespect, obeisance
    • vt+prep+Nshow respect to; treat with polite consideration; pay special ritual respect to
    • vt[oN]display proper respect towards others
    • vtoNgradedshow proper respect to; treat with proper politeness See HOSPITALITY 甚禮之
    恭敬  gōng jìng OC: koŋ kreŋs MC: ki̯oŋ kɣaŋ 18 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactproper respectful reverence and diligence in the performance of one's duties
    • VPishow every kind of respectful diligence in action
    • VPisubject=nonhumanbe respectfulLZ
    • VPt(oN)show great respect to the contextually determinate N
    • VPtoNrespect; show a politely considerate attitude towards
    重  zhòng OC: doŋʔ MC: ɖi̯oŋ 16 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 薄/DESPISE
    • Assoc: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").
    • Assoc: 畏/RESPECT Wèi 畏 (ant. xiá 狎 "treat without the proper respect due to someone in high position, treat with improper familiarity") refers to awe-struck respect for a person in authority.
    • Relat: 威/POWER The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".

      Syntactic words
    • vadNimportant; esteemed; morally weighty
    • vt+prep+Nattach importance to> show respect for
    • vtoNattitudinalregard as being of great importance and as deserving great respect (a person or a thing); treat as important
    • vtoNpassivebe regarded with great respect (by someone)
    崇  chóng OC: dzruŋ MC: ɖʐuŋ 16 Attributions

    Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗"there are no spirits which we have not honoured"

      Word relations
    • Ant: 卑/DESPISE Bēi 卑 (ant. zūn 尊 "venerate as distinguished") refers to regarding a person as characterised by his or her low social standing.
    • Ant: 棄/DISCARD The standard general words for discarding something is qì 棄 (ant. qǔ 取 "choose to retain") and the somewhat rarer juān 捐.
    • Assoc: 尊/RESPECT Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to public respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors.
    • Oppos: 下/RESPECT

      Syntactic words
    • nabaction.passivebeing revered: reverence shown to oneCH
    • nobjectmost respected person
    • vtoNpay due respect to; to hold in very high esteem, admire
    知  zhī OC: te MC: ʈiɛ 14 Attributions

    Zhī 知 focusses on proper appreciation of a person, accompanied by recognition of that person's worth.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNappreciate properly, recognise (a person for his true value); repect properly for what a person is
    • vtoNpassivebe appreciated properly, be respected properly; be understood properly
    貴  guì OC: kluds MC: kɨi 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNappreciated and respectedLZ
    • vtoNappreciate and respect
    • vtoNcausativecause N to be held in high esteem; make N respectableLZ
    • vtoNpassivebe held in high esteem; be appreciated and respectedLZ
    宗  zōng OC: tsuuŋ MC: tsuo̝ŋ 13 Attributions

    Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗"there are no spirits which we have not honoured"

      Syntactic words
    • nadNrespected
    • vt(oN)hold in high religious respectCH
    • vt+prep+Npay one's respects to (as in an ancestral temple)
    • vtoNpay one's high and religious respects to (someone) as one's ancestor or as a revered spirit
    • vtoNintensitivehold on high respect, revereCH
    • vtoNpassivebe held in the highest esteem
    祗  zhī OC: tjil MC: tɕi 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpolite ritual respectfulnessCH
    • v[adN]N=humthose who are respectful
    • vadNrelating to respectCH
    • vadVrespectfully
    • viarchaic/poetic, SHI, SHU: be respectfully diligent
    • vtoNfollow respectfully
    望  wàng MC: mjangH OC: maŋs 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpublic estimation; respect for (and also hope placed in one)CH
    謹  jǐn OC: klɯnʔ MC: kɨn 6 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").

      Syntactic words
    • vadVrespectfully
    • viactshow diligent respect
    愛敬  ài jìng OC: qɯɯds kreŋs MC: ʔəi kɣaŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychlove and respect; loving respect
    • VPt[oN]show respect to others
    • VPtoNshow loving respect for
    下  xià OC: ɢraas MC: ɦɣɛ 6 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 恭 / 共/RESPECT Gōng 恭 (ant. jù 倨 "behave in an informal impolite way") refers specifically to private proper polite and respectful attitudes shown to a deserving person.
    • Oppos: 崇/RESPECT Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗"there are no spirits which we have not honoured"

      Syntactic words
    • nabdisposition/actionrespectful attitude
    • vtoNhumble oneself before> show reverence to 下人"(as a superior) treat others with respect" to treat with humility, treat deferentially (persons whom one is not obliged to treat that way); mix congenially with (those who are of lower status)
    辭讓  cí ràng OC: zɯ njaŋs MC: zɨ ȵi̯ɐŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1=N2}dispositiondeference
    • VPiactbe polite and respectful
    敬心  jìng xīn OC: kreŋs slɯm MC: kɣaŋ sim 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpious respect
    • NPadVwith respectful hearts> respectfully
    • VPibe full of respect
    禮謝  lǐ xiè OC: riiʔ MC: lei zɣɛ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)omBUDDH: ?? to express one's respect and gratitude through bowing to; to ritually bow to N as expression of gratitude (with contextually determinate object)
    • VPtoNBUDDH: ?? express one's respect and gratitude through bowing to; to ritually bow to N as expression of gratitude
    媚  mèi OC: mrils MC: mi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Nshow exceedingly polite (religious) respect for; show great respect for (SHI also: the common people??????)
    • vtoNshow intense respect for
    虔  qián OC: ɡren MC: giɛn 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychrespect
    • vadVrespectfully
    • vtoNbe respectful to
    長  zhǎng MC: drjang OC: krlaŋʔ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)show respect to the contextually relevant creatureCH
    • vtoNrespect as one's seniorCH
    相尊  xiāng zūn MC: sjang tswon OC: sqaŋ tsuun 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfor authoritiesthe highest respect for authoritiesCH
    • NPabmutualmutual respect of the highest orderCH
    • VPimutualshow the highest mutual respectCH
    • VPtoNshow/feel the highest respect forCH
    朝  cháo OC: daw MC: ɖiɛu 4 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 宗/RESPECT Chóng 崇 and zōng 宗 refers to distant and typically religious veneration of a spirit or person very highly regarded. SHI 靡神不宗"there are no spirits which we have not honoured"

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Npay one's respects to
    • vtoNshow one's respect by visiting the court ofCH
    • vtoNcausativecause N to pay respect at courtCH
    • vtoNN=abstractshow one's respect to at courtCH
    欽  qīn OC: khrɯm MC: khim 4 Attributions

    Qīn 欽 is an archaic courtly word referring to formal conformity with the rules of polite respect for superiors on public occasions.

      Syntactic words
    • viimperativebe diligently respectful!
    • vtoNhold in high esteem and respect
    厚  hòu OC: ɡoos MC: ɦu 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 尊/RESPECT Zūn 尊 (ant. bǐ 鄙 "consider as not worthy of any veneration or respect") refers to public respect for someone in a very exalted social, cultural, religious and/or political position, and the degree of public respect is much greater that that in jìng 敬 and reaches into the past to ancestors.
    • Assoc: 敬/RESPECT The current general word for respectful attitudes and actions is jìng 敬 (ant. màn 慢 "fail to show proper respect for").

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtake seriously and respect
    • vtoNpassivebe respectedLZ
    尊敬  zūn jìng OC: tsuun kreŋs MC: tsuo̝n kɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNrespect, honor
    敬共  jìng gōng OC: kreŋs koŋ MC: kɣaŋ ki̯oŋ
    敬恭  jìng gōng OC: kreŋs koŋ MC: kɣaŋ ki̯oŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)show obedient respect to
    崇敬  chóng jìng OC: dzruŋ kreŋs MC: ɖʐuŋ kɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNrespect
    • VPtoNreflexive.自respect oneself
    奉  fèng OC: boŋʔ MC: bi̯oŋ 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Object: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
    • Oppos: 枉/TWIST Wǎng 枉 (ant. zhèng 正 "straight and unwarped") refers to bending as distortion. The word is predominantly transferred in meaning and prototypically refers to the bending of the law.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrespect
    敬重  jìng zhòng OC: kreŋs doŋʔ MC: kɣaŋ ɖi̯oŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychrespectfulness
    • VPtoNshowshow respect for N
    庭  tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viactshow respect to the court
    恪  kè OC: khlaaɡ MC: khɑk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nsubjectthe honoured one (state)
    • vadVrespectfully; earnestly
    • vibe respectful and diligent (with respect to things)
    • vtoNarchaic/poetic, SHI, SHU: make a diligent and earnest show of respect
    戴  dài MC: tojH OC: k-lɯɯs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNreflexive.己have (self)-esteemCH
    肅  sù OC: sɯwɡ MC: suk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVgravely; seriously, with serious respectful diligence
    • viactLIJI 1.27: show earnst respect
    忠敬  zhōng jìng OC: krluŋ kreŋs MC: ʈuŋ kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactdevoted respect> respectful devotion
    至  zhì OC: kljiɡs MC: tɕi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpay the ultimate respect to
    貴老  guì lǎo MC: kjw+jH lawX OC: kluds ɡ-ruuʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)respect the contextually determinate N as (one does) one's eldersCH
    恭己  gōng jǐ MC: kjowng kiX OC: koŋ kɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactshow devoted self-respectCH
    畏忌  wèi jì OC: quls ɡɯs MC: ʔɨi gɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]show proper respect to one's superiors/to things deserving respect
    祗敬  zhī jìng MC: tsyij kjaengH OC: tjil kreŋs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNvenerate, hold in high esteemLZ
    • VPtoNcausativemake N to be veneratedLZ
    珍重  zhēn zhòng OC: k-lɯn doŋʔ MC: ʈin ɖi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 439

      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNthink highly of, respect
    致敬  zhì jìng OC: k-liɡs kreŋs MC: ʈi kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)show one's respect to the contextually determinate N
    • VPtoNshow one's respect to (by paying a visit)
    靖共  jìng gōng MC: dzjengX kjowng OC: dzeŋʔ koŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNattitudinalapproach earnestly and with full respectLZ
    敬待  jìng dài OC: kreŋs ɡ-lɯɯʔ MC: kɣaŋ dəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNshow respect for
    踧爾  cù ěr OC: sklɯwɡ mljelʔ MC: tsuk ȵiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVrespectfully
    敬服  jìng fú OC: kreŋs bɯɡ MC: kɣaŋ buk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)show respect for the contextually determinate N
    尊重  zūn zhòng OC: tsuun doŋʔ MC: tsuo̝n ɖi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)venerate the contextually determinate N
    謙敬  qiān jìng OC: khleem kreŋs MC: khem kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychhumble respect
    上  shàng MC: dzyangX OC: ɡljaŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrespect as being of superior importanceCH
    右  yòu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 非/CRITICISE The current general term for criticism is fēi 非 (ant. shì 是 "approve of").

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNrespect as being of major importanceCH
    攝齊  shè qí MC: syep dzej OC: qhljeb dziil 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVrespectfully pulling up one garment in order to avoid stumbling> respectfullyCH
    憚  dàn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe feared and respectedLZ
    貴敬  guì jìng MC: kjw+jH kjaengH OC: kluds kreŋs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNappreciate and respectLZ
    供冀  gōng jì MC: kjowng kijH OC: koŋ krɯls 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi(possibly = gong1yi4 恭翼) be respectful, to show respectLZ
    竦  sǒng OC: soŋʔ MC: si̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNshow respect, esteem
    • vtoNcausativemake respectful
    褰  qiān OC: khran MC: khiɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNlift clothes as a sign of respect
    禮下  lǐ xià OC: riiʔ ɢraaʔ MC: lei ɦɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNshow ritually correct/proper respect to
    踧然  cù rán OC: sklɯwɡ njen MC: tsuk ȵiɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNrespectful
    敬忠  jìng zhōng OC: kreŋs krluŋ MC: kɣaŋ ʈuŋ 0 Attributions

    respectfully to do one's devoted best

      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe respectfuly diligent
    畏重  wèi zhòng OC: quls doŋʔ MC: ʔɨi ɖi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    客  kè OC: khraaɡ MC: khɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNattitudinaltreat politely as a guest
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNreflexive.己have (self)-esteemCH
    栗  lì OC: b-riɡ MC: lit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • virespectful (K) ????